( 1)? order
(2)? About occupational harmful factors
(3)? Prevention and treatment of occupational diseases in grinding and welding workshop
1 Macro decision-making measures:
2 Safety education and publicity management measures:
3 occupational hazards and protection of welders
4 Occupational hazards and protection of machining and polishing
5. See the engineering and technical measures to prevent and control hazards from the workshop design layout.
6 Workshop ventilation and dust removal equipment use (installation)
(4)? label
( 1)? order
On the premise of labor protection, the Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases in People's Republic of China (PRC) was promulgated and implemented by Decree No.60 of the President of the People's Republic of China at the 24th meeting of the Ninth NPC Standing Committee on May 27th, 2006. Among them, the definition of occupational diseases is defined by the Provisions on the Scope of Occupational Diseases and the Treatment Methods of Occupational Disease Patients, and the list of 99 statutory occupational diseases in 9 categories in China is determined. See note 1?
Broadly speaking, occupational diseases generally refer to diseases caused by occupational harmful factors in productive labor and other professional activities. Occupational diseases in a narrow sense are legal occupational diseases. It refers to the diseases caused by occupational harmful factors that are prescribed by the state in the form of laws and regulations and diagnosed by medical institutions designated by the state.
Therefore, the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases for all kinds of employees has officially become an urgent development goal for enterprises and institutions.
(2)? About occupational harmful factors
According to its source and nature, the grinding and welding workshop can be divided into three harmful factors: production process, labor process and workplace. ?
1. Harmful factors in the production process, including:
(1) chemical factors. At present, the most important occupational harmful factors causing occupational diseases are recognized as chemical factors. It includes
(1) Productive dust
Productive dust refers to solid particles and mixed dust that can be suspended in the air for a long time (such as metal grinding dust and alloy processing dust, etc.). ).
(2) Physical factors. Physical occupational hazards mainly include:
(a) Productive noise and vibration;
2. Occupational harmful factors in the process of labor.
It mainly includes long working hours, excessive labor intensity, work arrangements that are incompatible with the physiological state of workers, working in a monotonous sport for a long time, or excessive stress on individual organs and limbs. ?
3. Occupational harmful factors related to the workplace. Includes the following aspects:
(1) The workplace design does not meet the hygiene standards and requirements, the workshop is small, and the layout of the factory building and workshop is unreasonable. ?
(two) the lack of necessary health facilities, such as ventilation facilities, heating facilities, dust and gas facilities, heatstroke prevention and cooling facilities, noise and vibration prevention facilities, radiation protection facilities. ?
(3) Imperfect safety protection facilities, improper use of personal protective equipment or defective protective equipment.
(3)? Prevention and treatment of occupational diseases in grinding and welding workshop
Preventive measures of occupational hazards in polishing and welding workshop;
1 Macro decision-making measures:
1 Strengthen the construction of occupational health legal system and build a relatively complete system of labor health laws and regulations.
2. Carry out extensive publicity and education on occupational health and strengthen occupational health training.
2 Safety education and publicity management measures:
Generally speaking, the contents of workshop and safety team education should include four aspects.
① Safety ideological education
Through education, every worker can deeply understand the importance of safe production, improve the sense of responsibility and consciousness of "starting from me" to do a good job in safe production, and truly handle the relationship between safety and production, safety and efficiency, safety and discipline, safety and environment, and safety and behavior.
(2) Safety production knowledge education
The knowledge of production safety includes: general knowledge of production technology, that is, the basic production situation of workshops and teams, technological process, equipment performance, structure, performance, quality and specifications of various raw materials and products; Basic safety technical knowledge, as well as the professional safety technical knowledge that employees of a certain type of work must have, mainly including the type of work, the safety operation procedures of this position, standardized operation procedures, accident-prone parts, emergency treatment methods, etc.
③ Safety skill education and training
In actual production, only safety knowledge is not enough, so we must apply what we have learned, so we should attach great importance to the education and training of safety skills. Safety skills are summarized and refined from the actual production process. Educated people should go through their own practice, repeatedly correct wrong actions, gradually understand and master the correct operating essentials, and constantly improve the proficiency of safety skills.
④ Education of safety production experience.
Safety production experience is a living teaching material for workers, and advanced safety production experience is the result of safety production explored and summarized by workers from practice, the measure to prevent accidents, and the basis of safety technology, safety management methods and safety management theory. Summarizing and popularizing advanced experience in time can not only inspire the publicized units and individuals to make persistent efforts, but also educate and motivate other units and individuals to promote the activities of safety production, such as comparison, learning, catching up, helping and surpassing.
⑤ Accident case education
Corresponding to experience is a lesson, which often pays a heavy price, so its educational significance is very profound. Accident cases are the most convincing negative teaching materials for safety education, especially typical accident cases of the same type of work and position, which can help employees to better establish the idea of safety first, sum up experiences and lessons, and formulate preventive measures to prevent similar accidents from happening in their workshops, teams and posts.
The above aspects of safety education are complementary and indispensable. Safety education is not only necessary for those who lack safety knowledge and skills, but also important for those who have certain safety knowledge and skills.
3 occupational hazards and protection of welders
The main occupational hazards of special welding operations are dust, toxic gas, high temperature, arc light and high frequency electromagnetic field. ?
1. The main hazards of welding operations are the hazards of metal dust and toxic gases (ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides such as nitrogen dioxide, etc.). ) and arc radiation. ?
2, the protection of occupational hazards in welding operations:
First, improve welding technology, welding technology and materials.
The second is to improve the ventilation of work ambition.
Third, strengthen personal protection. In particular, the emergency measures for ultraviolet ophthalmia caused by electric welding are shown in Note 2.
The fourth is to strengthen labor protection publicity and education and on-site tracking and monitoring. ?
4 Occupational hazards and protection of machining and polishing
Its main occupational hazards are dust, toxic gas, high temperature, arc light and noise.
Treatment of grinding, polishing and high-intensity noise equipment for machining.
First,? Set up a sound insulation cover; Noise elimination measures should be taken at the inlet or outlet of aerodynamic noise source;
Second,? For high-intensity noise sources, centralized noise prevention measures can be taken.
Third,? Sound insulation and sound absorption measures should be taken in the post operation room of centralized control room;
Fourth,? When entering the workplace where the noise intensity exceeds 85dB(A), the operator should wear anti-noise earplugs or earmuffs.
Verb (short for verb)? Workers should wear dust masks that meet national standards.
Sixth,? Take a series of comprehensive preventive measures, such as safe and hygienic working environment, reasonable arrangement and control of heat source, supply of heatstroke prevention and cooling drinks, rotation operation, air conditioning in the operation room of centralized control room, and do a good job in prevention.
5. See the engineering and technical measures to prevent and control hazards from the workshop design layout.
The design layout of the workshop should comply with GBZ 1-2002 Hygienic Standard for Design of Industrial Enterprises and Hygienic Standard for Welding Smoke in the Air of the Workshop? GB16194-1996, to prevent cross-contamination of occupational hazards between various processes and jobs.
1. Dust prevention engineering technical measures
(1) Take radical measures and clean production process to reduce dust spots.
(2) Improve the control effect of ventilation system and effectively control dust sources.
(3) Eliminate secondary dust sources and attach importance to the treatment of respirable dust.
2. Anti-virus engineering technical measures
(1) Reform the process and replace the toxic and highly toxic materials with non-toxic and low-toxic materials.
(2) Isolation operation and automatic control, sealing of production equipment and mechanization of operation.
(3) ventilation, detoxification and purification
3. Engineering and technical measures to prevent physical hazards.
(1) high temperature prevention and control
(2) Noise control
(3) electromagnetic radiation protection
(4) Laser protection
6 See attached drawings for the use (installation) of ventilation and dust removal equipment in the workshop?
Indoor pollution source → harmful substances escape into the air → the escape speed of harmful substances is offset by the airflow at the opening of the range hood → harmful substances are forced to flow into the range hood → the air containing harmful substances moves along the air duct of the range hood → the airflow from the air ducts of other range hoods meets → flows through the air purification device, and the harmful substances are filtered, oxidized, neutralized or detoxified → the filtered gas flows through the exhaust machine → rises to the outside along the exhaust duct → is discharged outside through a vertical exhaust port or chimney.
(4)? label
Compared with other occupational injuries, occupational diseases have the following characteristics:
1. The cause of occupational diseases is that workers are eroded by chemical, physical and biological occupational hazards in the process of occupational activities or are affected by bad working methods and poor working conditions for a long time. These factors and influences may be direct or indirect, alone or together. ?
2. Occupational diseases are different from sudden accidents or diseases, and their symptoms can only appear after a long period of gradual formation or incubation period, which belongs to delayed disability. ?
3. Because occupational diseases are mostly manifested as damage to physiological organs or functions in the body, only "disease" is seen, but "trauma" is not seen. ?
4. Occupational diseases are irreversible injuries, and the possibility of recovery is very small. In other words, there is no more active treatment except to promote patients to recover naturally from the source of the disease, so it is particularly important to study the prevention of occupational diseases. Through the attention of operators, the improvement of working environment and working methods, the prevalence rate can be reduced. ?
It can be seen that although occupational diseases are included in the scope of industrial injuries, they are different from industrial injuries.
Note 1
1987165438+10. In October, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Labor and Personnel, the Ministry of Finance and the All-China Federation of Trade Unions jointly issued the Provisions on the Scope of Occupational Diseases and the Treatment Methods for Occupational Disease Patients, which determined the list of 99 statutory occupational diseases in 9 categories in China. ?
Note 2
When people do not pay attention to the effective protection of their eyes when welding or gas welding, or walk on the top of a snowy wilderness or on the beach of a scorching desert for a long time without wearing sunglasses, their eyes will be irradiated or reflected by strong ultraviolet rays in arc light or sunlight, thus causing acute ultraviolet ophthalmia.
Ultraviolet ophthalmia is also called "electro-optic ophthalmia" or "snow blindness". Usually, after 6~8 hours of intense light irradiation, patients will feel severe pain in their eyes, as if there is sand friction, and at the same time shed a lot of tears, and their eyelids are red and swollen, and they dare not open their eyes because of strong photophobia. ?
At this point, the patient can lie down immediately, close his eyes and apply cold compress to his eyes with a cold towel. This method can not only relieve the patient's eye congestion, but also relieve the pain quickly. The cold effect lasts until the patient's eye pain is relieved. Rescuers should change cold towels for the wounded in time to ensure the effect of cold compress. ?
If you can find 1% dicaine eye drops, you can get immediate analgesic effect after using them. This drug is a local anesthetic. After being applied to the eyes, we must pay attention to the protection of the eyes, which can cover and wrap the eyes, so as to avoid the insensitivity that can not be found in time after foreign objects enter. ?
When the eyes are painful, if the above drugs cannot be found, fresh human milk or boiled and cooled milk can be used to protect the eyes and relieve the pain. ?
After the eye pain is relieved, chloramphenicol eye drops should be added to prevent secondary infection. After that, you should bandage your eyes or wear sunglasses. So that your eyes can rest. Minimize eye movement and friction. It usually takes a day or two to recover. In addition, parents should educate their children not to watch the operation carried out by welders to avoid the occurrence of electro-optic ophthalmia.