(1) content summary
It is the first door of benefit audit report. Generally speaking, the benefit audit report will not be very short. Considering the different needs of audit report readers, it is necessary to prepare a summary of the report before the audit report, so that readers can understand the main contents of the audit report by reading the summary and decide whether to continue reading the following contents carefully according to their needs. So content summary is very important.
(2) the background of the audited project
Including the basic situation of the audited project or unit, the source and use of funds, the status quo, etc. , so that readers have a clear understanding of the audited projects.
(three) the implementation of the audit project
This part is mainly used to explain the scope and nature of the audit to readers, so that readers can make judgments by using the contents of the report. This part mainly includes the following four aspects:
1. Audit basis, such as requirements of laws and regulations, matters assigned by the NPC or the government, or reasons for other options;
2 audit objectives, scope, methods and methods, the start and end time of the audit, etc. ;
3. Meet the auditing standards. If the standards are not followed, the reasons should be explained to convince readers of the quality of the audit report;
4 clearly explain the responsibilities of auditors and auditees, so that readers can understand the nature and limitations of audit and avoid audit risks.
(4) Audit evaluation opinions or conclusions.
This part is aimed at audit objectives, based on audit findings, and generally expresses audit opinions or draws audit conclusions.
(five) the audit found that the situation
This part is the proof of "audit evaluation opinions or conclusions", that is, how the audit reached the above conclusions. This part is a summary of the evidence obtained. Usually, for each specific goal, the facts discovered by the audit and the analysis made to support the audit conclusion are explained item by item. Generally speaking, this description should include three elements:
1. Facts discovered by the audit;
2. The reasons leading to the above results;
3. influence.
It should be noted that this part does not explain the specific facts of finding violations of laws and regulations, but only explains the basis for drawing "audit evaluation opinions or conclusions" for specific audit objectives.
(six) found illegal problems and punishment opinions.
This part lists the specific illegal problems found in the audit process and the punishment opinions. Including the fact that the audited entity violates the financial revenue and expenditure and financial revenue and expenditure behavior stipulated by national laws and regulations found in the audit process, the qualitative and handling punishment decision and the basis of laws and regulations, and the transfer decision.
(7) Suggestions
Because the value of benefit audit lies in its constructiveness. Therefore, the suggestions made in the benefit audit report are one of the core contents of the benefit audit project. This part of the content should be the logical embodiment of the audit conclusion, audit findings and analysis, and should generally be put forward in view of the causes of the problems, echoing other contents in the report. It should be noted that there should not be too many suggestions, but they should be targeted, operable and easy to check and measure.
(eight) feedback from the audited entity
This part includes: the opinions of the audited entity on the audit report; Revise the audit report according to the opinions of the audited entity; Reasons why audit institutions disagree with the opinions of auditees.
In the case that the auditee only provides some oral opinions, the auditor shall sort out the oral opinions, and the auditee shall confirm whether the statement is accurate. Many auditees also include corrective measures for audit findings in their feedback, which should be included in the audit report.
The biggest advantage of incorporating the feedback of the audited entity into the audit report is that it can put the situation of correcting problems and improving management of the audited entity under public supervision, which is convenient for the audited entity to implement the audit conclusions and audit suggestions and actively rectify them, thus greatly improving the audit effect.
In addition to the above eight aspects, the audit report should also comment and affirm the good management methods or practices found in the audit process, and promote good practices or experiences through public audit reports. Because the ultimate goal of benefit audit is to strengthen management and improve performance. Popularizing good experiences and practices can get twice the result with half the effort.
Nn operating performance, also known as operating results, refers to the results obtained by economic entities in their business activities with their limited resources in a certain period of time.
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There are two systems to evaluate the company's performance: one is the financial evaluation system; The other is the operation evaluation system. Three commonly used indicators of financial evaluation system are: net profit, return on investment and cash flow. Financial evaluation is suitable for the comprehensive evaluation of enterprise management, but not for the management level. The indicators for evaluating business performance include: production and sales rate (products sold), inventory (funds occupied by enterprises to purchase various materials for sales purposes) and operating expenses (all expenses for enterprises to convert inventory into production and sales rate).
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Financial evaluation index
Net income: the company's net profit
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Earnings per share (EPS): net income/average external shares
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Return on investment: the ratio of income to invested capital.
Residual income: the difference between net income and investment cost
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Operating cash flow: cash flow required for operation (free cash flow, working capital, etc.). )
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P/E ratio: price per share/earnings per share nn
Financial ratio summary
neural network
1, comprehensive performance evaluation
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(1) P/E ratio: price per share/profit per share.
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(2) Return on assets: [net income+interest (1- income tax rate)]/total assets.
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(3) Return on investment capital: [net income+interest (1- income tax rate)]/long-term liabilities+shareholders' equity.
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(4) Return rate of shareholders' equity: net income/shareholders' equity.
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2. Capacity assessment
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(1) gross margin: gross profit/net sales income.
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(2) Sales profit rate: net income/net sales income.
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(3) Earnings per share: net income/number of shares issued.
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3. Evaluation of investment utilization capacity
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(1) Asset turnover rate: sales revenue/total assets.
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(2) Turnover rate of investment capital: sales revenue/(long-term liabilities+shareholders' equity)
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(3) Turnover rate of shareholders' equity: sales revenue/shareholders' equity.
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(4) Turnover rate of fixed assets: sales revenue/fixed assets
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(6) cash turnover rate: cash/(cash expenses /365)
Nnn4。 Comprehensive business performance evaluation
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(1) Days of collection of accounts receivable: accounts receivable/(sales revenue /365)
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(2) Inventory turnover days: inventory/(sales revenue /365)
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(3) Inventory turnover rate: cost of sales/inventory
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(4) working capital turnover rate: sales revenue/working capital.
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5. Financial situation assessment
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(1) current ratio: current assets/current liabilities.
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(2) Quick ratio: currency current assets/current liabilities
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(3) Ratio of liabilities to shareholders' equity: long-term liabilities/shareholders' equity; Or total liabilities/shareholders' equity
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(4) Asset-liability ratio: long-term assets/(current liabilities+long-term liabilities)
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(5) Earned interest multiple: (pre-tax profit+interest expense+income tax expense)/interest expense.
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(6) Ratio of cash flow to liabilities: total cash/liabilities generated from operating activities.
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(7) dividend yield: dividend per share/stock price.
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(8) Dividend payment rate: total dividend/net income.
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Monetary assets refer to the right to claim money or a certain amount (such as accounts receivable or notes receivable);
N Strictly speaking, dividend yield and dividend payout ratio cannot be used as indicators of financial situation, but they are actually the ratios to be discussed in another aspect of financial management (dividend policy).
The most commonly used financial ratio analysis indicators
neural network
1, liquidity ratio
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Current ratio
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2. Ratio of asset management activities
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Inventory turnover (cost of goods sold/average inventory), inventory turnover days (365/ inventory turnover), accounts receivable turnover (net credit sales/average accounts receivable), average collection period (365/ accounts receivable turnover), fixed assets turnover (sales/net fixed assets) and assets turnover (sales/total assets).
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3. Profit rate
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Sales profit rate, asset profit rate, equity profit rate
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4. Capital structure ratio
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Debt ratio (total liabilities/total assets), debt-equity ratio (total liabilities/common shareholders' equity), equity ratio (all shareholders' equity/total assets), and multiple of profit.
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5. Other ratios
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Earnings per share, book value per share [(total assets-total liabilities)/number of shares]
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The measures of growth include the percentage of sales growth, the percentage of net income growth and the percentage of earnings per share growth.
N45。 The announcement summarizes the current practice of enterprise performance measurement and suggests:
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(1) Many measurement practices are imperfect or incomplete, that is, they mainly focus on one or several indicators rather than a more comprehensive set of indicators.
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(2) Some measurement indicators rely too much on the calculation of historical cost basis and have not been properly adjusted to compensate for real economic changes.
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(3) Performance evaluation using only financial measurement indicators may be too narrowly focused on the short term. Generally speaking, non-financial measurement indicators can reflect the performance of enterprises more comprehensively.