At present, in general, China's marine environment, basically, is still in a good state. But in some coastal bays, estuaries and local waters, such as Dalian Bay, Liaohekou, Jinzhou Bay, Bohai Bay, Laizhou Bay and Jiaozhou Bay, etc., environmental pollution is more serious; the decline of certain marine aquatic resources, the catch is reduced, a few valuable seafood damage, the quality of some marine aquatic resources have been affected; some of the shoals are deserted, the coastal environment has been damaged. In terms of sea areas, the Bohai Sea coast is more seriously polluted, the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea, followed by the South China Sea is less polluted, basically still normal.
Currently, pollution and damage to China's marine environment are mainly the following factors:
(1) land-based pollutants. According to relevant departments, China's coastal areas annually discharged into the sea of industrial sewage and domestic sewage about 6 billion tons. In domestic sewage, the East China Sea coast has the largest discharge, followed by the South China Sea coast and the Bohai Sea coast, and the Yellow Sea coast is the smallest. In the industrial sewage, also to the East China Sea coast of the largest emissions, accounting for 50% of the total; Bohai Sea coast and the South China Sea coast, followed by the Yellow Sea coast, the least.
(2) Pollutants discharged from ships. China has more than 100,000 motorized ships of all kinds, and tens of thousands of foreign ships enter China's ports and sail through the sea under our jurisdiction every year, and a large amount of oily sewage is discharged into the sea. For example, in 1979, a Brazilian oil tanker operated at the Qingdao oil terminal, running 380 tons of oil at a time.
(3) marine oil exploration and development of pollution. China's coastal distribution of several large oilfields and more than a dozen petrochemical enterprises, running, venting, dripping, leaking oil quantity is very considerable, more than 10 million tons of oil into the sea every year.
(4) artificial dumping of waste pollution. In the past, the ocean as a large "dumpster", arbitrary dumping of waste. Such as Dalian incense burner reef coast, Huludao, Qingdao, Wenzhou, Zhanjiang and other places, the garbage, slag, slag and other wastes piled up in the sea or directly into the sea.
(5) Unreasonable construction of marine engineering and ocean development have silted up some deep-water harbors and shipping channels, and the ecological balance of local seas has been damaged.
There are more than 200 major pollution sources of various types along the coast of China, more than 100 along the coasts of the Bohai and Yellow Seas, and about 100 along the coasts of the East and South Seas. The main pollutants discharged into the sea from these sources are petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metal pollutants and organic pollutants. River carry is the main way of pollutants into the sea.
Oil pollution in China's coastal oil pollution is more serious, oil is a variety of pollutants into the sea in the largest amount of one. Oil pollution on marine biological resources is very harmful, oil on the water surface is easy to form a film, preventing the exchange of sea air, so that the dissolved oxygen in the sea water is reduced, so oil pollution can cause a large area of oxygen deficiency phenomenon. Oil film, oil block can stick to a large number of fish eggs and young fish, so that it suffocated and died; can make spawning young fish deformed, leading to fish, shellfish accumulation of certain carcinogenic substances.
China's coastal oil pollution covers an area of about 120,000 square kilometers. Relatively speaking, the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea oil pollution is more serious, respectively, accounting for 34% and 33% of the amount of oil discharged into the sea; the South China Sea accounted for 19%; the Yellow Sea is the least, accounting for 14%.
Bohai Sea oil pollution area of about 40,000 square kilometers, of which Liaodong Bay is 18,000 square kilometers, the oil concentration (geometric mean) of 0.049 ppm; Bohai Bay is 0.9 million square kilometers, the oil concentration of 0.050 ppm; Laizhou Bay is 0.6 million square kilometers, the oil concentration of 0.059 ppm; Bohai Sea, the central sea is 0.7 million square kilometers, the oil concentration of 0.041 ppm. 0.041ppm. It can be seen that the oil pollution in Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay is relatively serious, while Liaodong Bay has the largest area of pollution.
The oil pollution area of the Yellow Sea is 26,000 square kilometers, the oil concentration in the North Yellow Sea is 0.059ppm; the oil concentration in the north of the South Yellow Sea is 0.052ppm; the oil concentration in the south of the South Yellow Sea is 0.026ppm; the oil concentration in the Dalian and Jiaozhou Bays are 0.085ppm and 0.062ppm respectively, which shows that the pollution degree of the North Yellow Sea is more serious, especially in the Dalian Bay, and the oil pollution degree in the South Yellow Sea is more serious. Yellow Sea is more heavily polluted with oil in Jiaozhou Bay.
The area of oil pollution in the East China Sea is about 34,000 square kilometers, in which the oil concentration from the mouth of the Yangtze River to Hangzhou Bay is 0.059 ppm; and the oil concentration from the south of Zhejiang Province to the east of Fujian Province is 0.078 ppm. The oil pollution in the East China Sea is heavier in the area from the south of Zhejiang Province to the east of Fujian Province, and the scope of the pollution is wider in the area from the mouth of the Yangtze River to Hangzhou Bay.
Oil pollution in the South China Sea covers an area of about 17,000 square kilometers. The oil concentration around the mouth of the Pearl River was 0.055 ppm, while that along the western coast of Guangdong was 0.052 ppm. Therefore, the oil pollution near the mouth of the Pearl River was slightly heavier than that along the western coast of Guangdong, which had a wider area of oil pollution.
Heavy metal pollution mainly refers to mercury, cadmium and lead. There are more than 60 main sources of mercury pollution along the coast of China, especially the Yangtze River, Pearl River, Yalu River, Wuli River and so on are the main sources of mercury pollution. The amount of mercury discharged into the East China Sea is the largest, followed by the South China Sea and the Yellow Sea, and the Bohai Sea is the least. However, the average concentration of mercury is highest in the East Sea, followed by the Bohai Sea and lowest in the South Sea. The Bohai Sea has the highest concentration of mercury in Liaodong Bay, with an average value of 0.05 mmb; the concentration of mercury in other areas of the Bohai Sea is about 0.01 ppb. Jinzhou Bay and the mouth of the Liaohe River are areas with high mercury concentrations in the Bohai Sea. The mercury concentrations in the North Yellow Sea and the North and South Yellow Sea were 0.04, 0.02 and 0.01 ppb, respectively; and in Dalian Bay and Jiaozhou Bay, 0.02 ppb. The Yellow Sea was characterized by higher mercury concentrations in the mouth of the Yalu River. The East China Sea mercury concentration of 0.01 to 0.23ppb, the Yangtze River mouth to Hangzhou Bay is 0.07ppb, south of Zhejiang Province to the east of Fujian Province is 0.04ppb. South China Sea mercury concentration of 0.02ppb.
China's coastal cadmium is also the main source of contamination in more than 60 places. Cadmium is also carried into the sea mainly by rivers, the Pearl River, Yangtze River, Luanhe River and Mo Yangjiang River carried into the sea of cadmium accounted for 80% of the total. Cadmium discharged into the South China Sea is the largest amount. The whole of China's coastal cadmium concentration range of 0.02 ~ 0.45ppb, the average concentration of 0.10ppb, the highest in the South China Sea, the East China Sea is the lowest. In the Bohai Sea, the concentration was higher in Liaodong Bay and Bohai Bay, and in the Yellow Sea, it was higher in Dalian Bay.
There are more than 80 major sources of coastal lead pollution in China. The discharge into the South China Sea is the largest, accounting for about 60% of the total; the East China Sea and the Bohai Sea are the next largest; and the Yellow Sea is the smallest. The pathway of lead into the sea is also mainly carried by rivers. The concentration of lead in the surface water of China's offshore is 0.05-51.44ppb, with an average value of 1.60ppb. Among them, the average value of lead concentration in the Bohai Sea is 2.95ppb; the average value of lead concentration in the Yellow Sea is 1.34ppb; the average concentration of lead in the East China Sea is lower than the minimum detection limit of the analytical method, but it has been as high as 10-30ppb in south of Zhejiang Province; the average value of lead concentration in the South China Sea is 7.68ppb, and it is as high as 150ppb in the mouth of the Pearl River, which is the highest value of lead concentration in the offshore water of China. The average lead concentration in the South China Sea is 7.68ppb, with the Pearl River Estuary reaching 150ppb, the highest concentration of lead in China's coastal waters, and 4.85ppb in the western coast of Guangdong.
Organic pollutionOrganic pollution of seawater can usually be measured by chemical oxygen demand (COD). There are more than 150 major sources of organic pollution along the coast of China. More than 7 million tons of organic matter, measured in terms of COD, enter the sea each year. About 50% of it flows into the East China Sea, and the remaining half flows into the Bohai, Yellow and South China Seas respectively. Rivers are also the main way for organic matter to be discharged into the sea. The average value of COD in the Bohai Sea is high, 1.63 ppm, which is the highest in Laizhou Bay, up to 2.08 ppm; followed by Liaodong Bay; the lowest in the middle of the Bohai Sea. Laizhou Bay coast, northern Liaodong Bay and the mouth of the Luanhe River and other places COD has reached the "standard", some have exceeded the standard, such as the mouth of the Liaohe River up to 10 ppm. Yellow Sea COD value of an average of 1.10 ppm, of which the Dalian Bay is higher than the rest of the Yellow Sea, the mouth of the Yalujiang River, the northern Yellow Sea coast and Jiangsu offshore in localized areas have exceeded the standard phenomenon. The COD value of the East China Sea is lower, about 0.89ppm, and the area around the mouth of the Yangtze River - Hangzhou Bay is slightly higher than that of the coast from southern Zhejiang to eastern Fujian. None of the South China Sea COD exceeded the standard, the lowest average value of 0.45ppm.
In short, oil is the most important pollutant in China's offshore, the East China Sea offshore and the Bohai Sea are two serious areas of oil pollution. Heavy metal pollution is not serious from a general point of view, but in local waters such as the northern part of Liaodong Bay, the mouth of the Yalu River and the mouth of the Pearl River, the concentration is higher and should be noted. As for organic pollution, it is clearly reflected in the Bohai Sea and certain bays in China, and the COD value has a tendency to increase from south to north.
2 China's basic policies and major measures to protect the marine environment:
The marine environment is different from the land, once polluted, even if measures are taken, the harm is difficult to eliminate in a short period of time. Because the treatment of marine pollution than the treatment of land-based pollution to spend a long time, technically complex, difficult and high investment, but also not easy to receive good results. Therefore, to protect the marine environment, should be prevention-oriented, prevention and treatment, rational development, comprehensive utilization. This should be said to be the basic strategy to protect the marine environment. Protecting the marine environment not only requires a correct marine development policy and advanced science and technology, but also requires a set of scientific and strict management system and methods, especially to grasp the management of pollution sources, which is an important part of marine environmental protection. The self-purifying ability of the ocean is also a resource, we should make full use of the self-purifying ability of the sea, in order to help reduce the cost of management of the "three wastes", the development of production, and at the same time effectively control the amount of pollutants into the sea, we should avoid taking the detour of the first pollution after treatment.
Many years, China in the vigorous development of industry and agriculture at the same time, and actively manage the industrial "three wastes", the great technological innovation, widely carried out comprehensive utilization, for the elimination of pollution, protection and improvement of the environment, to protect the people's health, and promote the construction of socialism, and made a great deal of progress. On the basis of extensive research and the accumulation of many valuable experiences, the basic policy of environmental protection in China has been formulated as follows: "Comprehensive planning, rational layout, comprehensive utilization, turning harm into benefit, relying on the masses, taking action to protect the environment for the benefit of the people". Practice has proved that this is also the correct approach to marine environmental protection.
"Comprehensive planning, rational layout", is to protect the environment, prevention is extremely important measures, but also the implementation of the prevention-oriented, prevention and treatment of the embodiment of the policy. In the arrangement of national economic planning and the development of industrial and agricultural production, we must take into account the overall situation, comprehensive planning, and correctly deal with the relationship between industry and agriculture, heavy industry and light industry, coastal industry and inland industry, urban and rural areas, production and life, economic development and protection of the environment. It is necessary to combine the protection of natural resources with the rational utilization of natural resources, strengthen planning, science and foresight, and avoid blindness and one-sidedness. It is necessary to combine immediate and long-term interests, and strive to avoid or minimize the damage to natural resources and the impact on the environment after development. In the layout of industry, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, salt, by-products, aquaculture and other marine resources development, in addition to paying attention to the raw materials, power, water, transportation and other conditions, but also need to take into account the geology, topography, marine hydrological and meteorological conditions, as well as the characteristics of biological resources, should be a comprehensive study, weighing the pros and cons of the harmonization of the opposition to the various lines of work, can not only focus on the production of the environmental protection is ignored, not only to pay attention to short-term benefits, and to fully estimate the future may bring It is necessary to pay attention to both short-term benefits and fully estimate the long-term impacts that may be brought about in the future. Can not just focus on utilization, without regard to the protection of resources and the environment.
"Comprehensive utilization, turning harm into benefit" is an effective way to develop socialist enterprises and eliminate environmental pollution. "Harm" and "benefit" are opposites and unity of contradictions, they can be transformed into each other under certain conditions. "Harm" is caused by "waste" in the production, "waste" and "treasure" is a unity of contradictions, under certain conditions, they can also be transformed into each other. Under certain conditions, they can also be transformed into each other. Promote the conditions of this transformation, is the comprehensive utilization. Comprehensive utilization of a wide range of content, on the one hand, refers to the comprehensive utilization of resources itself, on the other hand, to establish an economic, reasonable joint venture. Only by combining the management of industrial "three wastes" with the technological transformation of enterprises and the comprehensive utilization of resources, we can try to "three wastes" in the elimination of hazardous substances in the production process, and many of the original abandoned for the harm of "three wastes", to make it the "three wastes", to make it the "three wastes", to make it the "three wastes", to make it the "three wastes". Three wastes", make full use of it, process reform and technological innovation, we can turn "waste" into "treasure", "harm" into "benefit", "benefit", "benefit", "benefit", "benefit", "benefit", "benefit", "benefit", "benefit", "benefit", "benefit", "benefit", "benefit", "benefit", "benefit". "Benefit", to achieve the purpose of less investment, big gains, more varieties, less harmful to the rational development of the purpose.
"Rely on the masses, we do it", which is the embodiment of the Party's mass line in the marine environmental protection work, but also an important guarantee to strengthen environmental protection work. Protecting and improving the environment relates to the immediate interests of the general public, involving everyone and all aspects. Only by relying on the masses, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the masses, everyone hands, everyone cares about, we all work together, marine environmental protection work can be carried out smoothly, many marine environmental protection measures can be implemented, marine environmental protection work can be done well. Therefore, marine environmental protection work must adhere to the mass line, let go of mobilizing the masses.
"Protecting the environment for the benefit of the people" is the fundamental purpose of environmental protection work and the most important purpose. Protecting the environment is fundamentally to protect the people's health and develop socialist production for the benefit of the people, to seek more happiness for the people, and to build China into a better and richer country.
China has a superior socialist system, which provides the greatest possible and highly favorable conditions for the prevention and elimination of pollution and the rapid development of marine environmental science. The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection and improvement of the environment. As early as the beginning of the founding of New China, the Government required that, while increasing production and economizing, attention must be paid to the safety and health of workers and to essential welfare services. It required that, while carrying out socialist industrial construction, attention must be paid to the protection and improvement of the environment, and absolutely nothing must be done that would jeopardize future generations. The Chinese government has repeatedly instructed that natural resources should be rationally utilized, that comprehensive utilization should be actively carried out, and that the relationship between resource development and environmental protection should be correctly handled. Later on, in response to the situation of environmental pollution in China, it formulated the 32-word guidelines for environmental protection in line with China's national conditions, promulgated regulations on the discharge of the "three wastes" of China's industries and the prevention of pollution of coastal waters, and took many powerful measures, such as applying new technologies and techniques, shortening the process, preventing the loss of wastewater, and rooting out the sources of pollution, as well as promoting comprehensive utilization and equipping environmental polluters. The comprehensive utilization and the equipment of environmental pollutants treatment facilities and so on. For some unsuitable factories in the city, relocation and transfer; for those enterprises that are still difficult to manage or hinder the cityscape, reasonable closure, suspension, merger or transformation. Adopt a variety of methods to control the source of pollution. Because industrial wastewater is an important source of marine pollution, control of industrial wastewater discharge is still an important way to reduce marine pollution. At the same time, a large number of planting, reforestation, rectify the factory, greening the environment and patriotic sanitation campaign, which appeared a large number of "garden-style" factories for large factories to find a good way to rectify the management.
In terms of organizational implementation, the State Council set up a competent agency for environmental protection and "three wastes" management agencies, provinces, cities and districts have also set up the corresponding special leadership and management agencies, responsible for leading and managing the environmental protection work in all parts of China and coastal waters. At the same time as improving the leading institutions, a series of scientific research institutions and monitoring institutions for the marine environment have been set up, and the majority of scientific and technological personnel have been actively organized to carry out surveys and monitoring of pollution in China's coastal areas, key harbours and estuaries, thus providing a scientific basis for the control and management of marine pollution. Petrochemical and other enterprises along the coast have not only sewage treatment facilities but also monitoring organizations, in accordance with the "three wastes" control measures. The relevant environmental protection departments are stepping up their supervision and inspections, and effective prevention and management are being carried out in accordance with local conditions. At present, China has set up a coastal pollution monitoring network, issued marine pollution bulletins and evaluated the quality of the marine environment. For example, the "China Marine Surveillance 11" under the State Oceanic Administration is a law-enforcement ship that carries out marine environmental monitoring, surveillance and law-enforcement management in the Bohai and Yellow Seas, and the ship is equipped with specialized instruments and equipment for marine environmental surveys and monitoring, as well as laboratories for marine hydrography, chemistry, geology, and biology, to carry out on-site analyses of dissolved oxygen, pH and chemical oxygen consumption, and analysis of oil, mercury, chromium, and other substances. analysis and indoor analysis of oil, mercury, chromium, lead, cadmium and organochlorine pesticides.
In addition to a large number of basic environmental surveys, China has also vigorously carry out research in marine environmental science, such as in the evaluation of the quality of the marine environment, marine pollution monitoring techniques and methods, the impact of marine pollution on biological resources, the impact of marine development on the environment, the migration of petroleum and metal pollutants, seawater and fisheries water quality standards and the determination of the standard for the quality of the sea water and the air remote sensing of marine pollution and so on. In this regard, some achievements have been made. In order to standardize China's marine pollution survey methodology and its technical regulations, China has compiled and printed a "Code of Practice for Marine Pollution Survey". In addition, the relevant institutions of higher learning have also set up and opened specialized courses on marine pollution to train relevant professionals to meet the needs of China's marine environmental protection work.
Another important measure to protect the marine environment is to manage the marine environment and formulate and improve the necessary legal system and regulations. As early as the mid-1950s and early 1960s, China promulgated a series of regulations on the management of ships, ports, shipping and maritime handling; in 1974, the State Council approved the Interim Provisions for the Prevention of Pollution of Coastal Waters in the People's Republic of China*** and the People's Republic of China, which were implemented internally on a trial basis.
In order to protect China's aquatic resources, the State Council in June 1955 announced the order "Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea machine trawl fishery closed area". 1957 August the State Council made additional provisions. 1956 November issued "on the implementation of the policy of resource protection, the strong arrangement of the fishing ground and transformation of the ship's net gear directive "In April 1957, the State Council issued the "Interim Regulations on the Protection of Aquatic Resources Breeding (Draft)". Coastal provinces and municipalities formulated breeding protection measures in accordance with these regulations, and in July 1957 issued the "Instructions on the handling of intrusion into prohibited fishing areas by aircraft vessels"; in February 1979, the State Council formally promulgated the "Regulations on the Protection of Aquatic Resources Breeding". These fully demonstrate the importance that the Party and the Government attach to the protection of aquatic resources. fish, white goby, yellow goby, mackerel, horse mackerel, moray eel and other marine fish; shrimps and crabs such as prawns, hairy shrimps, green crabs, eagle-clawed shrimps, Chinese mitten crabs, pike crabs and other shrimps and crabs; abalone, razor clams, arkshells, oysters, shishito tongues, scallops, river rays, clams, miscellaneous clams, emerald mussels, purple mussels, thick-shelled mussels, pearl mussels and other shellfishes; algae such as seaweeds, nori, wakame, rockweed, jasmine, seaweed and unicorn cabbage, as well as whales and sea turtles, Hawksbill turtle, sea cucumber, squid and squid are highlighted for protection. "Actions that seriously damage aquatic resources, such as blowing up fish, poisoning fish, abusing electric power for fishing, and conducting knocking operations, are strictly prohibited." Discharge into fishery waters of polluting substances and waste such as sewage, oil, oily mixtures, etc., which are harmful to aquatic resources is prohibited". Fishing gears that jeopardize the resources are prohibited or eliminated in a limited period of time; fishing gears that jeopardize the resources less should be improved in a planned and step-by-step manner. All kinds of major fishing gear, according to different fishing objects, respectively, the minimum mesh size. It is prohibited to manufacture or sell unregulated fishing gear. And so on.
Specifically, the March 1, 1983 implementation of the "Chinese people's *** and the State of marine environmental protection law", is the legal system to manage China's marine environment, the protection of national rights and interests of the major events; is China's first comprehensive protection of the marine environment law, suitable for China's jurisdiction of all sea areas. The promulgation and implementation of the Marine Environmental Protection Law marks a new historical period in China's marine environmental legislation. The Marine Environmental Protection Law mainly provides for the prevention of marine pollution damage from the law; one is to prevent damage to the marine environment from coastal engineering, mainly refers to the construction of ports, oil terminals and the construction of water conservancy projects at the coast into the sea, etc.; the second is to prevent the pollution of the marine environment by marine petroleum exploration and development, mainly refers to the blasting exploration, drilling, oil testing, oil transmission, etc.; the third is to prevent the pollution of the marine environment from land-based pollutants, mainly refers to the discharge of pollutants at the sea, oil testing, oil transmission, etc.; the third is to prevent the pollution of the marine environment from land-based pollutants. Thirdly, it is to prevent pollution of the marine environment by pollutants from land-based sources, mainly referring to the discharge of pollutants into the sea and the setting up of waste dumping and disposal sites on coastal beaches; fourthly, it is to prevent pollution of the marine environment by ships; and fifthly, it is to prevent pollution and damage of the marine environment by the dumping of wastes, stipulating the restrictive conditions for the dumping of wastes into the sea, and the procedures for the application, authorization and supervision of the dumping. If the above aspects are achieved, the need to protect the marine environment can basically be met. Anyone who violates this Law and causes pollution and damage to the marine environment will be held liable for compensation, administrative liability and criminal liability, depending on the circumstances. Undoubtedly, the implementation of the Marine Environmental Protection Law is a major measure to promote the development of China's marine industry and protect the marine environment.
After years of efforts, China's marine environmental protection work has made remarkable progress, the control of industrial pollution has made great achievements, the environmental situation of the city has improved to some extent, ecological environmental protection has begun to show results, the environmental management system has been initially formed, the rapid development of environmental monitoring work, environmental science research, education and strengthening of the cause of the law on the protection of marine environments has been enriched and perfected.