Chapter 1: Changes in Population
Section 1: Quantitative Changes in Population
I. Natural Growth of Population
1. Population Growth in the Past 10 Years
Historical Periods Humans' Productive Labor Population Size and Growth Causes of Population Changes
Prior to the Agricultural Revolution People were mainly engaged in Before the Agricultural Revolution, people were mainly engaged in gathering and hunting. Population size was small and growth was slow. People's ability to obtain food was low, their resistance to disease and disaster was poor, and their mortality rate was high
Between the Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution, people engaged in agricultural activities using simple tools. After the Industrial Revolution, industrial production activities expanded and developed rapidly, and the population continued to increase, and the growth rate was even more rapid. Armed with science and technology, mankind continued to strengthen its ability to transform nature, and people were able to obtain adequate food and perfect medical services, and the death rate decreased
2. The most fundamental factor in natural population growth: the level of productivity
Determinants: natural growth rate, birth rate, death rate
3.
3. Differences in Population Growth between Developed and Developing Countries
Level of Natural Growth Rate Characteristics and Causes of Population Growth Trends in the Future
Developed Countries Maintained at Low Levels Slowly Affected by Fertility Concepts, Quality of Life, and Levels of Socio-Economic Development In the next few decades, the population will be stable, and in some countries it will be gradually decreasing
Developing countries Higher level Due to political independence, national economic development, progress in medical and health care, the mortality rate has declined, and the population is growing rapidly With the adoption of measures to control the population, the rate of population growth will slow down, but the number of people will still increase
China Lower level Slow growth Population base is large
4. Population development must be coordinated with economic and social development, and be in line with the carrying capacity of the environment. carrying capacity.
2. Patterns of Population Growth and Their Transformation
5. Patterns of Population Growth and the Corresponding Population Problems
Population Growth Population Problems
Calendar Primordial low-growth stage - "high-high-low" pattern --Primitive Excessive population growth
Calendar Accelerated growth stage -- "high low high" model --Traditional ------ over-representation of children
Trajectory Slower growth stage -- slow population growth
Trace Low growth stage -- "low low low" model -- Modern type ------- population aging
6. Factors affecting the demographic paradigm shift: productivity level, national policies The natural environment, social welfare, and cultural attitudes
7. Why has the population growth pattern of most developing countries not yet entered the modern pattern? Low level of productivity, low level of urbanization, social system.
Section II Spatial Changes in Population
I. Population Migration
1. Population migration is a change in the place of residence of a person either internationally or nationally.
Three elements of population migration: change of place of residence, temporal permanence (more than 1 year), and whether the change in the spatial location of the city crosses administrative boundaries
2. International migration in different periods
Periods Characteristics Outgoing area Incoming area Causes Significance
Prior to the 19th Century Group-type, large-volume migration predominated Old Continent (Asia, Africa, Europe) Americas, Oceania and other new continents European colonial expansion, development of new continents Objectively developed new continents, spread industrial civilization, and changed the spatial distribution of human races
After the Second World War Population flow from developing to developed countries; fewer settled immigrants, more short-term migrants Latin America, Asia, Africa, etc. Western Europe, North America, Western Asia, North Africa Rapid economic development of the migrating regions Adjustment of the uneven spatial distribution of labor force
3. Changes in the number of people in a region include migration and increase or decrease in the number of people.
4. Domestic migration in different periods of time
Subsistence agricultural economy was fragile; frequent wars; natural disasters; the government organized "tundra and garrison"
Era Influential factors Migration characteristics Flow direction
Ancient times Deeply bound by the rulers and their administrative power; self-sufficient agricultural economy was fragile; frequent wars; self-sufficiency. Fragile agrarian economy; frequent wars; natural disasters; government-organized "tundun garrison" Mass migration to areas with better natural conditions
Contemporary period Founding of China to mid-1980s Highly influenced by national political policies
State's planned economic system and strict household registration system Planned and organized Planned and organized East - Northwest and Northeast
Coastal - Inland
Since the mid-1980s National reform and opening-up policy
Economic factors play a dominant role (reform and opening-up policy) Migration Large flow, change of flow direction West - eastern coastal cities and industrial and mining areas
Rural - urban
5. The significance of China's population migration: regulating the spatial distribution of the population and the shortage of talents; strengthening ethnic integration and cultural exchanges; and promoting economic development and reduce regional differences.
6. Effects of Population Migration
Positively for the region of relocation, it provides cheap labor, saves the cost of education, and promotes the economic development of the region of relocation
Negatively, it creates factors of instability and aggravates the contradiction between people and land
Positively for the region of relocation, it alleviates the contradiction between people and land, improves the environment, increases the income (foreign currency), and strengthens the economic and socio-cultural exchanges with economically developed regions
Negatively, it also reduces the shortage of human resources.
Negative Brain drain
Other effects Changing population distribution, population structure; promoting ethnic economic and cultural exchanges; promoting genetic exchange and integration of population groups
2. Factors affecting population migration
1. The main factors are: firstly, the changes in the natural environment and the socio-economic environment; and secondly, changes in the needs of individuals for their lives or occupations.
- economic factors, ecological environment, political factors, social change, religion, personal motivation and needs
In a particular time and space conditions, any one of these factors may become a decisive factor in prompting population migration.
2, the United States
1) the factors that prompted the United States to become an immigrant country:
① the New World for the development of a large number of laborers
② 15-16th century, the European enclosure movement, the unemployed workers and bankrupt peasants in pursuit of a better economic treatment to migrate to the Americas
3 new routes opened up, for the people's smooth migration
④ colonial expansion, plundering the resources and wealth of the Americas
2) Domestic population migration in the United States
Period Causes of migration Flow of migration
Mid-19th century Civil War - politics Large-scale westward migration of the population
The 19th century and the Turn of the 20th century Growth of industrialization and urbanization - economic Flows from the countryside to the cities
1920s to 1960s Agricultural crises, natural disasters - economic, ecological The South migrated to the North and West
Late 1960s to early 1970s Environmental deterioration of old industrial bases in the Northeast, sunny areas with new resources and new industries in the west and south - economy, ecology, personal motivation needs Migration from the Northeast to the south and west
After the 1970s Improvement of the urban environment and economic redevelopment of the old industrial areas (economy, ecology ) Return of population to old industrial areas and cities
Section 3: Reasonable Capacity of Population
I. Environmental Carrying Capacity
1. Environmental carrying capacity, only the number of people that the environment can sustainably support.
The number of people is an important indicator of the carrying capacity of the environment.
2, environmental population capacity: the environmental population capacity of a country or region, is in the foreseeable period of time, the use of local resources and other resources, intelligence and technology and other conditions, under the conditions of the material standard of living reported to the government and socio-cultural norms, the country or region can sustainably support the number of people.
3. The relationship between the factors of environmental population capacity
The level of scientific and technological development ------ determines the amount of development
Resources ---- environmental-population capacity
Living and cultural consumption level - determines the amount of consumption The most important factor
>Among the factors, the level of scientific and technological development has a positive correlation with the population capacity of the Huanu territory, the level of living and cultural consumption has a negative correlation with the environmental population capacity, and resources have a positive correlation with the environmental population capacity.
4, environmental population capacity has uncertainty, and relative stability.
2. Reasonable Population Capacity
1. Reasonable Population Capacity: The optimal number of people in a country or region according to the premise of a reasonable way of life, which guarantees a healthy standard of living and does not impede the quality of life of the future population. --An ideal, difficult to determine the exact value of the "imaginary number".
2, significance: for the formulation of a region or country's population strategy and population policy and the overall significance, and thus affect the region's economic and social development strategy.
3. For the world as a whole
(1) The international community should advocate that governments, especially those of developing countries, should do their best to keep the population within a reasonable size.
(2) A fair order should be established to ensure that the majority of the people have equal rights to continuously pursue a high level of quality of life.
(3) Respecting the objective law of coordinated development of mankind and the earth, and formulating a strategy for the sustainable development of the region in accordance with local conditions, so as to maintain a good ecological balance and continuously improve the quality of life of the people.
Chapter 2: Cities and Urbanization
Section 1: Internal Spatial Structure of Cities
I. Urban Form
Urban Formation: Block, Cluster, Ribbon, or Radial
Influencing Factors: Attractive Role of the City Center
Plain Areas: Restrictions on Urban Land Use, or Blockage by Rivers, Planning Controls, etc.
Mountainous Areas, Rivers, etc. Distribution along traffic lines or restricted by topography
River valley area
Territorial form The city consists of several pieces, each of which organizes its own production and life in close proximity to each other, and the pieces are not connected to each other The urban area extends along the main traffic arteries or topographic areas
Major advantages It is convenient to set up a relatively complete infrastructure centrally, and the utilization rate of all kinds of facilities is high. The city is convenient for life, easy to manage, and saves investment Convenient for the expansion of the city, and conducive to the protection of the urban environment All parts of the city are close to the suburbs and close to nature
Main drawbacks Easy to cause urban pollution Dispersal of land, inconvenient connection of various pieces, and large investment in municipal construction Urban transportation is mainly concentrated in one direction, and the distance between them is long
City distances Chengdu, Hefei, and Washington Chongqing, Shanghai Pudong New Area Luoyang, Xining, Yichang, Lanzhou, Yan'an
Two, urban land use and functional zoning
1, functional zoning: the city's various economic activities compete with each other spatially, resulting in a high degree of spatial concentration of similar activities.
2, the division: commercial areas, residential areas, industrial areas, municipal and public **** service areas, industrial areas, transportation and warehousing areas, landscapes and urban green space, special functional areas, etc.
3, the central business district (New York's CBD - Manhattan) features:
①Central Business District is the busiest place for urban economic activities ② Central Business District is the city of The central business district is the city's busiest economic activities ② day and night difference in population ③ building tall and dense ④ central business district within the existence of obvious zoning
4, three basic urban geographic functional zoning
functional zoning shape features location
commercial district covers a small area, in the form of points or strips; the busiest economic activities; the difference between day and night population size, building tall and dense; Clear internal zoning Downtown, on both sides of traffic arteries, at street corners
Industrial area Clustering into pieces Continuously moving to the outer edge of the city and tending to follow major traffic arteries Outer edge of the city, on both sides of traffic arteries
Residential area Occupies a large area and is the city's main functional zoning, with differentiation after industrialization Higher-level than lower-level housing is differentiated by the quality of the buildings; higher than the lower-level housing by the location. The backward development of the sub-district High-level outer edge of the city and the high slopes, cultural areas
Low-level inner city and the lowlands, industrial areas
Three, the formation of the internal spatial structure of the city and the changes
1, in the city, the distribution and combination of the different functional areas constitutes the internal spatial structure of the city, which is also known as the urban territorial structure.
2, the urban territorial structure mode:
Structural mode Characteristics Genesis Examples
Concentric circle mode The urban form is concentrated and compact, the city's functional areas for the center of the city in concentric circles Plain topography, the city's various functional areas through constant intrusion and migration, the concentric circles from the core outward Chengdu
Sectoral mode The city's various functional areas in a fan-like outward expansion Traffic (each functional area extends along the traffic line) Shenyang
Multi-core model The city does not rely on a single core development, but around several cores to form a central business district, wholesale business district, residential areas, industrial areas and suburbs, as well as relatively independent satellite towns and other multi-functional districts, and they **** with the composition of the urban territory With the continuous expansion of the city, the original city center, the original city center, the reasons for the high price of land, traffic and residential congestion, etc., in the suburbs far from the city center, and the city has become the most important place for the development of the city. As the city continues to expand, the original city center, high land prices, traffic and residential congestion, and other reasons, the emergence of a new core in the suburbs away from the city center, but also by the river, topography and other factors Zibo
3, the factors affecting:
The main factors: economic factors - depending on the ability of each functional sub-district to pay rents, the level of land rent level (transportation accessibility, proximity to the city center)
1. - less than 200,000 people
2. The scope and types of services provided by different levels of cities are different, with large cities providing a wide range of services, high levels and relatively large service areas.
3. Factors affecting the service scope of cities:
Factors affecting the performance
Resource conditions Cities located in resource-rich areas are able to obtain the resource conditions to support the further development of the city to provide the city with abundant material conditions, abundant labor conditions, and abundant urban land
Transportation conditions Cities located in transportation hubs are able to provide convenient transportation for more distant residents. Cities located in transportation hubs are able to provide services to residents farther away through convenient transportation, thus expanding their service areas Railway hub cities, highway hub cities, port cities, etc.
Population conditions Cities provide goods and services to residents in their service areas, and their service populations have to reach a certain scale Cities located in densely populated areas have relatively small service areas; on the contrary, cities located in sparsely populated areas have relatively large service areas
II. The inspiration of urban hierarchy in southern Germany
1. Within the same region, the spatial combination of different levels of cities is enough to set up an urban hierarchy in a region.
2, different levels of urban services nested in layers.
3, the relationship between the number of cities of different levels, mutual distance, service scope, urban functions: "high less far away from the majority, low more close to the small small, large nested small" (high city level, the city trees burn, far away from each other, the service scope of the large, urban functions; city level is low, the number of cities, close to each other, the service scope of the small, urban functions. range is small, urban functions are small. Different levels of city service scope nested layer by layer, large nested small.)
4. Center ground theory:
(1) The service scope of a center ground is hexagonal around the center ground.
(2) It is a function of market principles
(3) The range of services of a higher center ground is equivalent to the range of services of three lower center grounds.
Section III Urbanization
1. What is Urbanization
1. The process of population concentration in towns and cities and the continuous expansion of the city limits, and the transformation of villages into towns and cities, is urbanization.
2, the signs of urbanization:
① the proportion of urban population in the total population continues to rise
② the gradual transfer of labor from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries
③ the increasing size of the urban land
3, the driving force of urban development: socio-economic development - the main driving force
3, the driving force of urban development: socio-economic development - the main driving force
4, the urbanization process is the process of urbanization. -The main driving force
(1) thrust: which is the crowd driving to the village factors. (Rural population growth, pressure on land; rural income is low, the shortage of social services; rural areas are affected by natural disasters)
(2) pull: factors that attract people to the city. (Many job opportunities in cities; high level of social welfare protection in cities; complete cultural facilities; easy transportation in cities.
4. A measure of a country's urbanization level: the proportion of the urban population to the total population to indicate that it reflects the level of socio-economic development.
5, the significance of urbanization: demographic transition, changes in industrial structure, industrial development, the development of science and technology, narrowing the distance between the city and the countryside, culture, ideas, concepts, and lifestyles converge.
2. The Process of Urbanization in the World
1. The Process of Urbanization in the World
Stages of Urbanization Characteristics Emergence of Problems Development of New Trends Emergence of Countries and Regions
Initial Stage The level of urbanization is relatively low and the development is relatively slow Problems are very few, and it is in the period of low level of urbanization developing countries
Accelerating Stage Population and industries gather rapidly in cities, and urbanization advances very quickly. Rapid concentration of population and industry in the cities, urbanization advances very quickly, there is a surplus of labor, traffic congestion, housing, environmental degradation, the emergence of suburban urbanization phenomenon
Late stage The level of urbanization is relatively high, the growth of the proportion of the urban population tends to slow down or even stagnate, the central area shows signs of decline, the emergence of the phenomenon of reverse urbanization Developed countries
2, the difference between the urbanization of developed countries and developing countries
Country type Starting point p>
Type of country Starting time Current speed Level of urbanization Share of urban population Stage Causes
Developed countries Early
(Britain as early as the middle of the 18th century)
Slowing down (stagnation)
High
High (more than 70%)
Late maturity stage Earlier development of capitalism, modernization of agriculture, large numbers of agricultural laborers moving to the cities
Later maturity stage , a large number of agricultural laborers move to the cities
Developing countries Late
(mid-20th century) Accelerated rate Low Low (less than 40%) Early and mid-accelerated stage Rapid development of the victorious economy of the national independence movement
4. Suburbanization: the process of expanding the size of the city, and spreading the city's population and industries to the suburbs.
Reverse urbanization: overcrowding in urban areas, environmental degradation, land use tension, and declining quality of life due to high concentration of urban population
3. Impacts of urbanization on the geographic environment
1. Manifestations of the impacts: reduction of biodiversity; decline in land quality; impacts on the water cycle; impacts on the climate.
2, the impact of urbanization on the geographic environment:
3, to solve the urban environmental problems of the main measures: 1) strict control of the scale of large cities, dispersed functions of large cities, the construction of new districts and satellite towns, and efforts to promote the urbanization of the suburbs, in order to alleviate the pressure on the central area of the city; 2) rational planning of the city, strengthen the management of the city, and properly deal with the relationship between the city's functional zoning. .
2. Various Agricultural Geographical Types
Agricultural Geographical Types Distribution Areas Climate Types Locational Factors Production Characteristics Problems and Solutions
Dairy Livestock Dairy Livestock Industry The areas around the Great Lakes in North America, Western and Central Europe, as well as Australia and New Zealand Temperate Oceanic Climate, Temperate Continental Climate Markets, Feed Supply High level of mechanization and combination of rotational grazing and penned sheep Prevention and control of animal diseases
Chapter IV Formation and development of industrial territories
Section I. Location factors and location choice of industry
Industry is the sector of material production engaged in the extraction of natural resources, the processing and reprocessing of extracted and agricultural products.
I. Main industrial location factors
1. Classification of industries based on the concept of industry
Classification criteria Type Meaning Examples
Objects of production Extractive industries Sectors of material production engaged in the extraction of natural resources Coal mining industry, hydroelectricity industry
Processing industries Sectors of material production engaged in the processing and re-processing of extracted and agricultural products Sectors Iron and steel industry, machinery industry
Nature of products Heavy industry Sectors producing various means of production Iron and steel industry, machinery industry
Light industry Sectors producing various means of subsistence Food industry, clothing industry
2. Selection of location for industry
Types of orientation Industrial characteristics Sectoral examples Reasons for selection of location
Raw materials Raw-material oriented industries Industries where raw materials cannot be easily transported over long distances or where the cost of transporting raw materials is high Sugar mills, fish processing plants, canned fruit processing plants Proximity to raw-materials origin
Market oriented industries Industries where products cannot be easily transported over long distances or where the cost of transporting products is high Breweries, soft drink factories, furniture factories, printing factories, petroleum processing factories, cotton factories Proximity to the consumer market
Motor oriented industries Industries that consume large amounts of energy Aluminum electrolysis industry, chemical industry Close to thermal or hydroelectric power plants
Labor oriented industries Industries that require large amounts of labor Clothing industry, electronic assembly industry Close to places with large amounts of cheap labor
Technology oriented industries Industries with high technological requirements Aircraft, integrated circuits, precision instrumentation, etc. Close to places with higher education and technology
Technology oriented industries Industries with high technological requirements Location Factors:
2. Location Factors:
Less dependence on nature, raw material power - sufficient, labor - cheap, land rent - cheap, Transportation - convenient, market - broad
II, the choice of industrial location
1, the development of industrial location
Social productivity development, raw materials, power, the number of labor force on the industrial location of the influence of the weakening <
Improvement of science and technology Development of location factors Changes in the market and quality of labor on the choice of industrial location
Changes in the market demand Information accessibility has become a new factor in the choice of industrial location
2. Location choice of Anshan Iron and Steel and Baosteel
Anshan Iron and Steel Baosteel
Source of coal Early from Fushun, Benxi, and now from Heilongjiang, Anhui Huainan, Shanxi, etc.
Iron ore supply Anshan iron ore Imported from Australia, India, Brazil, etc.
Consumption market Shenyang, Dalian, Changchun, etc., steel consumption market Shanghai and its surrounding industrial city clusters
Transportation factors Convenient rail transportation Convenient water and surface transportation
Dominant factors Raw materials, fuel Markets and transportation
Status Once China's largest and most important steel producer, Baosteel has been the largest steel producer in the world. p>Status Once China's largest and most complete iron and steel production enterprises China's first modern large-scale joint production base of the world's advanced level of iron and steel
3, the impact of scientific and technological progress
Improvement of transport conditions and transport capacity, raw materials, fuel on the location of the industrial zone weakened the influence of
Scientific and technological progress in the level of industrial production mechanization, automation, and increased labor force on the location of the industrial zone Improvement in the number of labor force has weakened the influence of industrial location
Increase in the dependence of industrial industries on information Increase in the influence of information accessibility on industrial location
4. Three changes in the selection of steel industrial location
Time Dominant factors Reasons Location characteristics Examples
Early period Coal resources Early period Smelting of iron and steel consumed a lot of coal Proximity to the origin of coal Ruhr area of Germany
Early period Coal resources Early period Smelting of iron and steel consumed more coal Proximity to coal origin Ruhr region in Germany
Early 20th century Iron ore resources Improvements in metallurgy led to a significant drop in the amount of coking coal used in smelting iron and steel Close to large iron ore mines Anshan Iron & Steel, Wuhan Iron & Steel, Pan Iron & Steel, etc. in China
After World War II Consumer markets Rapid advances in science and technology led to the emergence of huge ore carriers, and the cost of shipping was significantly lowered. Coastal consumer market China's Baosteel, Japan's Fukuyama, Italy's Taranto
5, the influence of environmental factors on the choice of location
Location requirements Examples
Environmental requirements Very sensitive to the environment of the industry, should be built in the area of clean air, away from smoke and dust pollution of factories Electronic factories, photographic equipment factories
Pollution level of the small scale, Non-polluting industries can be located in urban areas in an organized manner Clothing factories, toy factories
Large-scale, mildly polluting industries are arranged at the edge of the city or suburban areas Machinery factories, warehousing
Seriously polluting enterprises should be arranged in the suburbs away from the city Iron and steel factories, cement factories
Type of pollution Serious air pollution factories, the arrangement of the wind direction should be taken into account: should be selected in the dominant wind direction downwind, with the wind direction of the wind direction downwind, with the wind direction downwind, with the wind direction downwind, with the wind direction downwind. wind direction downwind, perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction of the suburbs, known local minimum wind frequency of the region, the factory is appropriate to be arranged in the local minimum wind frequency of the wind direction upwind Cement plants, breweries
Serious water pollution factories, consider sewage discharge outlets far away from the water source area and the upper reaches of the river, as far as possible to be arranged downstream Printing and dyeing factories, paper factories, plating factories
Serious pollution of escalator wastes in the factories to be far away from the Iron and steel factories, power plants
6, social factors on the choice of industrial location
Social factors on the choice of industrial location
Policy factors Under the influence of preferential policies, land, transportation, infrastructure and other location factors will be conducive to investment in factories will change
Decision-makers behavior Decision-makers of the local sentiment and personal philosophy and psychology and other factors, but also the development of the local economy and the development of the economy and the development of the economy. Factors such as the decision-makers' local sentiment and personal philosophy and psychology are also important factors in the selection of industrial areas, and sometimes even become the main factors
Section II: The Formation of Industrial Territories
I. Industrial agglomeration and industrial territories
1. Industrial linkage is the inevitable result of industrial socialization and specialization of production.
① production process on the link (textile mills and printing presses between the industrial links)
② spatial utilization of the relationship (China's economic and technological development zones in many places in the industry)
2, industrial agglomeration
concept Advantages
with industrial links to a number of factories tend to gather in close proximity to the formation of the industrial agglomeration phenomenon Strengthen the exchange of information between enterprises to meet the technical cooperation, reduce the transportation costs of intermediate products and energy consumption, and thus reduce production costs, improve production efficiency and profits, and achieve economies of scale
*** with the use of infrastructure, saving investment in production and construction
3, the formation of industrial territories - industrial clusters The formation of an industrial region is based on the industrial links in the production process and the aim of reducing the production cost, and it is formed by the spontaneous geographic proximity to each other. The formation of an industrial region is based on the layout of factories that are closely linked to each other in the production process, and the infrastructure is built on the industrial land in the cabinet before attracting investors to build the factory.
Industrial linkage Industrial linkage on production processes Industrial linkage on production processes Industrial linkage on production processes Industrial linkage on production processes Industrial linkage on production processes Industrial linkage on production processes Industrial linkage on production processes Industrial linkage on production processes Industrial linkage on the use of space and information*** together
Development potential Mostly traditional industries, with a relatively homogeneous structure, which makes it difficult to renovate them Higher economic and environmental benefits Higher economic and environmental benefits Higher economic and environmental benefits Higher economic and environmental benefits Higher economic and environmental benefits Higher economic and environmental benefits Higher economic and environmental benefits Higher economic and environmental benefits Higher economic and environmental benefits Industrial zone in many parts of China's economic development zones
Two, industrial dispersion and industrial territorial links
1, industrial dispersion, one is the development of the old industrial zones tend to be saturated, so that the new enterprises had to move out of the old industrial zones; the second is the phenomenon of dispersion of industrial enterprises by the production of linkage between the phenomenon of the formation of the localities in order to give full play to the advantages of the location.
2,
Formation In order to give full play to the different regional advantages, some factories with mutual collaboration does not require clustering, and some industrial enterprises need parts and components can not be developed in the same area, which formed the phenomenon of industrial dispersion
Performance Small size, light weight, the value of expensive parts and components manufacturers and product assembly plants are far away from one another
Product structure complexity and complexity of the product structure. p>
Complex product structure, a wide variety of parts and components complex product production, its various parts manufacturers can also be distributed in many places, the formation of inter-regional and transnational network of enterprises
Advantages Fully utilize the location advantages of each region, reduce production costs and improve the efficiency of the work
Results Induced the industry lower than the link, promote the geographical personnel, materials and information flow
Results Mobility
Power Modern modes of transportation and modern communication technologies and means
Section III Traditional Industrial Areas and Heart Industrial Areas
I. Traditional Industrial Areas
1. Traditional Industries
Concept Generally, it is an industrial territory with a relatively long history of development, mostly on the basis of abundant coal and iron resources, with coal, iron and steel, Machinery, chemical industry, textiles and other traditional industries, with large industrial enterprises as the core, the gradual development of the industrial region
Examples Germany's Ruhr Industrial Zone, the British Midlands Industrial Zone, the U.S. Northeastern Industrial Zone, Japan's Pacific Coast Industrial Zone, Russia's industrial zone in central and northern Europe
Status in the process of the world's industrial development in each country has played an important role in the development of new industries in their own countries, is still the country's development of new industries. At present is still an important support point for the development of new industries in their own countries, a large number of cheap labor market system is sound
Two, the new industrial areas
1, "new industry" two typical forms:
1) the new development of a traditional industry-based industrial areas of northeastern Italy, central
2 high-tech as the leading industrial area
2) the new industrial areas, the new industrial areas of northeastern Italy, central
3 ② the development of high-tech-oriented industrial regions, southern Germany, the United States "Silicon Valley", Japan's "Silicon Island" (Island of the Nine Islands)
3, new time, new areas, new forms, new sectors
4, Italy's new Development conditions of industrial zones
Development conditions Contents Role
Location advantages Cheap labor The labor force guarantee for the rise of new industrial zones
Convenient land and water for small towns Save investment in production and construction
Convenient transportation Convenient for the import of raw materials and export of products, reducing transportation costs
International economic environment In the 1970s, the price of raw materials and energy prices rose sharply in the 1970s, prompting manufacturers to produce products that consume less energy and raw materials
Domestic economic environment Developed banking and credit system; high degree of openness of the domestic economy; strong government support for the emergence of new industrial zones of their own security; the development of Carp's outward-oriented economy; the emergence of new industrial zones to build factories and the development of a policy to protect
5, the new industrial zones are characterized by:
Small --- mainly small and medium-sized enterprises;
Light --- mainly light industry, the production of low-cost, industrial sophistication, good quality, new styles of industrial products
The same --- concentrate a large number of similar or related enterprises;
The new industrial zone is characterized by the following features:
5. -concentration of a large number of similar or related enterprises
Specialization - highly specialized production, enterprises engaged in only a single specialized production
Scattered - enterprises are located in small towns and even rural areas, the implementation of the family contract labor form, the production process is decentralized.
6, industrial districts: strengthen specialization, improve production efficiency, reduce production costs, enhance competitiveness
7, Wenzhou township enterprises
(1) and the development of Italy's new industrial zones in the same way: small and medium-sized enterprises, light industry, low degree of concentration of capital, the industry is mostly dispersed in the small towns
(2) and the development of Italy's new industrial zones in the same way: No production-marketing-information network system and good collaboration between enterprises
(3) Suggestions: adjust the unreasonable product structure; expand the scale of enterprises; the introduction of new equipment, new management methods, refrigerator brand economy transition< /p>
Transportation is excellent, the flow of people, logistics is abundant, convenient distribution, multiple outlets
.