Entering the 21st century, the global environmental protection industry has begun to enter a phase of rapid development, gradually becoming an important force supporting the growth of industrial economic efficiency, and is becoming an important target and key to revolutionizing and adjusting the industrial structure in many countries. The environmental protection industry of the United States, Japan and the European Union has become the main force in the global environmental protection market.
With China's sustained and rapid economic development, urbanization and industrialization are increasing, environmental pollution is becoming increasingly serious, and the state attaches more and more importance to environmental protection. During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, the state increased investment in the construction of environmental protection infrastructure, a strong pull on the market demand for related industries, the overall scale of the environmental protection industry is rapidly expanding, the industrial sector continues to expand, the industrial structure is gradually adjusting the level of the industry significantly improved.
In the development of circular economy requirements, from 2007 onwards, environmental protection expenditure accounts were formally included in the national budget, the government put forward new ideas and new countermeasures for environmental protection, benefiting from this, China's environmental protection industry continues to grow at a high rate, and the rate of growth has been further improved.
In 2007, China took comprehensive measures to promote pollution reduction, the country's coal-fired units equipped with desulfurization facilities accounted for the proportion of all thermal power units from 12% in 2005 to 48%, the urban sewage treatment rate of 52% to 60%, the annual national COD emissions of 13,833,000 tons, a decrease of 3.14% from 2006; sulfur dioxide emissions 24.681 million tons, down 4.66% from 2006, emissions of major pollutants to achieve a double-decrease, for the first time there is an "inflection point", pollution prevention and control from a passive response to the initiative to prevent and control, environmental protection, a historic transformation of a solid step.
In 2008, the state required the closure of 13 million kilowatts of small thermal power, eliminating 6 million tons of steel, 50 million tons of cement, 14 million tons of iron and a large number of backward production capacity, cut sulfur dioxide emissions of 600,000 tons, cut chemical oxygen demand emissions of 400,000 tons. Environmental protection products and services to further expand the demand for the first half of 2008 the national chemical oxygen demand emissions of 6.742 million tons, down 2.48%; sulfur dioxide emissions of 12.133 million tons, a year-on-year decline of 3.96%, the new urban sewage treatment capacity of 6.78 million tons / day. the second half of 2008, affected by the U.S. financial crisis, China in order to expand domestic demand, and large-scale increase of infrastructure construction, investment in environmental protection industry also further increased.
China's environmental protection industry is still in the stage of rapid development, the overall scale is still relatively small, and its boundaries and connotations are still being extended and enriched. With China's social and economic development and industrial structure adjustment, China's environmental protection industry's direct contribution to the national economy will be from small to large, and gradually become an industry that improves the quality of economic operation, promotes economic growth, and improves the grade of economic technology. Industrial connotation of the direction of expansion will focus on clean technology, clean products, environmental services, etc., the concept of China's environmental protection industry will evolve into: "environmental industry" or "green industry".
"Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, China's environmental protection industry is expected to maintain an average annual growth rate of 15-17%, environmental protection investment in key areas, including the water environment, the atmospheric environment, solid waste, the ecological environment, nuclear safety and radiation environmental protection construction and environmental capacity building. 2010 environmental protection industry's annual revenue will reach 8,800-10,000 yuan. The total value will reach about 880-10000 billion yuan, of which 660 billion yuan of output value of comprehensive utilization of resources, environmental protection equipment output value of 120 billion yuan, environmental services output value of 100 billion yuan.
1, the industry's upstream and downstream industries
Environmental protection water treatment industry upstream including water treatment agents, water treatment equipment, pumps and valves products, construction and building materials and other industries. Downstream industries include municipal, electric power, metallurgy, petrochemical, paper and other fine-molecular industries.
2, upstream and downstream industries on the impact of the industry
The upstream industry of water treatment agents, water treatment equipment and materials, electrical equipment, building materials, the price of raw materials will have a direct impact on the cost of the water treatment industry, the industry has an impact on the profitability of enterprises.
Increased demand and rising prices in the upstream industry will increase the operating costs of the water treatment industry and adversely affect the water treatment industry. Conversely, increased competition and lower prices in the upstream industry will increase profits in the water treatment industry and have a favorable impact on the water treatment industry.
The downstream industry's investment in water treatment systems will determine the demand for the water treatment industry. If the downstream industry develops rapidly and the demand for water treatment systems increases significantly, it will drive the development of the water treatment industry and increase the total profit of the water treatment industry. On the contrary, the downstream industry began to stop investment in water treatment systems, will reduce the demand for water treatment industry, and thus reduce the total amount of profits in the water treatment industry.
With the improvement of national environmental protection and the continuous progress of technology, the downstream industry will put forward new requirements for the environmental protection water treatment industry design level, construction process, construction materials, which will make the water treatment companies continue to research and development of new technologies, the use of new technologies, in order to adapt to the transformation of market demand. Energy saving and environmental protection industry refers to the saving of energy resources, the development of a circular economy, the protection of the ecological environment to provide the material basis and technical guarantee of the industry, is the country to speed up the cultivation and development of one of the seven strategic emerging industries. Energy-saving and environmental protection industry involves energy-saving and environmental protection technology and equipment, products and services, etc., with a long industrial chain, a large degree of relevance, a strong ability to absorb employment, and an obvious pulling effect on economic growth. Accelerating the development of energy-saving and environmental protection industry is the inherent requirement of adjusting economic structure and transforming the mode of economic development, and it is the strategic choice to promote energy saving and emission reduction, develop green economy and circular economy, build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society, actively respond to climate change, and seize the commanding heights of future competition. According to the "State Council on accelerating the cultivation and development of strategic emerging industries decision" (Guo Fa [2010] No. 32) and "the State Council on the issuance of the "Twelfth Five-Year" energy saving and emission reduction comprehensive work program of the notice" (Guo Fa [2011] No. 26), in order to promote the energy-saving and environmental protection industry to develop rapidly and healthily, this plan is formulated. Planning.
1. Key areas
In the environmental protection industry, the first is the development of advanced environmental protection technology and equipment, including sewage, waste disposal, desulfurization and denitrification, high-concentration organic wastewater treatment, soil remediation, monitoring equipment, etc., with a focus on membrane bioreactors, denitrification and phosphorus removal, cyanobacteria treatment of lakes, and the harmless treatment of sludge technology and equipment, etc.; the second is the development of environmental protection products, including environmental protection materials, environmental protection agents, focusing on research and development and environmental protection pharmaceuticals. The second is the development of environmental protection products, including environmental protection materials, environmental protection agents, focusing on the research and development and industrialization of demonstration membrane materials, high-performance impermeable materials, denitrification catalysts, solid waste treatment curing agents and stabilizers, persistent organic pollutants alternative products, etc.; the third is the development of environmental protection services, the establishment of the environmental protection industry service system, with the main content of capital financing and input, engineering design and construction, facilities operation and maintenance, technical consulting and personnel training, etc., and increase pollution control facilities Franchising implementation efforts.
2. Technology and equipment
Water treatment. Focus on tackling membrane treatment, new biological denitrification, heavy metal wastewater pollution prevention and control, high concentration of difficult to degrade organic industrial wastewater depth treatment technology; focusing on demonstration of sludge biological abatement, mobile emergency water treatment equipment, water ecological restoration technology and equipment. Promote energy-efficient aeration and upgrading of sewage treatment plants, rural surface pollution management, sludge treatment and disposal of technology and equipment.
Waste treatment. Research and development of leachate treatment technology and equipment, demonstration and promotion of large-scale incineration power generation and flue gas purification system, small and medium-sized incinerator high-efficiency treatment technology, large landfill methane recovery and power generation technology and equipment, and vigorously promote the pre-treatment of domestic garbage technology and equipment.
Air pollution control. R & D and promotion of key industries, flue gas denitrification, automobile exhaust efficient catalytic conversion and industrial organic waste gas treatment and other technologies and equipment, demonstration and promotion of non-electricity industry flue gas desulfurization technology and equipment, transformation and upgrading of existing coal-fired power plants, large and medium-sized industrial boilers and kilns flue gas desulfurization technology and equipment, and accelerate the demonstration and application of advanced baghouse dust collector, electric bag composite dust removal technology and fine dust control technology.
Hazardous waste and soil pollution control. Accelerate the research and development of heavy metals, hazardous chemicals, persistent organic pollutants, radioactive sources and other contaminated soil treatment technology and equipment. Promote safe and effective hazardous waste and medical waste treatment and disposal technologies and devices.
Monitoring equipment. Accelerate the development and application of large-scale laboratory general analysis, fast and accurate portable or vehicle-mounted emergency environmental monitoring, pollution sources of smoke, industrial organic pollutants and heavy metal pollution online continuous monitoring technology and equipment.
3. Environmental products
Environmental materials. Focus on R & D and demonstration of membrane materials and membrane components, high-performance impermeable materials, bag filter high-end fiber filter media and accessories, etc.; promotion of ion exchange resins, biofilters and fillers, high-efficiency activated carbon, etc..
Environmental protection chemicals. Focus on R & D and demonstration of organic synthetic polymer flocculants, microbial flocculants, denitrification catalysts and their carriers, high-performance desulfurization agents, etc.; promotion of circulating coolant water treatment chemicals, bactericides and algaecides, disinfectants for water treatment, solid waste treatment curing agents and stabilizers, etc..
4. Environmental protection services
To urban sewage and garbage disposal, flue gas desulfurization and denitrification of coal-fired power plants, hazardous waste and medical waste treatment and disposal as the focus, and to promote the construction and operation of environmental protection facilities, specialization, marketization, socialization process. Vigorously develop environmental protection service systems such as environmental investment and financing, clean production auditing, certification and assessment, environmental insurance, environmental lawsuits and education and training, and explore emerging service models. Membrane treatment technology for sewage resources, high concentration of organic wastewater treatment, waste leachate treatment, etc., R & D focus on high-performance membrane materials and membrane components, reduce costs, enhance membrane flux, extend the service life of the membrane material, and improve the anti-pollution.
Sludge treatment and disposal technology for domestic sewage treatment plant sludge treatment and disposal. Focus on anaerobic digestion or aerobic fermentation of sludge for agricultural land, incineration and production of building materials and other treatment and disposal technologies, research and development for small and medium-sized sewage treatment plants, biological abatement and other sludge reduction process.
Desulfurization and denitrification technology for electric power, iron and steel, non-ferrous industries and industrial boilers and kilns flue gas treatment. R & D focus on the preparation of denitrification catalysts and resource desulfurization technology and equipment.
Bag and electric bag composite dust removal technology for thermal power, iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, building materials and other industries. Focus on high temperature, corrosion-resistant fibers and filter material localization, research and development of high-efficiency electric bag composite dust collector, high-quality filter bags and equipment accessories.
Volatile organic pollutants control technology for various industrial sectors volatile organic pollutants emission source pollution control and recycling. R & D focuses on new functional adsorption materials and adsorption recovery process technology, new catalytic materials, optimization of catalytic combustion and heat recovery technology.
Diesel engine (vehicle) exhaust purification technology for national IV or higher emission standards for heavy-duty diesel engines and light diesel vehicles. R & D focuses on selective catalytic reduction technology (SCR) and its equipment, SCR catalytic converter and the corresponding urea injection system, as well as high-efficiency, high-capacity, low-resistance particulate filter.
Solid waste incineration technology for municipal waste, hazardous waste, medical waste treatment. R & D focus on large-scale waste incineration facilities grate and its drive system, circulating fluidized bed pretreatment process technology, incineration flue gas purification technology, di-ein control technology, fly ash disposal technology.
Water ecological restoration technology for polluted natural water bodies. Focus on research and development of red tide, flushing forecast, prevention and treatment technology, biological control technology and recycling of algae, aquatic plants anaerobic production of biogas, power generation and fertilizer resource technology, oil spill contaminated water restoration technology, etc..
Polluted site soil remediation technology is used for polluted soil remediation. The focus is on contaminated soil in-situ detoxification agent, ex-situ stabilizer, soil curing agent used for roadbed materials and contaminated soil solidification body resource technology and biological management technology.
Online monitoring technology of pollution sources for environmental monitoring. R & D focus on organic pollutants automatic monitoring system, a new type of smoke continuous automatic detection technology, heavy metals online monitoring system, real-time monitoring system for dangerous goods transportation carriers. Environmental protection industry includes three aspects: First, environmental protection equipment (products) production and operation, mainly refers to the production and operation of water pollution control equipment, air pollution control equipment, solid waste treatment and disposal equipment, noise control equipment, radioactive and electromagnetic wave pollution protection equipment, environmental protection monitoring and analyzing instruments, environmental protection pharmaceuticals, etc. Second, the comprehensive utilization of resources, refers to the use of waste resources recycling of various products, comprehensive utilization of waste residue, waste liquids (water) comprehensive utilization, comprehensive utilization of waste gas, recycling of waste materials. Third, environmental services, refers to the environmental protection to provide technology, management and engineering design and construction and other services.
1. Natural resources development and protection of environmental protection industry
Natural resources development and protection of environmental protection industry mainly for the improvement of the ecological environment, to protect the ecological environment from further deterioration of all kinds of natural resources development and protection of the environmental ecosystem balance restoration and other activities. Such as vegetation restoration, desert management, groundwater resources development and protection, species diversification, new energy development, etc. It is an important element of sustainable development, and has an important position in the current world environmental protection and China's implementation of sustainable development strategy. Resources are an important part of the green national account, and making natural resources development and protection activities an important component of the environmental protection industry is conducive to overcoming the serious situation of environmental deterioration and lowering of the level of sustainable development caused by China's separate management of resources and the environment.
The inputs of the natural resources development and protection environmental protection industry mainly include various research and production (management) costs (such as desert management) invested in resource development and protection (such as green land construction) and ecological balance restoration activities, as well as the short-term benefits they give up (such as returning farmland to forests and returning farmland to lakes). The outputs are mainly increases in the value of environmental resources (e.g., forest reserves, water reserves, species diversity, etc.) and reductions in losses (e.g., floods, land desertification, etc.). This can be seen in the increase in net domestic production (EDP) when the System of Integrated Economic and Environmental Accounting (SEEA) is adopted.
Natural resources development and protection of environmental protection industry has huge inputs, in the case of SEEA is not yet perfect, its output effect is not reflected in the national economic statistics system, but increase its output is an important way to achieve sustainable development of the national economy, is a long-term benefit. Most of the economic activities in this type of industry have huge inputs, slow results, and the consumption of outputs has the characteristics of "public **** goods", such as indivisibility and non-exclusivity, and basically do not have the conditions for marketization. Therefore, in terms of development strategy, the Government should adopt the idea of integrated planning, unified investment and unified management. The main reason for the deterioration of China's environmental resources lies in the lack of macro-management and insufficient capital investment. In terms of development countermeasures, capital investment should be increased at a faster rate as China's economic strength grows, and at the same time, planning should be done well and the management of the use of funds should be strengthened.
2. Cleaner production type environmental protection industry
Cleaner production is to realize the saving and rational use of resources through the effective use of resources, the substitution of scarce resources and the reuse of resources, and to reduce the generation and emission of waste and pollutants during the production process so as to realize the minimization, resourcefulness and harmlessness of waste and pollutants. From the perspective of environmental protection, cleaner production-based environmental protection industry mainly includes research, development and the use of advanced technology and equipment in the production process to reduce the emissions of the three wastes in the production process, improve the efficiency of resource and energy utilization as well as to reduce the content of hazardous substances in the products.
As early as 1994, China announced "China's Agenda 21", China will carry out cleaner production in sustainable development strategies and major actions, and formulated the basis for action, objectives and content of the action. 1998 in the State Council's "Report on the Work of the Government" put forward "to encourage enterprises to implement cleaner production" call. In 1998, the State Council put forward the call for "encouraging enterprises to implement cleaner production" in the Government Work Report. Cleaner production as an important part of the environmental protection industry is an important guarantee for the realization of sustainable development, an important strategic measure to realize the transformation of pollution management from "end management" to "front-end management", and an important countermeasure for enterprises to improve the international competitiveness of their products after joining the WTO. It is also an important countermeasure for enterprises to improve the international competitiveness of their products after joining the WTO.
The inputs and outputs of the cleaner production-oriented environmental protection industry are scattered in the production process of various industries, and it is an industry that can be fully marketized, with a mechanism of self-accumulation and development within each industry. The main factor restricting the development of China's cleaner production-oriented environmental protection industry is the market mechanism. Therefore, the whole should take the enterprise as the main body of the development strategy, the government through in the policy and funding to increase support for cleaner production technology innovation, promote enterprise research, development and promotion of cleaner production technology, equipment and clean products. At the same time, in China to take measures to promote the implementation of ISO14000 standards, cultivate, develop and improve the environmental protection industry market, standardize the market order.
3. Pollution source control type environmental protection industry
Pollution source control type environmental protection industry in reality manifests itself in two big parts, one of which is all kinds of pollution treatment process within the production enterprises and for these enterprises to provide waste and pollutant treatment, comprehensive utilization and recycling technology and equipment for the production enterprises; and the second one is all kinds of emission centralized treatment, comprehensive utilization and recycling enterprises. In nature relative to the extension of the enterprise production process. The latter inputs and outputs can be independent statistics, the former is difficult to be divided into independent industrial sectors, more difficult to input and output (especially output) statistics.
The inputs of the pollution source control environmental protection industry include capital goods, various intermediate goods provided by the upstream enterprises and labor force; its outputs include the provision of pollutant treatment services for the sewage enterprises and the protection of the environment, the duality of this function provides a prerequisite for the development of its industrialization.
The theory of environmental economics holds that, with the gradual improvement of the economic system and the gradual transformation of the government's functions, the pollution source control service has more of the characteristics of public **** goods, and its inputs will rely more on the public **** inputs in the government's finance. However, the output function of pollution source control type environmental protection industry is twofold; on the one hand, the protection of the environment is the public **** goods function of this kind of industry output; on the other hand, it also has the function of providing pollutant treatment for the sewage enterprises at the same time, and from the latter point of view, it has a more complete input and output system. After the socialization of the function of pollution source control, its service function has the basis of marketization (i.e., pollution control as a service provided to various emitting enterprises). Therefore, at different stages of economic development, different industrial policies can be adopted. Because China is currently in the primary stage of economic development, in a longer period of time in the future, the government investment should be taken as a guide, policy-oriented, enterprise-oriented development strategy, relying on the market and the government's **** the same role, through a variety of administrative and economic means, to guide the community's scientific and technological, financial, management and other integrated forces to participate in the formation of "government organization, Sector-led, enterprise-funded" new mechanism for pollution control environmental protection industry to provide market-oriented conditions, the formation of benign accumulation and development mechanism. In the higher stage of economic development, due to its economies of scale and spillover effects, while adjusting administrative and economic policies, the government through government holding, acquisition and other means, the government controls this part of the industry, as infrastructure construction and management, the government to provide this part of the public **** goods services.
4. Pollution control type environmental protection industry
Pollution control refers to a way to improve the quality of the environment by reducing the content of harmful substances in the environment through the use of pollution control technology when pollutants have been discharged into the environment and have already produced external uneconomic effects.
The inputs of the pollution control industry include capital goods, various intermediate goods provided by upstream enterprises and labor, and its related industries are mainly the production enterprises of capital goods and intermediate goods. The development of the pollution control environmental protection industry can provide demand for the development of its upstream enterprises (mainly the environmental protection machinery and equipment manufacturing industry and the chemical industry). However, due to the completely public **** goods characteristics of its output, some environmental problems involve the entire watershed or even global environmental problems, and, the investment and operating costs of pollution control is much larger than pollution control, and the output of the cost-effective ratio is very low, and does not at all have the conditions for marketization.
Because of the many historical debts and rapid economic development, China's environmental situation is quite serious, pollution control is complex and heavy task, coupled with China's environmental protection laws and regulations and environmental protection technology lagging behind, the economic strength of the weaker, China's environment is facing the danger of continuing to deteriorate. For pollution control type environmental protection industry, we should adopt the development strategy with the government as the main body, step up the establishment and improvement of environmental protection laws and regulations, increase the law enforcement, implement direct government control measures, and severely crack down on and restrict all kinds of behaviors which are not in accordance with the law and lax in law enforcement, at the same time, the central government and the local governments at all levels should formulate and implement the objectives of environmental planning, implement the planned capital investment, and improve the management of all kinds of environmental protection funds. methods, and effectively assume the responsibility of combating pollution and improving environmental quality.
Because of the complexity of environmental protection work, the development of environmental protection industry should be a comprehensive use of market instruments and government forces, according to the characteristics of various types of environmental protection industry to formulate development strategies and tactics. In particular, through the construction of market mechanisms, fully utilize a variety of low investment, quick results of economic means, to promote the rapid development of cleaner production type environmental protection industry and pollution control type environmental protection industry, to reduce China's environmental and ecological pressure.
According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Vice President of the Environmental Planning Institute and Chief Engineer Wang Jinnan estimated that the "12th Five-Year Plan" period of China's pollution control in terms of demand is huge, and many areas of demand for hundreds of billions of dollars: such as desulfurization and desulphurization of the investment in a single project of about 133 billion yuan, especially denitrification needs; urban sewage treatment of about 430 billion billion yuan; garbage treatment of about 263.6 billion yuan; urban drinking water source restoration project investment of about 39.9 billion yuan; key watershed water pollution remediation projects of 138.5 billion yuan; rural environmental protection projects for the benefit of the people of about 73.9 billion yuan. Such a huge investment demand will stimulate the environmental protection equipment industry, pollution control services and other industries to grow.
Additionally, Wang Jinnan expects that during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, China will increase its planning efforts for rural environmental protection projects.
In Wang Shimen's view, the future environmental protection industry can be divided into two major directions, one is to slow down and stop the deterioration of environmental pollution prevention, and the second is in the pollution and damage has been caused by the development of pollution control and environmental restoration enterprises in response to the problem. He believes that the pollution control industry will peak in the next 10 years, while resource recycling and preventive environmental enterprises will show rapid development, and those engaged in environmental remediation will become a major industrial force.
Zhao Penggao believes the potential of the environmental protection industry is huge, especially in pollution control. He said, "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period of urban sewage treatment network and the number of waste treatment plants compared to the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period should be doubled, at present, China still has 435 counties did not build sewage treatment plants, 1,000 major counties do not have a waste treatment plant. In the grim situation of environmental pollution, China should focus on a reasonable definition of the scope of environmental protection industry, pay attention to pollution control technology, equipment, products and services, diluted clean production, resource recycling and other industries, while guiding the development of environmental protection and pollution control services.