According to Article 41 of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Bidding and Tendering, the bid of the successful bidder shall meet one of the following conditions: it can maximize the satisfaction of the comprehensive evaluation criteria stipulated in the bidding documents; it can satisfy the substantive requirements of the bidding documents and has the lowest evaluated bidding price, except for the bidding price which is lower than the cost.
In addition, the seven ministries and commissions of the 12th decree "tender evaluation committee and tender evaluation method of the interim provisions of the" Article 29 also clearly stipulates that: tender evaluation method including the lowest evaluated bidding price method and comprehensive evaluation method.
The bid evaluation methods are generally categorized into two types: the comprehensive evaluation method and the lowest evaluated bid method. The differences between the two can be seen in Table 1.
Based on Table 1, it can be seen that, for the Nanjing Metro project such as systematic and complex projects, the main consideration of the bidder is not the price, but the bidder's quality, technology, reputation, expertise, etc., it is necessary to use the comprehensive assessment method.
2 Comprehensive Assessment Method
2.1 Meaning of Comprehensive Assessment Method
Comprehensive scoring method is the bidder's technical bid and economic bidding in the quality, technology, staffing, duration, bidding, reputation, performance, etc. according to the relative weighting of the scores, with a composite score to measure the bidding documents whether to maximize the satisfaction of the bidding documents in the provisions of the various evaluation criteria of the evaluation of the bid evaluation method. Methods.
The bid evaluation committee according to the bidding documents specified in the same basis or the same standard for the evaluation of the quantitative factors, and then on the technical part and economic part of the quantitative results of the two parts of the weighted calculation of the comprehensive evaluation of the price of each bid or the comprehensive evaluation of the score, can maximize to meet the bidding documents specified in the evaluation of the comprehensive evaluation of the criteria for the bidder as a successful candidate.
2.2 Evaluation process of comprehensive evaluation method
Nanjing metro project comprehensive evaluation method of the bid evaluation process is generally divided into two stages:
(1) the first stage for the preliminary evaluation. The bidding working group will carry out a "bid clearing" to conduct a preliminary review of the bids of the bidding units, and exclude the bidders who do not respond to the bidding documents and those whose bidding prices have significant deviations.
(2) stage 2 for detailed evaluation. By the owner's representative and the relevant technical, economic and other aspects of the expert bid evaluation committee on the basis of the preliminary evaluation. The bid evaluation committee quantifies each evaluation factor according to the bid evaluation method determined in the bidding documents, and then weights the quantitative results to calculate the comprehensive evaluation score of each bid.
The bid evaluation committee ranks the bidders according to the final comprehensive evaluation score, and the owner generally determines the first-ranked winning candidate as the successful bidder accordingly; if the first-ranked winning candidate abandons the winning bid, proposes to be unable to fulfill the contract due to force majeure, or fails to submit the performance bond within the specified period as stipulated in the bidding documents, the second-ranked winning candidate may be determined as the successful bidder.
3 Nanjing Metro Comprehensive Assessment Method Design
3.1 Theoretical basis for the design of the comprehensive assessment method
3.1.1 Game Theory
The whole process of bidding is the process of gaming between the bidders and the owners, and the bidders and the bidders. In the bidding, each bidder in making their own decisions do not know the opponent's decisions, can only be based on their own actual situation as well as the prediction of the market as a whole, in consideration of other bidders may be based on the decision-making formulated on the basis of the owner's possible acceptance of the bid, and sent to the owner or the agent in the form of a sealed, do not let their own offers and other information to the opponent to know to the opening of the bidding of this aspect of the information is all revealed to Determine who wins the bid. Therefore, under normal circumstances, bidding belongs to the more typical incomplete information static game - Bayesian Nash equilibrium, and bidding in the design of the evaluation method is in fact the design of the mechanism of game theory, you can use the relevant principles and methods of game theory to guide the design of the scoring method of bidding.
3.1.2 Principal-agent theory
The owner of an engineering project establishes a principal-agent relationship with the winning bidder through bidding, and the owner needs to provide effective incentives to the bidder in order to better achieve the goals of quality, investment, schedule, health, safety and environmental protection. Incentives, therefore, the design of the scoring method needs to use the principal-agent theory to solve the problem of how to incentivize, it must meet the incentive compatibility constraints.
The incentive compatibility constraint refers to the fact that without knowing the bidders, the designed mechanism (i.e., the scoring method) has to make the bidders motivated to choose the actions that the bidding unit wishes to take so as to ensure that the mechanism achieves the goals that the bidding unit expects to achieve, and avoids the results that the bidders don't wish to have. Based on this constraint, the Nanjing Metro project encourages companies with high quality and good reputation by giving such companies higher scores in the scoring method, so that the contractors will work hard to improve the quality of the project and ensure that the schedule meets the owner's desired goals.
Accordingly, the Nanjing Metro Project, when designing the comprehensive assessment method, regulates the evaluation factors and weights of the technical and economic bids, as well as the value of the benchmark scores related to the economic bids according to the nature of the project, its characteristics and the technical content, and, therefore, satisfies the incentive-compatible constraints in the design of the mechanism mentioned above. In addition, there are various mathematical methods and statistical methods, etc. used in the comprehensive evaluation method.
3.2 Determination of Bid Evaluation Factors and Weights
Basically, the bidding of Nanjing subway project adopts comprehensive evaluation method, and the selection is made based on the comprehensive evaluation score Ai of the bidders:
[Ai]=[α]-[Bi]+[β]-[Ti]
In the formula, [Bi] - - Bidder i's technical bid (including construction organization design scheme and technical focus, difficulty analysis and response measures, the main materials and equipment selection and supply program, the bidder in the project personnel and equipment and technical force input, quality, safety and civilized construction, construction period and other assurance measures, technical program optimization and rationalization proposals, company reputation and related engineering performance, the Bidder defense, etc.); [α] - the weight of the technical bid; [Ti] - the economic bid of the bidder i; [β] - for the weight of the economic bid.
Because of the one-time nature of project implementation, there are no two identical projects. According to the difference of each project, different scoring methods need to be developed. Therefore, the Nanjing metro project according to different technical difficulties, different scope of work to determine different weights, in order to highlight the owner of the different requirements of each project.
(1) civil construction. The technical part of about 60 points, mainly including the construction organization design and technical focus, difficulty analysis and response measures, the main materials and equipment selection and supply program, the bidder in the project personnel and equipment and technical force inputs, quality, safety and civilized construction, construction period and other measures to ensure that the optimization of the technical program and rationalization proposals, the company's credibility and related engineering performance, the bidder's response; economic part of the 40 points, mainly including the bidding price and 40 points, mainly including the bidding price and the reasonableness of the offer.
(2) Design. The technical part accounts for about 75 points, mainly including optimization of design, personnel, qualifications, performance and rationalization proposals; the economic part accounts for 25 points, mainly including the bidding price and the reasonableness of the offer.
(3) Consulting. The technical part accounts for about 90 points, mainly including the work outline, related research, rationalization proposals and overall coordination plan, performance and personnel; the economic part accounts for 10 points, mainly including the bidding price and the reasonableness of the offer.
(4) Supervision. The technical part accounts for about 80 points, mainly including reputation, qualification, staffing, rationalization proposals and defense, etc.; economic part accounts for 20 points, mainly including the bidding price and the reasonableness of the offer.
(5) Equipment procurement. The technical part accounts for about 50 points, including advanced design, reliability, advanced production and reliability, quality assurance system and measures, supply plans and measures, qualifications, performance, maintenance and service commitments, etc.; the economic part accounts for 50 points, including the bidding price and the reasonableness of the offer.
(6) installation and construction. The technical part of about 60 points, mainly including the construction organization design and technical focus, difficulty analysis and response measures, equipment and material selection and supply program, the bidder in the project personnel, equipment and technical force input, technical program optimization and rationalization proposals, the company's credibility and related engineering performance, the bidder's defense, commissioning program, etc.; economic part of 40 points, including the bidding price and The economic part accounts for 40 points, mainly including the bidding price and the reasonableness of the price. The economic and technical weights of various bidding projects can be seen in Figure 1.
In addition, the Nanjing Metro project is characterized by the comprehensive evaluation method of the importance of the people, in the bid evaluation method to consider the bidder's defense, as well as other weights are set to reflect this point.
Overall, the Nanjing Metro project according to different bidding projects in determining the scoring weights, design, consulting and supervision of the scoring method more consideration of the technical and human factors, material procurement is more consideration of the offer, supply plan, maintenance and service commitments, installation and construction is particularly added to the commissioning program.
By determining different weights for different items, the bidder's bidding behavior is reasonably guided, so that the owner can well realize their intentions.
3.3 Determination of scores
For the technical part, when determining the scores, the experts of the Bid Evaluation Committee, on the basis of the preliminary evaluation, according to the relevant contents of the bidding documents, as well as the defense of the bidders, according to the bidding documents, the method of scoring, and then a weighted average.
For the economic part, the score is based on the deviation of the bidder's offer from the base price and the reasonableness (including the reasonableness of the main unit price and the reasonableness of the composition of the offer) and stability of the offer. In particular, it should be noted that, for different tenders although sometimes its weight is the same, but for different tenders for the specific requirements of the specific method of scoring is set up differently; for example, civil construction bidding, the bid below the benchmark price of 1% to 3% of the bid is set up as a reasonably low bid; while the station decoration bidding, the bid below the benchmark price of 2% to 5% is set up as a reasonably low bid.
3.4 Specific examples of the use of
Nanjing Metro, a civil construction bid evaluation as an example of the comprehensive assessment method, the evaluation of the bid scoring 100 points.
(1) Technical part (60 points).
Mainly includes: selection and supply of major materials and equipment program (14 points); construction organization design and technical focus, analysis of difficulties and countermeasures (24 points); the bidder's investment in the project personnel, equipment and technical force (6 points); the company's credibility and related engineering performance (5 points); optimization of the technical program and rationalization of the proposal (2 points); quality, safety and civilized construction, construction time and other assurance measures (2 points). The bidder's defense (7 points).
(2) Economic part (40 points).
The evaluation factors include:
① Tender price (30 points). Benchmark price = the arithmetic average of the bidder's offer after the removal of a maximum price and a minimum price. Below the benchmark bid price of 1% to 3% of the bid for a reasonably low bid, the value of 30 points, to a reasonably low bid as a standard, the bid price of each 1% increase 1 point deduction, each 1% deduction of 0.5 points, the median calculated by the insertion method, retain two decimal places.
② tender offer reasonableness (10 points). Among them, the main unit price reasonableness for 4 points, the offer is reasonable for 6 points.
The main unit price for the bill of quantities in the more important unit price, the tenderer preferential evaluation of the position of the following formula:
In Di - - evaluation of the unit price of the position; Pi - - tenderers preferential evaluation unit price; Ti - - tenderers preferential evaluation unit price; Ti - - - tenderers preferential evaluation unit price. Evaluation unit price; Ti - the unit price after each bidder's preference; n - the number of bidders; α - the downward fluctuation rate of the base price determined by the owner (2%). Assignment of points: D ∈ (-10%~0), 100%; D ∈ (-20%~-10%), 80%; D ∈ (-30%~-20%), 70%; D ∈ (0~ +10%), 80%; D ∈ (+10%~ +20%), 70%.
Scoring is done in proportion to the number of unit prices falling in each range, and then the total of the scores of the five ranges is multiplied by the weight of the total score of the main unit price, which is the final score of the reasonableness of the main unit price, and those exceeding -30% or +20% are not involved in the scoring.
Reasonable evaluation of the composition of the offer *** 4 scoring sub-items, respectively, whether the work content is complete, the reasonableness of the fee, unit price analysis table clarity, work, materials, machinery consumption reasonableness.
Whether the work content is complete includes whether the quotation description, bill of quantities summary table, bill of quantities, comprehensive unit price analysis table, lump-sum item quotation calculation table, reinforcing steel and cement content table is missing, whether the understanding is correct; whether the quotation description is retained and so on. Reasonableness of charges includes whether the relevant rates are reasonable and whether they exceed the relevant government regulations on cost management; whether the costs of major lump-sum items are basically reasonable. The clarity of unit price analysis table includes whether the content of unit price analysis table is complete; whether the unit price of unit price analysis table is consistent with the unit price in the bill of quantities, etc.; whether the unit price analysis is based on the unit of measurement in the list or the unit of measurement in the fixed amount; and whether the material adjustment lists the names, quantities and unit prices of the materials. Labor, material and machinery consumption reasonableness. Including labor, materials, machinery consumption is basically reasonable.
Each score 1.5 points, according to its degree of satisfaction of the evaluation content is divided into the following three levels: general 0 ~ 0.5 points (including 0.5 points), good for 0.5 ~ 1.0 points (including 1.0 points), excellent for 1.0 ~ 1.5 points (including 1.5 points).
As can be seen from the above, the comprehensive evaluation method for the Nanjing Metro project is scientific and reasonable, fully in line with the legal and theoretical basis described earlier, and enables bidders with high quality, good reputation, strong capability and reasonable price quotations to win the tender.
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