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Chapter 1: The Origins of Chinese Civilization (1-12)
1. The earliest known human being in China is the Yuanmou Man, 1.7 million years ago P2
2. The fundamental difference between humans and animals is whether or not they can make tools P2
3. When and where Peking Man and Shanding Cave Man lived P1.3.4
4. Labor played a decisive role in the evolution from apes to humans P2
5. Peking Man used natural fire, while the cavemen knew how to make fire artificially and had mastered the techniques of polishing and drilling.P4-5
6. Peking Man lived in groups, while the cavemen lived in clans.P5
7. Hemudu Man lived in the Yangtze River Basin, and Semipo Man in the Yellow River Basin, and both had used ground stone tools.P7
8
9. -8
8. The Hemudu people cultivated rice and the Semipo people grew corn, and China was the first country in the world to cultivate rice and corn.P7-8
9. Private property and the division between the rich and the poor appeared in the late Dawenkou culture.P7-P8
10, The Yandi and Huangdi tribes formed an alliance to form the later Huaxia ethnic group, and the Yandi and Huangdi were honored as the ancestors of the Huaxia ethnic group.P12
11. The one who is called the "First Ancestor of Humanity" of the Chinese nation is the Huangdi. P13
12: Yao, Shun and Yu's "cession": a method of democratically electing the leaders of tribal alliances. P14
Chapter 2: Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Spring, Autumn and Warring States (13-40)
14. In 2070 B.C., Yu established the Xia Dynasty, which was the first slavery dynasty in China's history.P15
15. Tang destroyed Xia and established the Shang Dynasty, which was ruled steadily after Pan Geng moved to Yin.P21
16. In 1046 B.C., King Wu of Zhou, after the P23
17. The Western Zhou Dynasty practiced the feudal system and strengthened its rule over various regions. P23-24
18. In 771 B.C., the Western Zhou Dynasty fell.P24
19. The Simuwuding tripod of the Shang Dynasty is the largest bronze artifact that has been discovered in the world, and the peculiarly shaped four-goat square zun was unearthed in Ningxiang, Hunan Province.P26
20. The "Sanxingdui "cultural sites unearthed bronze masks, large bronze standing figures, bronze god tree, etc. has attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign people. P27
21, the prosperity of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce, the formation of China's Xia, Shang and Western Zhou brilliant bronze civilization.P27
22, 770 BC, King Ping of the Zhou Dynasty moved east to Luoyang, known as the "Eastern Zhou". The Eastern Zhou was divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. P30
23. The Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period: Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, King Zhuang of Chu, King Fuzha of Wu, and King Goujian of Yue. P30-32
24: Duke Huan of Qi put forward the slogan of "honoring the king and hustling the barbarians". p31
25: The battle that decided Duke Wen of Jin to become the hegemon of the Central Plains was the Battle of Cheng Pu. p32
26: The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period: Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, and Wei. p32
27: The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period: Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, and Wei, Han 《战国形势图》 P33
27、In 260 B.C., the Battle of Changping took place between Qin and Zhao, in which the Zhao army was defeated, and from then on, the six eastern states were no longer able to defend themselves against the Qin army. P34
28. During the Spring and Autumn Period, China began to use iron farming tools and oxen plowing, and oxen plowing was a revolution in the history of China's agricultural development.P36-37
29. The popularization of iron farming tools and oxen plowing led to a significant increase in the land utilization rate and crop yields.P37
30. In the later part of the Spring and Autumn Period, China invented pig-iron smelting In the late Spring and Autumn period, China invented pig iron smelting technology, more than 1,900 years earlier than Europe. China was also the first country in the world to invent porcelain, which was manufactured as early as the Shang Dynasty. p27,p36
31. During the Warring States period, Li Bing presided over the construction of the famous water conservancy project Dujiangyan, which made the Chengdu Plain the "Land of the Heavenly Capital". p37
32. The main content and significance of the Shang Dynasty's Change of Law. P38-39
33. The text written on tortoise shells or animal bones by the Shang Dynasty is called "oracle bone writing".P41
34. The history of writing in China began in the Shang Dynasty.P41
35. The text cast on the bronzes of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties is called "golden writing". P41
36, the record of solar eclipse, lunar eclipse and the twenty-four solar terms P43
37, Bian Magpie is a famous doctor during the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States period, he summarized the Chinese medicine of the "four diagnostic methods" of looking, smelling, questioning, and cutting. , and cutting "four diagnostic methods". P43
38. Qu Yuan lived in Chu at the end of the Warring States period, and his masterpiece "Li Sao" P43
39. The "complete set of bells" of the Warring States period was unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei Province. P44
40. The important contribution of Confucius in education and culture P46
40>
40. P47
41. Laozi, the founder of Taoism in the late Spring and Autumn Period, recorded his doctrine in the Tao Te Ching; Mozi, the founder of Mohism in the Warring States Period, advocated the principles of "concurrent love" and "non-attack"; the representative figure of Confucianism, Mozi, advocated the principles of "concurrent love" and "non-attack"; and the representative figure of Confucianism, Mozi, advocated the principles of "concurrent love" and "non-attack".
The founder of the Mohist school was Mozi, who advocated "concurrent love" and "non-attack"; the representative of Confucianism was Mencius, who demanded that rulers use "benevolent government" to govern the country; the representative of the Taoist school was Chuang Tzu, who put forward the idea of "ruling by doing nothing"; the representative of the Legalist school was Han Fei, who advocated reforms; and the representative of the War School was Sun Wu, who authored the book
P47-P49
Chapter 3: Qin, Western Han, and Eastern Han (41-67)
42. Qin destroyed the six states one after another from 230 B.C.E. to 221 B.C.E., completed the unification, and set the capital at Xianyang. Qin Dynasty Boundary Map P60
43: In order to strengthen ideological control, Qin Shi Huang accepted Li Si's suggestion to "burn books and bury scholars"
44: Qin Shi Huang ordered General Meng Tian to launch a counterattack against the Xiong Nu and seize the Hetao region.
45. The Great Wall stretches from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east. The construction of the Lingqu River Canal bridged the Yangtze River system and the Pearl River system. P59
46: In 209 B.C., Chen Sheng and Wu Guang revolted in Dazhe Township and established power in Chen P63
47: In 202 B.C., Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty with its capital at Chang'an, which is known as the Western Han in history. Liu Bang was Han Gaozu. P64
48: Learning from the lessons of the Qin's death, the rulers of the early Han Dynasty practiced the policy of rest and recuperation, reduced the burden of corvée, military service and taxes on the peasants, and focused on the development of agricultural production. P67
49. During the Wenjing period, the rulers emphasized the importance of "moralizing the people", which led to a more stable society and the prosperity of the people. History calls this period of rule the "Rule of Wenjing".
50. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted the advice of Lord Yu Yan and ordered the weakening of the power of the vassal states. P68-69
51. In 25 A.D., Liu Xiu, a member of the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty, was proclaimed emperor and set his capital at Luoyang, which became known as the Eastern Han Dynasty. P69
52, Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty made Wang Jing, an expert in water conservancy, preside over the governance of the Yellow River.P73
53, Sowers were used for sowing seeds in the Han Dynasty, and jacquard machines were used in the textile industry.P73
54, Du Shi of the Eastern Han Dynasty invented the water row, which utilized water-power to drum up the wind for iron smelting, a thousand years earlier than in Europe. P74
55. At the time of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the outstanding leader of the Xiongnu, Boldon Monarch, unified the Mongolian steppe. P77
56. In 119 B.C., Emperor Wu of Han sent Wei Qing and Huo Zaiwei to attack the Xiongnu in the north. P78-79
57. The leader of the Xiongnu, Hohanxie monu, claimed the title of vassal of the Han Dynasty, and Wang Zhaojun went out of the Joseon to marry Hohanxie monu in the time of Emperor Yuan of Han Dynasty. P79
58. Emperor Wu of Han sent Zhangqian on a mission to the Western Regions, and in 60 B.C., the Western Han Dynasty set up a Western Regions The Xinjiang region began to come under the jurisdiction of the central government.P83
59: Ban Chao of the Eastern Han Dynasty operated the Western Regions. Ban Chao sent his subordinate, Gan Ying, on a mission to the Great Qin. 166 Qin sent an envoy to visit Luoyang, which was the first direct communication between a European country and China. p84-85
60.
Silk Road: Silk and silk fabrics from China were transported from Chang'an to West Asia through the Hexi Corridor and the present-day Xinjiang region, and then to Europe, where the exotic treasures of the countries of the Western region were imported into mainland China. Exotic treasures into the Chinese mainland. This is the famous Silk Road, a major land route for communication between China and the West.
P83
61, China's use of paper as a writing material began in the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun improved papermaking. P87
62, written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, "nine chapters of arithmetic", is a mathematical masterpiece. P88
63, Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng made the geodesic instrument is recognized as the world's earliest seismic instruments P88
64, the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the "Sage of medicine," Zhang Zhongjing wrote the "typhoid fever and miscellaneous illnesses" book, Hua Tuo created anesthesia, and the "Sage of Medicine" Zhang Zhongjing wrote "typhoid fever and miscellaneous illnesses" book. P89
65. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Buddhism was introduced to the Central Plains of China, and during the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism emerged among the people, with one of its founders named Zhang Ling, who honored Lao Zi as the master of the religion. as the master of the religion.P92-91
66、Wang Chong, a materialist thinker in the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote the book "Lun Heng" (论衡). P93
67、Sima Qian lived in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and wrote the book "The Records of the Grand Historian", which is China's first general history in the form of a chronicle. P94
68. The Terracotta Warriors of Qin Mausoleum is by far the largest treasure trove of art unearthed in the world P95
Chapter 4 The Three Kingdoms, the Two Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties (68-84)
70. The Battle of Guandu, fought in 200 by Cao Cao against Yuan Shao, laid the foundation for Cao Cao's unification of the north. P102
71. In 208, Cao Cao's Battle of Red Cliff against the allied forces of Sun and Liu , laid the foundation of the Three Kingdoms situation. P103-104
72. In 220, Cao Pi was proclaimed emperor, with the state name Wei, and the capital Luoyang; in 221, Liu Bei was proclaimed emperor in Chengdu, with the state name Han, historically known as Shu; and in 222, Sun Quan was proclaimed king, with the state name Wu, and the capital Jianye was later set, and the situation of the Tripartite Alliance was formed.
P105
73. Sun Quan sent Wei Wen with a fleet of 10,000 ships to reach Yizhou (present-day Taiwan Province), strengthening the connection between Yizhou and the mainland. P106
74. In 266, Sima Yan established the Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Western Jin Dynasty. 280, the Western Jin Dynasty ended the division when it destroyed the state of Wu. In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Wu, ending the division of the country. P108
75. Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Capricorn, dizi, Qiang and other minorities have been migrating inward.P109
76. The Western Jin Dynasty collapsed in 316, and the Jin Dynasty was re-established by the royal family of Sima Rui in 317, with its capital at Jiankang, which was known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty P109
77, In 383, in the Battle of Interlake between the Former Qin and the Eastern Jin, the Eastern Jin defeated the Former Qin with fewer victories. P11O
78. In 420, Liu Yu, a general of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, founded the Song Dynasty, and since then, the south has experienced four dynasties: Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen, which are collectively known as the "Southern Dynasties"
79. After the split of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the four dynasties of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty emerged in the north successively. Northern Wei and the four dynasties collectively known as the Northern Dynasties.P116
80, south of the Zu Chongzhi in the world for the first time to the value of pi, calculated to the seventh decimal point.P118
81, the Northern Dynasties of the Jia Siqinuo wrote the "qimin jiu ji" book, which is China's first surviving complete works of agricultural science.P119
82, the Northern Wei Dynasty's Li Daoyuan wrote "Water Classic Note", a comprehensive geography monograph.P119
83, Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has a masterpiece "Lanting Preface", called later known as the "Sage of the Book" P122
84, Gu Kaizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty's masterpieces are the "Women's Historical Chapters" and the "Luoshen Fu Figure" P123
85, Gu Kaizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has the "Women's History" and "Luoshen Fu Figure" P123 <
85、Fan Jian, a thinker in the Southern Dynasty, wrote The Theory of God's Destruction.P124
86、Famous grottoes during the Northern and Southern Dynasties: the Yungang Grottoes and the Longmen Grottoes P124
Questions and Answers:
1. What is the content and significance of Shang Yang's Change of Law?
Answer: 356 B.C. Duke Xiaodong of Qin appointed Shang Yang to change the law.P38-39
Contents: the state recognized private ownership of land and allowed free trade. It rewarded farming and warfare, and those who produced more grain and cloth were exempted from corvée service. Titles and fields were granted according to the size of military service, abolishing the privileges of the old nobles who had no military service. The county system was established, with the monarch directly sending officials to govern.
Significance: It enabled the Qin state to develop economically, strengthen the fighting strength of its army, and develop into the richest and strongest feudal state in the late Warring States period.
2. What are the achievements of Confucius in ideology and education?P46-47
A: Ideology: Confucius put forward the doctrine of "benevolence", advocated "loving people", and asked rulers to He demanded that rulers should be sensitive to the people's feelings and cherish their strengths, and that "governance should be based on virtue", opposing tyrannical government and arbitrary punishment and killing.
Education: he founded a private school, regardless of birth and family wealth, widely accepted disciples, has trained three thousand students. Pay attention to "teaching according to the material", good at inspiring students to think about the problem. He taught students to have an honest attitude towards learning and to be humble and studious. They are required to review what they have learned from time to time so that they can learn from the past and know what is new.
3. Evaluation of Qin Shi Huang. P57, P62
A: Qin Shi Huang has made great contributions to the history of China: he was obedient to the people's hearts and completed the unification, he called himself the emperor, the total power; the central set up a prime minister, lieutenant, the imperial historian, in charge of administration, military and supervision, and finally by the emperor to decide. The county system was introduced at the local level and a monarchical centralized system was established. He unified writing, currency, weights and measures, etc. He built the Great Wall and developed the southern border, consolidating unification and promoting economic and cultural exchanges among various regions and ethnic groups. At the same time, he was also a brutal feudal emperor, who extensively repaired palaces and tombs, wasting a lot of manpower, material and financial resources, and affecting the normal production and life of the people; he also formulated cruel criminal laws, which made the people live in dire straits; he burned books and pitted scholars, which clamped down on the ideas and destroyed the culture. In short, he was an emperor with great merits as well as great faults.
3. What measures did Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty take to realize unification?P68,P74,P78
Answer: Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty took a series of measures to strengthen centralized power.
1) Accepting the advice of Lord Father Yan, he ordered that the kings be allowed to divide their lands among their children and establish smaller marquisates.
②Accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to "depose the hundred schools and revere only the Confucians," making Confucianism the feudal orthodoxy. He organized the Imperial College and promoted Confucian education.
3) The right to mint coins and the right to operate salt and iron at the local level was brought back to the central government, and the five-baht coins were minted in a uniform manner, thus realizing economic unification.
④Militarily, Wei Qing and Huo Daizi were sent to attack the Xiongnu in the north and seize the Hetao and Hexi Corridor areas.
This made the Western Han Dynasty realize great unification in politics, ideology, economy and military, and entered its heyday.
5. What were the reasons for the development of the Jiangnan region during the Southern Dynasties of the Eastern Jin Dynasty?P111
Answer: ① The Jiangnan region had abundant rainfall, hotter climate, fertile land, and superior conditions for the development of agriculture.
② A large number of people from the north moved southward, bringing with them a large number of laborers, advanced production techniques, and drought- and cold-resistant crops.
③ Relative social stability in the south
④ Strengthening of ethnic integration and hard work of all ethnic groups
⑤ The rulers attached importance to the development of the economy and took a series of measures
6. What were the reform measures of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and what was their historical significance?
Answer: After moving his capital to Luoyang, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty implemented further reforms
Contents: Chinese language had to be used in the court and Xianbei language was banned; officials and their families were required to wear Han Chinese clothes; the surnames of the Xianbei people were changed to Han Chinese surnames, and the royal family was changed from the family name of Tuoyuan to the family name of Yuan; the nobles of the Xianbei people were encouraged to marry the nobles of the Han Chinese people; the Han Chinese system of officialdom and laws was adopted; the Han Chinese rules were studied, and Confucius was respected, and the country was ruled by filial piety. Confucius, ruled the country by filial piety, and advocated the culture of honoring the elderly and pensioners, and so on.
Significance: 1. National integration was promoted.2. Traditional Han culture was developed
.