Britain annexed Transvaal.
1876, Sir Seps Tong, Governor of British natal province, went to Transvaal to lobby him to accept British rule. Due to financial difficulties and large-scale conflicts with the Zulu kingdom in the east, Transvaal accepted the request for merger with Britain. 1877 in April, Britain issued a statement that Transvaal became a British colony and appointed Sir Sipes Tong as the Chief Executive. Transvaal province Chairman Borges resigned.
1879 after the Zulu war, Britain destroyed the Zulu kingdom and lifted the greatest threat to the Boers. During the three years when the British ruled Transvaal, they did not begin to improve the living conditions of the middle and lower class Boers, nor did they increase investment to improve the local financial, economic and political life. On the contrary, they allowed British businessmen to speculate on land and collected taxes owed to transvaal province from the Boers, which caused widespread dissatisfaction among the Boers.
Bohr Uprising1September, 880, in order to collect a large number of guns from Kimberly diamond mines from indigenous people and give them to black workers as wages, a "gun surrender riot" took place in Basutoland (now Lesotho), a British protectorate. The main British troops in Transvaal went south to suppress the riots. The total number of British troops staying in Transvaal did not exceed 3,000, and they were only stationed in several important towns such as Pretoria, rustenburg, Leidenberg and Stanton, and their defense was empty. In that year, 12,16,5000 Boers who were dissatisfied with British rule gathered in Paldekler to hold a national assembly to declare armed resistance and restore the Republic of South Africa. Elected three respected Boers, namely S.J.Paulus Kruger, Pieete Joubaire and Preetorius Jr as leaders. On the same day, the newly formed three-member government sent the South African Declaration of Independence to the garrison in Pretoria. The British refused to accept it and ordered troops from all over the country to quickly reinforce Pretoria.
operating procedure
1880 12 17, the conflict between Boer citizens and British troops broke out in Strum, Bochev. 12 On February 20th, two companies of the British 94th Regiment stationed in Leidenberg rushed to Pretoria, where they were ambushed by Boer militia in Brownhorst Sprite, Brancas, and the first battle started. Due to the Boer guerrilla tactics, 77 of the 247 British soldiers were killed and 157 were injured in the battle, while only 2 were killed and 4 were injured in the deployment.
188 1 year, the reinforced British army set out from Natal colony and marched into Transvaal. General Sir George Coe Leigh, commander of the British Army, led this 1000-strong reinforcements to the west of transvaal province. Rein was blocked by General Jubail at Neck on the border between Natal and Transvaal. 93 British soldiers were killed, 133 were injured, 54 were captured, and Colley himself was killed at the top of the mountain. Only 1 person died and 5 people were injured.
1881On March 6, the British and Transvakian armies signed an armistice agreement, and on August 3, the two sides signed the Pretoria agreement. According to the agreement, Transvaal can be guaranteed to establish a completely autonomous government under the suzerainty of the Queen of England, and Britain maintains three privileges: controlling Transvaal's foreign relations; Maintain control over the relationship between Transvaal and African tribes; In wartime, the British army has the right to borrow moral Lanswa. The second Boer War, from 1899 10/0/01to1May 3, 9021,was between Britain and Transvaal.
The cause of the war
For the early history of Boer, see the first Boer War.
Relations between Transvaal and Britain have deteriorated.
1884, prospecting experts discovered the world's largest Witwatersrand gold mine (rand) in a remote pasture between Pretoria and Val River in transvaal province. Then Johannesburg was built on this gold mine. The profits and taxes brought by gold mines make transvaal province's economy develop rapidly, and at the same time, it intensifies the friction with Britain.
1890, the government of transvaal province announced that foreign nationals living in Johannesburg should pay full taxes, but they are not allowed to participate in the presidential and legislative council (Volksraad) elections unless they have lived in transvaal province for 14 years and have been naturalized. In addition, all foreigners are not allowed to hold government posts, and their children are not allowed to attend government-funded schools. This law was protested by Britain, because most foreigners in transvaal province are British. The trade war and tariff barriers between Transvaal and British South African colonies, as well as the high taxes and economic restrictions imposed by Transvaal on domestic British mining companies, are the three main reasons for the deterioration of the tension between Transvaal and Britain in the late19th century.
Zhan Sen Adventure
From 65438 to 0895, Joseph Chamberlain became the British colonial minister, and Cecil Rhodes, a mining giant, became the prime minister of the British Cape colony. On February 28th, 65438, Dr. Zhan Sen, a good friend of Rhodes and a senior employee of the South African mining company, led 500 police officers of the South African company and several machine guns in an attempt to make an expedition to Transvaal and overthrow paul kruger's regime in Transvaal. Zhan Sen's armed forces are surrounded by South African police forces in Krugersdorp. Except 134 people were killed, everyone else, including Zhan Sen, was captured. The "Ethnic Reform Committee" that was preparing to launch a riot in Johannesburg rushed to do something, but it was also suppressed by the South African police. Zhan Sen and his associates were handed over to Britain and sentenced to 65,438+05 months' imprisonment for "attempting a military expedition to a friendly country". The leader of the "Alien Reform Committee" in Johannesburg was sentenced to death by the Transvaal Court, and was later sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment and fined 25,000 pounds each under the strong protest of Britain.
After Zhan Sen's expedition, Kaiser Wilhelm II sent a famous telegram to President paul kruger of Transvaal to congratulate him, which worsened the relationship between Britain and Germany and made Britain determined to solve the dispute with Transvaal by force.
1899 in April, Sir alfred milner, Prime Minister of the British Cape Colony, instructed British expatriates in Transvaal to write a petition to Queen Victoria, asking her to protect the interests of British subjects. In June of that year, Milner and Kruger held the last negotiation on protecting the rights and interests of foreigners in bloemfontein. At the same time of the negotiations, the British side seized the time to transfer troops from overseas to South Africa. 1899, the western world launched a movement of sympathy and solidarity with Burundi. Many non-governmental organizations have been set up in the Netherlands and Belgium to collect donations, publish articles, set up foundations and donate wartime mobile hospitals and medical equipment to transvaal province. Thousands of volunteers from the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, France, the United States, Russia, Ireland, Italy and Scandinavian countries crossed the ocean to Transvaal, ready to fight side by side with the Boers.
1899 In September, Kruger told Milner that he could consider reducing the residence period for foreigners to obtain Transvaal citizenship from 14 to 5 years, but asked Britain to stop claiming suzerainty for Transvaal Republic in the future. Influenced by domestic public opinion, the British Parliament said in its reply to Kruger: "... the British government thinks that the South African government's reply is negative or uncertain ... Her Majesty's Government reserves the right to reconsider the current situation and adopt a corresponding final solution."
In order to increase the military pressure on Transvaal, Britain sent 2000 people from India and the Mediterranean to reinforce Natal colony. 1899, 10, 10 On 9 October, the transvaal province government issued an ultimatum to Britain, demanding that Britain stop sending more troops to South Africa, withdraw all troops that arrived in South Africa after June/kloc-0, and submit all disputed issues to diplomatic arbitration, with a reply period of 48 hours. 10 10/month 10, Chamberlain ordered Milner to reject the conditions proposed by South Africa. 1899 65438+1October1At five o'clock in the afternoon, the Transvaal Federal Parliament and the Orange Free State declared war on Britain, and the second Ying Bu War broke out.
The first stage: the Boer attack
Before the British reinforcements arrived in South Africa, the Boers' battle plan was to concentrate their superior forces, divide their troops into two ways, attack Natal all the way east, divide and surround the two strongholds of the British army-Ledi Smith and Dundee, occupy Durban Port and gain access to the sea. Another road in the southwest occupied Ma Fujin and Kimberly, which are two strategic locations where the British main force is stationed on the western Cape railway line. At the same time, it incited the Boer riots in the Cape Colony, containing the British army, especially destroying the transportation of two Cape railways and preventing the reinforced British army from using the railways to advance northward. In addition, in order to prevent the African indigenous people from attacking the Boers during the war, General Antonie Prinklow led heavy troops to be stationed in the Elephant Valley far from the front line to guard against the Little Teens riots. A militia of 800- 1000 people is stationed at the border of Swaziland, and a militia of 1000 people is stationed at the border of Basuto in the Kale Mountain Valley.
Battle of Mount Tarana
189910 June 12, the Boer Allied Forces composed of Transvaal Army and Orange Army marched eastward. General Peter Jubail, commander-in-chief of the army, led the main force.
The troops crossed Draken Mountain from East Orange, entered Natal Colony, and went straight to Le Di Smith, the main base of British troops in Natal. On the morning of October 20th, 65438+/KLOC-0, the pursuit troops fought against a British brigade stationed here to defend Reddy Smith in the periphery of Tarana Mountain. General Lucas Meyer, commander of the army, took advantage of favorable terrain and the cover of morning fog to launch a surprise attack on the British army. British troops lost 465 people and deployed troops lost 145 people.
Another army, commanded by General Delary, who is known as the "Lion of West Germany", entered the British Bethune-Nalan territory on June 5438+1October 65438+1October 0/October 0, cutting off the main railway line in the Western Cape, thus blocking the connection between the Cape area and Rhodesia. Delary divided the troops into two roads. One route was commanded by Piet Cronje, which surrounded Ma Fujin, and the other (mainly Orangemen) was commanded by louis botha, which surrounded Kimberly, a diamond town.
The Third Army crossed the Orange River to the south, absorbed a small number of Boer armed forces from the British Cape colony, and moved to the northeast Cape, threatening the East-West Cape railway line. The British army had to closely defend the Orange River Railway Bridge in case the Boers tried to blow it up. Dear, the most important railway hub station and military material distribution center of the Western Cape Railway have also been harassed by Boers. In order to ensure the normal traffic of the East-West Cape Railway, the British had to install a 4.7-inch naval gun on the train and slowly advance it under its cover to repair the railway into small pieces.
Battle of Reddy Smith
18991010.30 (later called "sad Monday" by the British), Mrs. Smith's 4,000 British troops launched a counterattack against the deployed troops under the command of Lieutenant General George White, and joined forces with the deployed troops under the command of Rupert in Nicholson Neck. The British army was defeated, with a loss of 10. Due to Mrs Smith's tight defense, Jubail was unable to attack the city several times, so he sent scouts deep into the hinterland of the British army and went to the front line of Estecourt to investigate the places that could be used to hold on. The rest of the main force camped around Reddy Smith, waiting for the arrival of the British Overseas Corps.
/kloc-at the end of 0/0, 20,000 British troops led by Redvers Buller, commander-in-chief of the British reinforcements (South African Expeditionary Force) who had suppressed the Irish local uprising, finally arrived in Cape Town. From mid-June165438+1October, the British troops under Buller's command launched a counterattack against the deployed troops on the east, middle and west fronts: Lieutenant General Metthuen lifted Kimberly's siege on the west, Lieutenant General Francci attacked Orange Free State on the middle, and General Buller led the main force to lift Le Di Smith's siege on the east.
15, 18 On the morning of February, Admiral Buller launched an attack on the troops in Colenso, a station southwest of Ledesmere, in an attempt to cross the Tugra River and go to Ledesmere. The troops under Buller's command include the second, fourth, fifth and sixth brigades of the British army, with a total of16,000 troops. In addition, there are four light cavalry regiments and three rifle squadrons composed of colonial cavalry. The artillery has 5 battery companies and 30 cannons, in addition to 16 navy 12 pound guns and 4.7 inch guns. Including cavalry and artillery, Buller's total strength is 22,000. The Boer troops participating in the Battle of Colenso included militia groups from eight regions, including Johannesburg, Heidelberg, Krugersdorp, Freihead and Utrecht, troops from the Free State of Orange, and white police forces from Johannesburg and Swaziland, totaling 3,500 people. In addition, there are 120mm German Krupp howitzers, 1 75mm Krupp field guns, two 75mm French Schneider-Crusoe cannons and 1 37mm Ma Keqin rapid-fire guns. The British army was defeated in this battle.165,438+039 people were killed, 250 people were missing, and 10 cannon was lost. The reason was that the British commander made a command mistake, which led to scattered troops and rigid tactics. Only eight Boers were killed and 30 were injured.
At the same time of the Battle of Ladysmith, the British troops in Kimberly on the western front and storm Berg on the middle line also suffered defeat, losing more than 2,800 people, which was called a "dark week" in British history. Admiral Buller resigned as commander-in-chief of the British Expeditionary Force because of defeat.
The second stage: occupation of Transvaal
1899 12 17, Lord Frederic Roberts was appointed commander-in-chief of the South African Expeditionary Force by British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury, and Kitchen (Lord He) was appointed commander-in-chief of the South African Expeditionary Force.
Rbert Kitchener) is the chief of staff. Due to the defeat, the bellicose mood among the British people rose, and the Salisbury cabinet's policy of "carrying the war to the end" was supported.
1900 65438+1October 10, Roberts and the kitchen arrive in Cape Town. They brought the local seventh army, reinforcements from Australia, New Zealand and Canada, and three cavalry units from India and Ceylon. By 1900, the number of British troops on the battlefield in South Africa had increased to180,000, and then increased to 220,000-250,000 in March, occupying an absolute advantage. In addition, thousands of military horses arrived in South Africa from Britain and Australia, which increased the mobility of the British army.
1900 In February, after weighing the battlefield situation, Roberts changed his strategy, shifting the main attack direction from Natasi to Orange, where the troops in the middle were weak, and at the same time changing the rigid frontal attack tactics and adopting a circuitous attack strategy. In the direction of the western front, the British army defeated the militia commanded by Piette Crognier, the most brave "black general" of the cloth army, and liberated Kimberly who had been besieged for several months on February 16. The British troops on the Eastern Front launched an offensive on February 27th, defeated the Boers in Dordrecht on March 3rd, and finally got rid of the siege of Ledis Smith.
After eliminating the threat of the most powerful Crognier to its left wing, Roberts turned his main force back to Orange and steadily pushed north. Drawing lessons from the failure in the first stage, the British army changed its tactics. When ambushed by the deployed troops, the infantry troops no longer kept their formation, but dug trenches nearby to cover the cavalry's charge on the deployed positions. Under this tactic, the troops deployed in the poplar forest and the Abraham cowshed failed one after another. On March 10, the 6th and 7th Divisions of the British Army defeated the best-equipped Johannesburg police force in Cowherd, Abraham. On March 12, the President of the Free State of Orange, Matthews Stein, led the government and congressional officials to flee from the capital, bloemfontein, to Kronstad in the north. On the afternoon of March 13, British troops entered bloemfontein. In the middle and late March, typhoid fever prevailed in the British army, so Roberts had to order a rest on the spot and the British offensive was interrupted. On March 26, the commander-in-chief of the army, Jubail, fell off his horse again in the battle of Willow Grange and died the next day. According to his last wish, louis botha, who was good at guerrilla warfare, succeeded the commander-in-chief of Boer Field Force.
At the end of April 1900, a large number of British reinforcements arrived in South Africa. After the force adjustment, Roberts has eight infantry divisions (3rd, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10,1,colonial division) and 12 cavalry divisions. The British army resumed its attack in early May. On May 12, Roberts' army captured Kronstadt, the new capital of Orange Free State. Due to successive failures, the morale of the Boers plummeted. Under Roberts' generous promise, many vigilante members who were active behind the British army surrendered to the British army, handed over their weapons and returned to their farms. By mid-May, only 20,000 Dobl people were still fighting.
1900 On May 24th, Lord Milner announced in bloemfontein that Britain would annex the Orange Free State. After the annexation of Orange, the British army stepped up its attack on Transvaal. On May 29th, General Francci commanded the Australian cavalry and defeated the last defensive troops on the Klip River in the southern suburb of Johannesburg. On May 30th, President Kruger left the capital Pretoria by train. On May 3rd1day, Roberts entered Johannesburg and Pretoria in the early morning of June 5th.
1 September, 9001day, Roberts announced that Britain had annexed Transvaal, thus ending the war. On September 1 1, President Kruger arrived in Lorenzo Maguire, the capital of Portuguese Mozambique, with the authorization of the exiled government of transvaal province. On June 19, 2009, President Kruger went to Europe for help on the cruiser "Gelderland" dispatched by Wilhelmina, beatrix wilhelmina armgard.
The third stage: guerrilla warfare
After the capture of Pretoria, Roberts' 40,000 troops rested in place. But the long British supply line from Cape Town to Pretoria was attacked by the Boers who were still resisting. By this time, the major cities and railway lines in Transvaal and Orange had all been occupied, and the troops began to turn to guerrilla warfare. In Johannesburg and Pretoria, the British army also foiled many attempts of Boer riots.
General Roberts left Pretoria on June 29th 1900, 165438+ and returned to China to take over the post of Commander-in-Chief of the British Army. He handed over the command of the South African army to Lord Kitch, and Lord Ian Hamilton took over as chief of staff.
The Boer army withdrawn from the city has now split into several parts and formed several guerrillas. Under the leadership of Dewette, De La Rui, Botha, Jan Smotz and james hertzog, Boer guerrillas used their field riding and shooting skills to attack British traffic lines, plunder British materials and annihilate a small number of British troops. 1900 February to190/KLOC-0 April, Boer guerrillas fought in the British Cape Colony under the command of Botha and Dewette. During the winter campaign of 190 1 from April to September, the guerrillas launched many sneak attacks on the British troops in Transvaal and Orange, and they succeeded many times and seized a large number of arms, supplies and artillery. From September 190 1 to May 1902, Shi and Herzog re-entered the Cape Colony. They led 5000 cavalry, divided into several small guerrillas, marched thousands of miles to the British rear, all the way to the Atlantic coast and the suburbs of Cape Town, forcing Britain to declare martial law in Cape Town.
In order to end the war as soon as possible, from March 190 1, the kitchen adopted bunker tactics, scorched the earth, set up concentration camps and dealt with Boer guerrillas. In the area where Boer guerrillas were active, the British army set up barbed wire to divide Boer into several appeasement areas and carried out partition sweeping. The total length of barbed wire is 6000 kilometers. Set up a wooden bunker every 1 to 2 km in the appeasement area and send soldiers to station it. Anyone near the bunker will be shot. * * * More than 8,000 bunkers have been built. In these appeasement areas, as long as Boer farmers are found to be helping guerrillas, all farms and houses within 10 miles around them will be burned down. In addition, Kitchen Branch changed its lenient policy towards prisoners of war, and all surrendered and captured guerrilla members and adult male citizens who had participated in guerrilla activities were exiled to remote Indian, Ceylon and Bermuda prison camps. In Cape Colony and Natal Colony, all Dutch British citizens who answered the call to "take up arms" were sentenced to death once they were caught.
concentration camp
In order to completely eliminate the base of guerrilla activities, Kitchen Qi ordered136,000 Boer women, children, the elderly and more than 80,000 black servants to be taken away from the burned farm, transported together with open trucks or ox carts and put into concentration camps.
The South African concentration camp was first established in September, 1900. At first, they were refugee camps for families of Boer soldiers whose homes were burned down. 190 1 year, the kitchen transformed them into a concentration camp for all Boer civilians. There are more than 50 concentration camps in South Africa, which are located on both sides of the railway lines in Cape Province, transvaal province, Orange and natal province, and in the suburbs of big cities such as Johannesburg, bloemfontein and Durban. A strict rationing system was implemented in the concentration camp. Three-quarters pounds of corn flour, rice or potatoes per person per day, one ounce of coffee, two ounces of sugar, half an ounce of salt, and one pound of meat per week (women and children with relatives participating in guerrillas can't get meat). Babies and children under six can get a quarter quart of milk every day. The situation in black concentration camps is even worse, but they can get help from black relatives and friends or be released after swearing allegiance to Britain. The concentration camp is surrounded by barbed wire, and anyone who tries to escape over the barbed wire will be shot. The population density of concentration camps is extremely high, tents, blankets, clothes and medicines are extremely scarce, plagues are prevalent, malnutrition and mortality are extremely high. The death rate of the white concentration camp in Orange District is as high as 40.1.901.1.00.
The high death rate in concentration camps has seriously shaken the morale of Boer soldiers, and at the same time made the image of the British plummet in front of the whole world. Emily hobhouse, a British woman, was shocked by the situation in the concentration camp and submitted a 15 page report to China, describing the horrors of the concentration camp. Miss hobhouse was declared an "enemy of the motherland" by the British government, and was immediately arrested and deported. However, after returning to Europe, she persisted in the struggle and won wide support. The opposition Liberal Party, led by Lloyd George, a young Welsh nationalist, lashed out at the barbaric policies of the Conservative Party and the army. Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, France and the United States sent inspectors, and European and American countries donated a lot of materials to the civilians in the concentration camp. Under the strong pressure of international and domestic public opinion, the British Parliament had to send a fact-finding mission to South Africa. After severely criticizing Chuna and the officials in the concentration camp, the ration and medical conditions in the concentration camp were improved, and the mortality rate quickly dropped to 2%.
During the entire Boer War, a total of 27,927 Boer civilians died in concentration camps, including the elderly 1.676, women 4 1.77 and children 22,074.
Ceasefire order
The Boer war was protracted, both sides were exhausted, and European countries criticized and accused Britain more and more. 190 1 February, Kitchen has started secret negotiations with Luis Botha.
By May 1902, the British war in South Africa had cost 220 million pounds, and more than 2. 1 10,000 people had died. The Boer's combat capability is also rapidly declining, and its strength has been reduced from 88,000 at the peak to 22,000. Due to lack of supplies, militia soldiers are malnourished, ragged and demoralized. Their food, grass and ammunition have been exhausted, and they can only live on trophies.
1902, Ying Bu and China began formal peace talks. The key to the negotiations is the independence of Boers and the treatment of Africans (the core is the voting rights of Africans). On the second question, Britain moved closer to the Boers at the expense of Africans, and soon reached an agreement with them. 190 1 On March 7, 2000, in the middelburg Proposal published by Kitchen, it was announced that Africans in Transvaal and Orange Colonies had no right to vote before the establishment of a representative government; Even if they are given the right to vote in the future, they should be restricted to ensure that whites enjoy the absolute advantage of justice. This is actually excluding Africans from voting in the above two places. On the first question, the two sides have been deadlocked for a long time. The purpose of Britain's war was to annex the Boer Republic, so it refused to give in and resolutely rejected the five demands of Orange President Stan to safeguard independence. The Boers had to settle for the second best, demanding the right to formulate and implement their own policies towards the indigenous people.
On May 1902 and 15, Boer representatives representing two Boer Republics, 32 local militia organizations and 165 guerrillas met in Verenijing to discuss and strive for the future. On May 27th, Lord Milner came to Frinihin to meet with the Boer representative General Shi.
During the talks, Milner put forward twelve conditions for peace talks. Its contents are as follows:
Boer field troops and armed citizens laid down their weapons, handed over all guns and war materials they owned or controlled, stopped any attempt to continue resisting the government of His Majesty King Edward VII, and recognized His Majesty King Edward VII as his legitimate monarch; Boer prisoners who swore allegiance to the king will be released immediately; Ensure that the personal freedom and property of Boer people are not infringed; Amnesty except for some acts that violate the customs of war; English is the official language, but Afrikaans can be used in schools and courts; Boers are allowed to keep guns for self-defense, but they must apply for a license; Replace the military control of Transvaal and Orange with civil administration as soon as possible; Establish a representative autonomy system in South Africa when conditions are ripe; Any tax levied to pay for the war will not be added to these two newly conquered areas; Britain helped the Boers rebuild their farms; Provide 3 million pounds of compensation to farmers and Boer citizens who suffered losses; Deprive the main commander of the Boer Army of his civil rights, but he will not be sentenced to death. On May 30th, 60 Boer delegates voted to decide whether to give up maintaining independence. As a result, they decided to accept the most crucial first clause of the peace treaty by 54 votes to 6 votes. On May 3 1, Ying Bu formally signed a peace treaty in Flynn. The war in Ying Bu, which lasted for 3 1 month, has come to an end.
In the Second Boer War, Britain mobilized 450,000 troops (according to British official statistics, 448,435), of which 256,000 were British regular troops, 109000 were British volunteers, 53,000 were British colonial troops in South Africa, and 3 100 were from Canada, Australia and New Zealand. A total of 380,000 British troops were transported to South Africa by sea, in addition to 350,000 horses, 6,543.8+10,000 mules, 6,543.8+0.34 million tons of military equipment and other materials, and 654.38+ 0.027 ships. British, Australian, New Zealand and Canadian troops * * * 1072 officers and 20870 soldiers were killed.
As for the Boers, there were 88,000 people before and after the battle (87,365 according to South African official statistics), including 43,000 Transvakians and 30,000 Orangemen. The total population of these two countries is only 440 thousand, so almost all young men are fighting. In addition, there are 65438+3000 Boers and 2000 foreign volunteers in Cape Colony. By the time the peace treaty was concluded, 3,700 Boers were killed, 3 1000 people were captured, 20,000 people surrendered, and more than 10000 people were exiled to southwest Africa and Mozambique. Influence on the Dutch in South Africa
With the demise of the independent Transvaal and Orange countries, all the Boers in South Africa became British subjects. After this war, the national cohesion among Boers was further strengthened. The four colonies in South Africa are home to 600,000 Boers, far exceeding the number of British whites. They have the same culture, religion and language. Ying Bu War greatly promoted the formation of their national identity psychological state. After a long process of evolution and identification, they finally became a nation, that is, white South Africans.
Although Britain established the South African Federation and gave the Dutch equal political status in South Africa, the ethnic gap caused by the Second Ying Bu War was far-reaching. Although some upper-class Dutch in South Africa, such as Botha and Shi, are committed to reconciliation with the British and co-operate between the two white peoples to rule blacks and colored people, most middle-and lower-class Dutch in South Africa have fresh memories of the concentration camps, and many relatives died there, so they have always been deeply hostile to the British. 19 14 After the outbreak of World War I, some Dutch people in South Africa launched armed riots against Germany and Britain. During the Second World War, some South African Dutch formed an extreme Chou Ying political organization called Oseva Brandwag, which opposed the alliance between South Africa and Britain. After World War II, the relationship between South Africa and Britain became increasingly cold. 1961may 3 1 day, the federal government of south Africa announced that it would no longer surrender to the queen of England, quit the Commonwealth and establish a modern Republic of south Africa.
Influence on Britain
After Ying Bu War, Britain connected the colonies in southern Africa and controlled the corridor from the hinterland of Africa to the Great Lakes region. The Cape of Good Hope is one of the most important outposts of the British overseas empire, relying on the vast inland of South Africa. Economically, with the world's largest Rand gold mine controlled by Britain, Britain has been able to control the lifeblood of the global economy. Gold from South Africa quickly made London the center of global financial industry and gold trading.
However, the Second Ying Bu War also marked the end of the history of British overseas expansion. British politicians found that it was economically and strategically infeasible to defend the overseas territories of the British Empire and the British mainland at the same time because of the high cost of the modern war. Therefore, Britain should no longer maintain its isolation policy. After the Boer War, Britain began to shrink its global strategy, shifting some overseas spheres of influence to white dominions such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand, while Britain's own strategic focus turned back to Europe.
Influence on the theory of war
In addition to the direct impact on the participating countries, the Boer War also had a far-reaching impact on the development of modern military theory and equipment technology. In this war, many important modern operational theories appeared, or played their important roles for the first time. During the Boer War, the German General Staff sent military advisers to Transvaal and Orange, and Switzerland, the Netherlands, France and other countries also sent military observers to South Africa. In the face of the large-scale rapid corps mobilization by the British army with the help of the railway and the overwhelming frontal battle of the large corps, the German General Staff has deepened its trust in the theory of "total war". On the other hand, Switzerland (and later Israel) established its own unique national defense system according to the Boer military thought of "all the people are soldiers".
In terms of operational theory, the Boer War once again put forward the theory of "national war": every civilian who meets the service conditions is a conscripted soldier, usually engaged in his own business on farms and towns, and received short-term military training at some time of the year. After the war broke out, he quickly assembled, reported by region, and formed militia to participate in the war. For a small country with relatively poor population and resources, it is impossible to maintain a standing army of a certain scale because the army does not produce at ordinary times and the military expenditure is very high. Therefore, adopting the policy of mobilizing the whole people, combining peacetime and wartime, and combining military and civilian can solve certain difficulties.