With the development of medical and health care, the scope of veterinary medicine has been expanded to involve human and animal **** disease, public **** health, environmental protection, human disease models, experimental animals, food production, the pharmaceutical industry and other fields, and the formation of a number of new fringe disciplines, agricultural production and the development of biology and human medicine has played an increasingly important role.
History of Veterinary Medicine
The healing of livestock diseases may have begun in the early stages of the domestication of wild animals into livestock, and the history of veterinary technology in China is particularly long. Horse disease control, livestock maintenance, castration, etc. can be traced back to the Yin and Shang Dynasties; the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period has appeared full-time veterinarians; after the Qin and Han dynasties, not only a variety of veterinary drugs and livestock disease control technology developed rapidly, veterinary writings are also a large number of emergence and gradually formed a system; to the Tang Dynasty, veterinary technology has begun to be spread to foreign countries.
In the West, about the development of veterinary medicine early records is 2100 BC, in the ancient code of Babylonian cattle doctor and donkey doctor's obligations and should be paid for the provisions; 1900 BC, the Egyptians have been recorded in the salvia treatment of animal diseases on the prescription; in ancient India, veterinary medicine and human medicine had the same prosperity, 1500 BC ~ 1200 years before the Vedic era, some of the classics have a rhyming text. Some of the classics contain rhyming accounts of animal diseases and their treatments.
By the time of slavery, veterinarians tended to develop due to the increasing need for military horses in war. Ancient Greece has horse doctor; Roman Empire in the late army veterinary technology had reached a high level, and had in ancient Greece on the basis of veterinary literature compiled a work on horse disease.
Veterinary medicine tended to decline in the Middle Ages, the affected horses are often forged by some of the iron hoof blacksmiths. The word "veterinarian" in English refers to both the blacksmith who nailed the horse's hooves and the veterinarian, which is probably why. Since then, due to the development of capitalism in Western Europe, the expansion of livestock and breeding stock trade and many wars between European countries, a large number of livestock died of rinderpest and other epidemics, so that people realize that the apprenticeship type of veterinary training has been unable to adapt to the reality of the needs of the modern system of higher education in veterinary medicine.
In 1761, France opened the world's first higher veterinary school in Lyon, to 1800, 12 European countries have set up about 20 veterinary school. China's first veterinary school Beiyang Equine Medical Hall was founded in 1904.
Since the 20th century, most countries in the world have established veterinary schools and veterinary institutions, veterinary research, education and diagnosis and treatment level continues to improve. At present, the more developed countries in veterinary science are the United States, Federal Republic of Germany, Britain, Denmark, Japan and the Soviet Union.
Disciplinary system of veterinary medicine
The theoretical basis of veterinary science and medicine are similar, and the two draw on each other, **** the same development. The main basic theories and applied disciplines of veterinary science are livestock anatomy, livestock histology and embryology, livestock physiology livestock pathology, veterinary pharmacology, veterinary microbiology and livestock infectious diseases, livestock parasitology and parasitology, livestock internal medicine, livestock surgery, livestock obstetrics and so on.
Traditional Chinese veterinary medicine (generally known as Chinese veterinary medicine) has a unique system, its basic theory and Chinese medicine and the same lineage, is the Chinese people through the ages with livestock disease fight experience.
Since the twentieth century, especially after the Second World War, the rapid development of veterinary science, and the establishment of small animal veterinary medicine, avian pathology, veterinary epidemiology, animal nutrition and nutritional metabolic disease research, anesthesiology, experimental surgery and microsurgery, veterinary toxicology and livestock poisoning, veterinary mycology, veterinary virology, veterinary immunology, human and animal **** affected by disease, animal health, veterinary public ****. hygiene, veterinary public **** hygiene, preventive veterinary medicine and wildlife pathology and other new disciplines.
Contents of veterinary medicine
The task of modern veterinary medicine is not only to safeguard the development of animal husbandry, but also to reduce the harm of human and animal ***** diseases, improve the hygienic quality of animal food products (meat, eggs, dairy and aquatic products, etc.) and improve the environmental hygiene, etc., and to directly serve the health of human beings.
Veterinary clinical diagnosis and treatment of most of the expensive individual livestock or breeding stock, as well as some of the accompanying animals, ornamental animals, etc. as the main object, the general livestock are focused on the whole group prevention and treatment.
The rapid development of factory-type intensive poultry and pig farming has increased the responsibility of veterinarians in the selection of feeding sites, barn design, preparation of feed additives, environmental hygiene management immunization program development and implementation, disease diagnosis and monitoring of immunity levels, in order to improve the health of the livestock and prevention of herd disease, including infectious diseases, parasites, poisoning and nutritional metabolic diseases. The number of such diseases has been found to be in the hundreds. Among them, the infectious diseases are the most serious but many of them have been eliminated.
As of 1986, livestock infectious diseases have been eliminated in the more developed countries in animal husbandry: Denmark 18, the United States and Japan 13, the United Kingdom 10, Australia 7, the Soviet Union and the Federal Republic of Germany 6. Rinderpest, which used to kill hundreds of thousands or even millions of farm cattle each year in China, was eradicated in 1956.
But at the same time, many new diseases have occurred, the harm is greater: viral infectious diseases (such as swine vesicular disease), accompanied by pesticides, fertilizers and industrial wastes, such as serious pollution and toxicity of the disease, as well as nutritional and metabolic diseases, etc.. Some of them have no effective prevention and treatment methods, some (such as metabolic diseases and nutritional deficiencies) are related to the unilateral pursuit of high yield. All of this has raised new issues for veterinary workers.
For the early prevention of nutritional metabolic diseases, now the veterinary work not only to observe the herd whether clinical symptoms, but also to determine whether it can achieve the expected production indicators under certain conditions and whether the body metabolism is in a balanced state, such as blood chemistry analysis of high-yielding cattle often metabolic profile test, in order to predict the nutritional metabolic disease of latent or subclinical cases, etc..
In many European and American countries, as dogs and cats are regarded as pets and fed into the wind, dogs, cats and other accompanying animal disease diagnosis and treatment has become an important part of the business of veterinarians in these countries, which has also contributed to the development of small animal medical science; ornamental animals, including wildlife kept in zoos and home rearing of birds and poultry, the number of which has also greatly increased in recent decades; various kinds of high economic value of wild animals, such as foxes, minks, minks and other wild animals. A variety of wild animals with high economic value, such as fox, mink, sika deer, musk and so on more and more of the implementation of artificial breeding, their diseases are not only a wide variety, and the pathogen is complex, which also requires veterinary workers to carry out a large number of research work.
In addition, the cultivation of experimental animals on the veterinary work has put forward more stringent requirements, some of the test animal tests also need to use sterile animals or animals without specific pathogens, in order to draw accurate conclusions in such as the immune mechanism and metabolic mechanisms and pharmacology of the research test. Laboratory zoology is now an emerging sub-discipline of veterinary science.
Infectious diseases of foreign origin can cause epidemics in their own countries, resulting in significant economic losses. Such as the United States in the 1880s by foreign cattle and the introduction of bovine pneumonic disease, in the slaughter of a large number of sick cattle and sick cattle in contact with the cattle before the final extinction; Japan by foreign purchase of breeding pigs and the introduction of porcine atrophic rhinitis and porcine mycoplasma pneumonia, spread to the country's swine farms, the infection rate of the heaviest up to 50 to 60%.
China's infectious diseases imported from abroad are also common, such as the 1919 purchase of dairy cows by foreign countries, bovine pneumoconiosis into Shanghai; 1963 imported large white pigs, had brought in porcine atrophic rhinitis; others, such as bovine infectious rhinotracheitis, porcine spirochete dysentery, etc. are also imported from foreign purchased breeding stock. At the same time, domestic livestock pathogens from this country may also flow abroad with the export of diseased animals. Therefore, according to the regulations of strict import and export quarantine, and investigate the origin of the epidemic in order to eliminate a variety of pathogens, is one of the important tasks of veterinarians.
The main task of veterinarians in this regard is the implementation of food hygiene regulations promulgated by the state, such as meat, eggs, milk, fish and other animal foods before and after the production of various aspects of health supervision and inspection, in order to prevent the dissemination of livestock infectious disease pathogens, including human and animal **** affected by the disease germs and harm to human health.
Veterinary medicine and medicine have **** the same basic theory and treatment guidelines, many human diseases can be extremely similar to the mechanism and form of performance in some animals, this disease is called the animal model of human disease, often used in the study of human disease. For example, the study of chicken viral tumor disease and chicken Marek's disease can be used to study the occurrence of human tumors. Medical doctors and veterinarians also tend to animal disease as a model **** with the study of some surgical procedures. In addition, preventive medicine and comparative medicine has become a veterinary and medical *** with the development of the discipline, in the prevention of biological warfare, chemical warfare, atomic warfare, and the development of aerospace medicine and other important significance.
Currently, veterinary medicine is with the new results of many related disciplines are more applied to the study of livestock diseases, and move to a higher level. Genetic engineering technology applied to the development of foot-and-mouth disease, rabies and diarrhea in young animals and other diseases such as vaccine preliminary success, will open the way for the development of epidemic disease subunit seedling or synthetic peptide seedling.
Application of cell engineering technology to produce monoclonal antibodies, will make veterinary diagnosis more accurate and rapid. Electronic computers and lasers have begun to apply to veterinary medicine. Wildlife, ornamental animal disease control is an area to be developed.
With the increase in air transportation of livestock and poultry, will begin to study the impact of air transportation on the physiology and pathology of livestock. At the same time, international cooperation in monitoring and control of epidemic diseases will be further strengthened. In line with the above developments, more emphasis on veterinary education and scientific research, has become the same trend in many countries ****.