I. Classification and Work Contents of Automobile Maintenance
1. Automobile maintenance classification
Classification and operation contents of automobile maintenance in China (see table 1) shall conform to the national standard GB/t18344-2001Technical Specification for Automobile Maintenance, Inspection and Diagnosis. The standard divides automobile maintenance into three levels: routine maintenance, primary maintenance and secondary maintenance (see table 1).
Determination of primary and secondary maintenance cycle of automobile. Based on car mileage. The mileage of the first-class and second-class maintenance of automobiles shall be determined by the provincial traffic administrative department according to the relevant provisions of the vehicle instruction manual and the different use conditions of automobiles. At present, all provinces and cities have formulated the secondary maintenance cycle of automobiles suitable for local conditions according to the requirements of standards. The secondary maintenance cycle of automobiles is basically three months for passenger cars, four months for trucks and three months for dangerous goods transport vehicles.
2. Efficient and advanced secondary maintenance methods
With the development of automobile industry, new technologies, new processes and new materials are widely used in automobile products. Traditional maintenance technology is difficult to adapt to the development of new automobile technology. Automobile maintenance enterprises should formulate corresponding maintenance processes according to different models to improve the quality and efficiency of automobile maintenance. Actively adopt efficient and advanced secondary maintenance methods (see figure 1).
According to the number of technicians participating in the maintenance at the same time, the secondary maintenance methods of automobiles are divided into single-person operation method, double-person operation method and multi-person operation method. The traditional single-person operation method and multi-person operation method are gradually replaced by the double-person operation method of secondary maintenance.
The two-person operation method of automobile secondary maintenance is an advanced automobile maintenance operation method generally recognized by the automobile maintenance industry. It is based on the standard maintenance service of two people in automobile 4S shop, combined with the operation items and procedures of automobile secondary maintenance. The two mechanics operate at the same time, perform their duties, cooperate tacitly, be efficient and fast, and complete the maintenance and inspection of the car in the shortest time according to the standard process.
The biggest feature of (1) double repair is high efficiency and rapidity. Double-major changed the traditional maintenance and testing work of one technician into two technicians. Through the cooperation of two people, the operation time is shortened, the work efficiency is improved, the utilization rate of workstations and equipment is improved, and the waiting time of customers is shortened.
(2) Implement reasonable process design and strict operation specifications. According to the different characteristics of all kinds of vehicles, the double repair design standardized operating procedures for all kinds of vehicles according to the standard requirements, strictly implement the operating procedures and operating specifications, and reduce the arbitrariness of operators in the maintenance process.
(3) Science: It is more scientific for two people to complete the maintenance work together. First, some car maintenance projects need two people to cooperate to complete, such as changing brake fluid and disassembling tires. Second, two people supervise each other's work items and workflow, which can realize mutual inspection and effectively avoid the situation that maintenance is not in place.
(4) Professionalism: On the one hand, the double-training personnel are professionals who have undergone strict training and reached the standard requirements. On the other hand, special maintenance inspection tools and equipment are used to ensure the maintenance quality and the accuracy of inspection results, improve the maintenance efficiency and protect the relevant parts of vehicles.
(5) Record the maintenance operation data in the whole process: the maintenance technician must fill in the process inspection record as required during the vehicle maintenance. Recording maintenance operation data can not only ensure maintenance quality, but also effectively prevent the occurrence of missing items during maintenance.
3. The secondary maintenance completion inspection
After the second-level maintenance of the automobile in the maintenance enterprise, the completion inspection must be carried out; The parameters of each project meet the national or industrial and local standards; Vehicles that pass the completion inspection can only leave the factory after filling in the maintenance completion certificate. Unqualified vehicles should be further inspected, diagnosed and maintained until they meet the technical requirements for maintenance completion.
According to GB/T 18344―200 1 Technical Specification for Automobile Maintenance, Inspection and Diagnosis, the complete vehicle, engine, clutch, steering system, transmission system, running system, braking system, taxi, body compartment, emission and other 10 components should be inspected on completion. See the standard for specific inspection items and requirements.
Second, the secondary maintenance quality control method
It is necessary to formulate quality control measures for secondary maintenance of operating vehicles. From a macro point of view, improve the quality of automobile maintenance, ensure vehicle safety, save energy and reduce emissions, prolong the service life of vehicles and avoid serious accidents. From the microscopic point of view, once a liability accident occurs, the cause and responsible person of the accident can be found. Practice shows that the maintenance quality of operating vehicles can be completely controlled by adopting effective methods, and the key is to implement these methods in combination with the secondary maintenance management and actual operation of operating vehicles in the region and the unit.
1. Establish and improve the quality supervision system for secondary maintenance of automobiles.
In addition to enterprise self-discipline and market regulation, effective supervision by industry management departments is an important means to improve the quality of automobile maintenance. Perfecting the automobile maintenance quality supervision system includes three aspects. First, improve the supervision system for the secondary maintenance process of operating vehicles. The vehicle, operation process and factory certificate issued by the secondary maintenance enterprise can be monitored by the management department through the network. Practice has proved that this method can avoid fraud, reduction and omission of maintenance work in automobile maintenance enterprises. Second, improve the inspection and evaluation system of operating vehicle maintenance quality. By evaluating the quality of automobile maintenance through scientific methods, we can find the problems existing in the quality of automobile maintenance and formulate targeted improvement measures. The third is to speed up the construction of the credit system of motor vehicle maintenance market, implement the quality credit evaluation system of maintenance enterprises, strengthen the publicity of quality information of maintenance enterprises, guide car owners and users to give priority to the maintenance enterprises with high credit rating, and use market mechanism to improve the quality credit rating of maintenance enterprises.
2. Standardize vehicle operation and maintain market order.
In order to standardize vehicle operation and maintain market order. In order to ensure the healthy development of the operating vehicle maintenance market, the automobile maintenance industry management department shall implement the market access system for secondary maintenance and testing of operating vehicles in accordance with relevant regulations. Industry management departments should strictly review the qualifications of two-level maintenance enterprises and testing institutions in accordance with relevant regulations, and implement regular supervision and inspection system for units that have obtained the qualification of two-level maintenance testing. The management department of automobile maintenance industry urges and guides automobile maintenance enterprises to improve and conscientiously implement business rules, service specifications, quality guarantee period and other rules and regulations in accordance with relevant regulations, strengthen the execution of automobile maintenance technical specifications, and standardize the business behaviors of maintenance enterprises and testing institutions. The industry management department shall check the management behavior and maintenance quality of vehicles operated by secondary maintenance enterprises at least once a month 1 time. For the problems found, it is necessary to indicate the rectification opinions in words and make rectification within a time limit. For unqualified maintenance enterprises and testing institutions, the second-level maintenance and testing system for automobiles will be strictly implemented.
3. Strictly implement the two-level maintenance "three documents" system.
The Ministry of Communications' Order No.7 of 2005 "Regulations on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Maintenance" requires that "motor vehicle maintenance operators shall implement the system of diagnosis and inspection before maintenance, inspection during maintenance and quality inspection after completion". Therefore, enterprises undertaking the maintenance of operating vehicles should fully implement the "three documents" system in strict accordance with the requirements of this regulation, that is, the incoming inspection record sheet, the maintenance process inspection record sheet, the completion inspection record sheet and the maintenance completion factory certificate. Practice has proved that the implementation of the "three vouchers" system for secondary maintenance can prevent the occurrence of secondary maintenance reduction and leakage to the maximum extent and ensure the quality of secondary maintenance. The implementation of the "three certificates" system can ensure the maintenance of enterprise interests. Once an accident happens to the vehicle being repaired, the corresponding original data can be found when investigating the cause of the accident, and the responsibility of the maintenance enterprise can be exempted.
4 improve the legal awareness of automobile maintenance, testing and management personnel.
The national legal level stipulates that the secondary maintenance system is mandatory. Article 31 of the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Road Transport stipulates that "passenger transport operators and freight transport operators shall strengthen the maintenance and inspection of vehicles to ensure that vehicles meet the technical standards stipulated by the state". The former Ministry of Communications issued and implemented relevant regulations, requiring the operating vehicles to be regularly maintained by qualified automobile maintenance enterprises in accordance with the prescribed maintenance cycle and content, and the maintenance enterprises should conduct completion inspection according to the standards and issue a certificate of completion and ex-factory. Therefore, the personnel who undertake automobile maintenance, inspection and management must have legal awareness, carry out automobile maintenance operations in strict accordance with relevant standards and norms, conduct inspection according to relevant standards, and bear legal responsibility for maintenance operations and inspection results. Those who neglect their duties and practise fraud in their work must bear corresponding administrative treatment and legal sanctions.
5. Strengthen the technical training of employees and improve the technical ability of automobile maintenance personnel.
With the development of automobile industry, new technologies, new processes and new materials are widely used in automobile manufacturing industry, and automobile maintenance industry has also developed into a technology-intensive industry. The technical ability of automobile maintenance personnel can not meet the needs of modern automobile maintenance ability, especially in economically underdeveloped areas. Maintenance enterprises must take effective measures to strengthen the technical training of employees and improve the quality of maintenance employees. The first is to implement the qualification system for automobile maintenance technicians. Automobile maintenance enterprises shall, in accordance with the requirements of the Regulations on the Administration of Employees in Road Transport Industry (Order No.7, 2006 of the Ministry of Communications), conduct pre-job training for automobile maintenance employees and hold relevant certificates. The second is the retraining of employees. Regularly train employees on new car structure, new technology and implementation standards, including subscribing to relevant technology and management magazines and attending technical training courses to update their knowledge. Thirdly, automobile maintenance enterprises should formulate ways to retain outstanding talents, including improving salary and treatment, and solving practical problems of these people and their family members in their work and life.
Conclusion:
Many cases tell us the importance of secondary maintenance of vehicles. Scientific maintenance of vehicles in strict accordance with technical specifications can delay the mileage of the first overhaul, prolong the service life of vehicles and ensure the safe operation of vehicles.
The two-level maintenance system for operating vehicles is mandatory, and industry managers, automobile maintenance enterprises, owners and users must strictly implement it; Automobile maintenance enterprises, automobile inspection stations and industry management departments should also bear corresponding legal responsibilities during the implementation of the secondary maintenance system in order to control the quality of secondary maintenance more effectively.