Species Name:Cherry
Species Name:cerasus pseudocerasus (lindl.) g. don
Species Alias :Ying Peach, Jing Peach, Wedge Peach, Ying Peach, Niu Peach, Cherry Pearl
Family Name:Rosaceae
Family Name:Rosaceae
Genus Name: Cherry
Elevation:
Position:
Elevation: 1.5m >
Chinese name of genus:Cherry
Latin name of genus:cerasus
Elevation:300-1300
Chinese Flora:38:061
English Flora:9:418
Lowest elevation:800
Source of nomenclature: (名醫别录) [londin, hort. . brit.: 200. 1830]
General Description
The cherry belongs to the Rosaceae family of deciduous tree fruit trees. Cherries are bright red in color when ripe, delicate, beautiful in taste and shape, rich in nutrients, high in health care value, and also known as "peach". Our country as a fruit tree cultivation of cherry has Chinese cherry, sweet cherry, sour cherry and hairy cherry. Cherry ripening period is early, has the reputation of the first fruit in early spring. China's cherry production of 35 million kg, per capita only 29g, equivalent to each person has 3 big cherries or Chinese cherries 15 - 17. Visible cherry has a broad market prospects. China's cultivation of sweet cherry varieties mainly for Europe and the United States varieties, in China's northern region performance is very good, due to the European sweet cherry generally need to 7.2c below the low temperature of 900-1400 hours before the completion of the winter dormancy, limiting the large-scale cultivation in the south of China. Thus, in the southern provinces and regions of China are still mainly cultivated varieties of Chinese cherry, and at the same time, there are very few excellent varieties of Chinese cherry, and the cultivated varieties generally show many shortcomings such as small fruits, sour taste, pre-picking fruit cracking, fruit drop, etc. The excellent varieties of Chinese cherry have a very good performance. And Chinese cherry excellent varieties of a black pearl selection and breeding, successfully make up for these shortcomings.
Domestic distribution
Produced in Liaoning, Hebei, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Sichuan. Born in the sunny part of mountain slopes or the edge of ditches, often cultivated, 300-600 meters above sea level.
Medicinal Parts
Fruit (Cherry); Root (Cherry Root); Branches (Cherry Branches); Leaves (Cherry Leaves); Kernel (Cherry Kernel)
Sexual flavors and attributed to the meridian
Warm in nature, sweet and slightly acidic in taste; enters the spleen and liver meridians.
Functions
Nourishes the center and benefits qi, dispels wind and prevents dampness. The main treatment of post-disease weakness, shortness of breath, palpitations, tiredness, poor food, dry throat and thirst, and rheumatism, lumbar and leg pain, limbs, joint flexion and extension of unfavorable, frostbite and other diseases.
Nutrition
In the fruit family, the general iron content is low, the cherry is outstanding, a unique: per 100 grams of cherry iron content of up to 59 mg, ranking first in the fruit; vitamin A content than grapes, apples, oranges 4 to 5 times more. In addition, cherries also contain vitamin b, c and calcium, phosphorus and other mineral elements. Each 100 grams contains 83 grams of water, 1.4 grams of protein, 0.3 grams of fat, 8 grams of sugar, 14.4 grams of carbohydrates, 66 kilocalories, 0.4 grams of crude fiber, 0.5 grams of ash, 18 milligrams of calcium, 18 milligrams of phosphorus, 5.9 milligrams of iron, 0.15 milligrams of carotene, 0.04 milligrams of thiamine, 0.08 milligrams of riboflavin, 0.4 milligrams of nicotinic acid, 3 milligrams of ascorbic acid Iron is the synthesis of human hemoglobin, myoglobin raw materials, in the human body immunity, protein synthesis and energy metabolism and other processes, plays an important role, but also with the brain and nerve function, aging process has a close relationship. Eating cherries can supplement the body's demand for iron, promote the regeneration of hemoglobin, not only to prevent and control iron deficiency anemia, but also to enhance physical fitness, brain and intelligence.
2. Prevention and treatment of measles Measles epidemic, to children drinking cherry juice can prevent infection. Cherry kernel has the effect of sweating through the rash detoxification.
3. dispel wind and dampness, kill insects Cherry warm, both tonic and beneficial effects, can dispel wind and dampness, rheumatism, lumbar and leg pain has a good effect. Cherry roots also have a strong insect repellent, insecticidal effect, can drive to kill roundworms, pinworms, tapeworms and so on.
4. astringent pain folk experience shows that the cherry can treat burns, astringent pain, to prevent the wound blistering pus role. At the same time, cherries can also treat mild and severe frostbite.
5. Cherry nutrition, containing protein, sugar, phosphorus, carotene, vitamin C are higher than apples, pears, especially high iron content, often used to rub the face of cherry juice and wrinkles, can make the facial skin red, white, wrinkles and eliminate spots.
Health care recipes
1. Cherry sweet soup 2000 grams of fresh cherries, sugar 1000 grams. Cherries, wash, add water decoction for 20 minutes, then add sugar to simmer for one or two boils after the cease-fire standby. Daily service 30~40 grams. This soup has the effect of promoting blood regeneration, can be used to assist in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia.
2. Mushroom Cherry 80 grams of mushrooms, fresh cherries 50, pea shoots 5o grams of sugar, ginger juice, appropriate amount. Hydroponic mushrooms, fresh cherries cleaned; pea shoots to remove impurities and old stems, cleaned and cut; frying pan hot, under the vegetable oil burned to fifty percent hot, put people mushrooms stir-fried through, add ginger, cooking wine, mix well, and then add soy sauce, sugar, salt, fresh soup boiled, changed to simmer for a few moments, and then pea shoots, monosodium glutamate added to the pot, tasted after the thickening of the wet starch, and then put people cherries, sprinkled with sesame oil, out of the pot on a plate (mushrooms face up) that is to become. ) that is to become. This dish has the effect of tonifying the middle and benefiting the qi, preventing and fighting cancer, lowering blood pressure and reducing fat. Suitable for hypertension, hyperlipidemia. Coronary heart disease and cancer patients eat.
3, cherry wine 500 grams of fresh cherries, rice wine 1000 ml. Cherry washed and placed in the altar, plus rice wine soaking, sealed, every 2-3 days stirring 1 time, 15-20 days into. Drink 50 ml (containing 8~10 cherries) every morning and evening. This wine has the effect of dispelling wind and winning dampness, activating blood circulation and relieving pain. It is suitable for rheumatism, lumbar and leg pain, unfavorable flexion and extension and frostbite and other diseases.
4. Cherry sauce 1000 grams of cherries, sugar, lemon juice, appropriate amount. Choose a large, sweet and sour taste of cherries, washed, respectively, each cherry cut a small mouth, peeled off the skin, remove the seeds; the pulp and sugar together in a pot, on the high fire will be brought to a boil and then turned to medium heat to cook, remove the foam and astringent juice, and then cook; cooked to a thick consistency, add lemon juice, slightly cooked, off the fire, cooled to become. This sauce has the efficacy of regulating the middle and benefiting the qi, generating fluids and quenching thirst. It is suitable for rheumatism, lumbar and knee pain, numbness and insensitivity of the limbs, thirst, irritable heat and other diseases.
5. Cherry juice 80 grams of cherries, 1 cup of cold water. Cherry wash and remove the core, put people in the juicer with cold water into cherry juice, pour for drinking (can add the right amount of sugar for flavor). This juice has a moisturizing effect on the skin, can eliminate skin acne scars.
Precautions
Cherry warm, should not be eaten; fever and coughing hot people avoid eating; cherry kernel containing cyanogenic glycosides, hydrolysis produces hydrocyanic acid, medicinal use should be careful when poisoning.
Selected Literature]
"Famous Doctors": "the main regulator of the middle, beneficial to the spleen."
"Preparing for the emergency Qianjin Yaofang": "Cherry taste sweet and flat, astringent, regulating the middle and beneficial to the qi, can be eaten more often, people good color, beautiful Zhisei."
"Compendium of Materia Medica": "Snake bites, mashed juice to drink. And compress it.
"Diannan Materia Medica": "Treatment of all deficiency, can greatly replenish the vital energy, moisturize the skin; soaked in wine served to cure left paralysis and right paralysis, limbs are not benevolent, rheumatism, lumbar and leg pain."
Pineapple
Pineapple, also known as pineapple, belongs to the pineapple family, pineapple genus, is a perennial monocotyledonous herb. Pineapple is a tropical fruit, native to Central and South America, imported into China in the 17th century, the 18th century has been planted.
First, the distribution area
Pineapple is widely distributed between the Tropic of Cancer, is one of the world's important fruits, the world has more than 80 countries and regions as economic cultivation. The main producing areas are concentrated in Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Brazil, South Africa and the United States and other countries, China is one of the top ten pineapple producing countries.
Second, the significance of cultivation
Pineapple fruit quality, nutrient-rich, according to the analysis of each 100 grams of pulp containing whole sugar 12-16 grams, 0.6 grams of organic acids, 0.4-0.5 grams of protein, 0.3-0.5 grams of crude fiber, and contains a variety of vitamins, which vitamin C content can be as high as 42 milligrams. In addition, calcium, iron, phosphorus and other rich content.
Pineapple as a fresh food, golden flesh, rich flavor, sweet and sour taste, crisp and juicy. Processed products canned pineapple is known as "international canned fruit", can also be made into a variety of processed products, widely welcomed by consumers.
Pineapple plant adaptability, barren, drought-resistant, less pests and diseases, is an important pioneer crop of the newly reclaimed mountainous areas, easy to cultivate, high yield, but also intercropping, is the development of the southern hilly mountainous areas, the development of the rural economy and the farmers to make a fortune of the good tree species.
Third, cultivation characteristics
Pineapple is about 1 meter high, stem fleshy solitary, leaf sword-like herbaceous, clustered on the stem, the root is fibrous bearded root system, head-like inflorescences, terminal, fully flowered, fleshy compound fruits from a number of ovaries polymerized in the flower axis and become. The pineapple root system is shallowly distributed, with 90% concentrated in the 10-25 cm soil layer. Strong winds can break the fruit stalk and blow down the plant, and cold winds and rain in winter can cause pineapple to rot its heart.
Pineapple likes warmth, with an average annual temperature of 24 ~ 27 ℃ growth optimal. 15 ℃ below the slow growth, 5 ℃ is the critical temperature of freezing, 43 ℃ high temperature that stops growing. Although pineapple is drought-resistant, but still need a certain amount of water to 1000 ~ 1500 millimeters of annual rainfall and uniform distribution is appropriate. Pineapple is more tolerant of shade, but adequate sunlight grows well, high sugar content, good quality. Excessive light plus high temperature, the leaves turn reddish-yellow and the fruit is easy to burn. Pineapple on the soil adaptability, like loose, well-drained, rich in organic matter, ph value 5 ~ 5.5 sandy loam or mountain red soil is better.
Pineapple mu planted 3800 ~ 4000 plants, the need for seedlings, commonly used plasticin germination propagation, nutrient propagation and tissue culture 3 methods. Sprouting time and method: May to November selection with 40 cm long green leaves, usually Cayenne class 40 leaves, Philippine varieties 35 leaves of the plant. Each plant with 250 mg / liter ethylhexyl plus 1% urea and 0.5% potassium chloride mixture of 25 ml of heart to promote germination, the 5th and 12th day after treatment, respectively, then 1200 ~ 1500 times and 600 times ~ 750 times the plasticizer solution 25 ml of heart. Nutrient propagation, commonly used in seedling cultivation, that is, the use of small top buds in the field, small bracket buds, small sucker buds and fruit tumor buds classified pseudo-planting in the nursery cultivation after going abroad. The use of small buttress buds left on the fruit stalk after fruit picking to grow and cultivate into seedlings, the use of old stem cut propagation and renewal of old stems in the ground propagation. Tissue culture seedlings, with ms medium, at room temperature 30 ℃, 12 hours of light or natural light culture room culture.
Pineapple high-quality yielding technical points: First, choose a good garden, choose to sit in the north to the south, sunny, rich in water, easy access to the land as a commercial production base. Secondly, scientific planting, before planting, the barren soil improvement, full base fertilizer; choose the strong seedling planting. Density, Caine class mu planted 3000 ~ 4000, queen class 4000 ~ 5000. Third, after planting to strengthen fertilizer management, fertilization, Guangxi per mu of nitrogen 42.2 kg, 26.8 kg of phosphorus, 38.5 kg of potassium, n: p2o5: k2o = 1: 0.62: 0.9; fertilization period, usually in December ~ the following year in February before buds before the application of bud fertilizer, fruit picking in July ~ August after the application of the strong shoots of fertilizer; in the promotion of the bud fertilizer, shoots of fertilizer between the application of the strong fruit to promote the germination of fertilizer; each year, 4, 6, July, September Each application of a foliar fertilizer in April, June, July and September each year, May and August each 2 times fertilizer, with 1% urea plus 0.5% potassium sulfate solution; fruit picking after the application of base fertilizer. Water management should be timely drainage and irrigation to prevent flooding and drought. Fourth, do a good job of other management, such as not affecting fruit growth and development, should be appropriate in addition to buds and buds; to promote the flower to promote flowering; to improve fruit weight and quality to spray the fruit, in the florets after all the flowers, with 50 mg / l erythromycin plus 0.5% urea solution to spray the fruit, over the 20 days of spraying the second time, spraying 70 mg / l erythromycin plus 0.3% urea solution. In order to make the fruit ripening consistent, fruit development to seven mature, with ethylhexyl 300 mg / liter spray fruit ripening.
The more serious invasive diseases that harm pineapple are heart rot, black rot, small fruit brown rot; non-invasive diseases such as sunburn, deficiency disease. Pests are pineapple mealybugs, Chinese crickets and grubs.
Fourth, types and varieties
Usually pineapple cultivars are divided into four categories, namely, Cayenne, Queen, Spanish and hybrid types.
The Cayenne class, also known as Sarawak, was named after the French expedition that discovered it in the Cayenne region of Guyana, South America. Cultivation is extremely wide, accounting for about 80% of the world's pineapple cultivation area. Plants tall and robust, leaf margins without thorns or leaf tip with a few thorns. Fruit large, the average single fruit weighs more than 1100 grams, cylindrical, flattened fruitlets, shallow eyes, bracts short and wide; yellowish flesh, juicy, sweet and sour moderate, soluble solids 14% to 16%, high up to 20% or more, acid content 0.5% to 0.6%. The main varieties for canning.
Queens class lineage of the oldest cultivars, more than 400 years of cultivation history, for South Africa, Vietnam and China, one of the main varieties. The plant is medium to large, the leaves are shorter than the Cayenne class, and the leaf margins have thorns; the fruit is cylindrical or conical, with a single fruit weighing 400~1500 grams, and the small fruits are conical protruding, with a deep eye, and the tips of the bracts are more than the small fruits; the fruit flesh is yellow to dark yellow, with crispy and tender flesh and a high sugar content, juicy, sweet and fragrant, and it is mainly freshly eaten.
Spanish plants larger, softer leaves, yellow-green, leaf margins have red spines, but there are also thornless varieties; fruit medium-large, single-fruit weight of 500 ~ 1000 grams, small fruits are large and flattened, the central raised or sunken; eye deep, orange-yellow flesh, strong flavor, more fiber, for canning and juice.
HybridsHybrids are good seeds cultivated through sexual hybridization and other means. The plant is tall and erect, with spiny leaf margins, lavender flowers, less than upright fruit shape, and a single fruit weighing 1200-1500 grams. Flesh yellow, crisp, less fiber, sweet and tasty, soluble solids 11% ~ 15%, acid content of 0.3% ~ 0.6%, can be eaten fresh, can also be processed canned.
V. Harvesting and processing market
When to harvest is appropriate and fresh or processed, near or far sales. Generally near the sale of 1/2 small fruits to turn yellow harvest appropriate, far sales or processing raw materials for the fruit to small fruits grass green or 1/4 small fruits turn yellow for the harvesting of the appropriate period. Pineapple production usually has four harvesting seasons: spring fruit, April to May maturity; is making fruit (summer fruit) June to July maturity; fall fruit, October to November maturity; winter fruit, December to January of the following year maturity.
Pineapple can be eaten fresh, but also can be processed, can be processed into canned pineapple in sugar water, pineapple juice, etc., pineapple fresh fruit can also be quick-frozen: washed, peeled, through the core, cut blocks, by -35 ℃ freezing treatment, preserved in the -20 ℃ low-temperature, which can be used to make nutritional and fresh pineapple as well. In addition, pineapple processing by-products, sugar, alcohol, monosodium glutamate, citric acid and so on.
Six Health
There is an enzyme in pineapple - bromelain, which can dissolve blood clots, prevent the formation of blood clots, and reduce the mortality rate of cerebrovascular disease and heart disease.
● Special note: Eat pineapple to soak in salt water
Pineapple pulp in addition to rich in vitamin C and sugar also contains a lot of organic acids, such as malic acid, citric acid, and so on, in addition to a kind of "pineapple enzyme" that can break down protein. If you eat without soaking in salt water first, this enzyme has a stimulating effect on the tender epidermis of our oral mucosa and lips, which will make us feel a kind of numbness and pain.
Salt can inhibit the vitality of pineapple enzyme. Therefore, when we eat fresh pineapple, it is best to soak in salt water for a period of time, you can inhibit the pineapple enzyme stimulation of our oral mucosa and lips, but also feel the pineapple more sweet.
Pineapple enzyme is a kind of protease, which has the effect of decomposing protein. Therefore, a small amount of eating has the effect of increasing appetite, but excessive eating is harmful to the human body will cause gastrointestinal diseases. Therefore, eat in moderation.
It is said that pineapple was introduced to South China from Brazil in the 16th century, and its flesh is soft, sweet and sour, and can improve appetite, plus rich in fructose, glucose, protein, citric acid, vitamins and other nutrients, very popular.
It is rumored that pineapple is hot and humid, and eating more will lead to diarrhea, but I think it is wrong. The reason why pineapple is rich in fiber, can stimulate the intestinal tract, accelerate peristalsis, so some people eat pineapple soon after the toilet. From the medical analysis, this fragrant fruit with astringent effect, discretionary eating some not only will not diarrhea, more can help stop diarrhea.
Li Shizhen, an ancient medical doctor, believed that pineapple can "strengthen the spleen and stomach, solid energy". This view is the same as the modern scientific analysis. Pineapple is rich in pineapple epithelium, which can break down protein in the stomach and help digestion. However, it is important to note that some people are allergic to pineapple, so some Western doctors will advise patients with trachea or bronchial sensitivity to avoid eating pineapple.
Even for the average person, it's important to soak the peeled pineapple in salt water to break down some of the organic acids and reduce its toxicity, making the flesh more flavorful. If you have a sore throat after eating pineapple, it is a sign of allergy, so you should stop eating immediately and drink a glass of salty water to dilute the allergy-causing ingredients.
Peach
Peach belongs to the Rosaceae (rosaceae) peach subgenus (amygdalus) is native to the northwest of China, is one of the oldest fruit trees in China.
First, the distribution area
China in addition to Heilongjiang Province, other provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions have peach tree cultivation, the main economic cultivation areas in North China, East China provinces, the more concentrated areas are Beijing Haidian District, Pinggu County, Tianjin Jixian, Shandong Feicheng, Yidu, Qingdao, Henan Shangshui, Kaifeng, Hebei Funing, Zunhua, Deep County, Linzhang, Shaanxi Baoji, Xi'an, Sichuan, Chengdu, Dalian, Liaoning, Zhejiang Fengtian. Chengdu, Liaoning Dalian, Zhejiang Fenghua, Shanghai Nanhui, Jiangsu Wuxi, Xuzhou. According to 1994 statistics, the national cultivation area of more than 3.6 million mu, the production of 200,000 tons of peach, ranking first in the world.
Second, the significance of cultivation
Peach fruit flavor, nutrient-rich, is one of the most popular fresh fruit. In addition to fresh food, can also be processed into peach preserves, peach sauce, peach juice, dried peaches and canned peaches. Many parts of the peach tree also has medicinal value, its roots, leaves, flowers, kernels can be used as medicine, with cough, blood, laxative and other functions, peach kernel oil content of 45%, can be extracted from industrial oil, peach kernel shells can be made of activated charcoal, is a multi-purpose industrial raw materials.
Peach tree has results early, good stability of yield, the soil conditions are not too strict, easy to cultivate and manage the characteristics and cultivate apples, pears and other deciduous fruit trees compared to the faster and easier to obtain economic benefits, so especially favored by the cultivators. Peach fruit in the international market price is often higher than the apple 1 ~ 2 times, the economic benefits are very considerable. In the future with the development of the national economy, people's living standards, storage and transportation equipment and technology improvements, peach fruit prices and economic benefits will rise year by year, especially after China's accession to the WTO, the peach fruit is the most hopeful occupation of the international market a place in the fruit. In the future, as long as the arrangement of good varieties, the realization of high-quality stable yield cultivation, peach cultivation will have a new development.
Third, cultivation characteristics
Peach originated in China's higher altitude, long sunshine, strong light in the northwest, adapted to the dry air, cold winters continental climate, so the peach tree like light, drought, cold hardiness. Temperature is the most important factor affecting the distribution of peach trees, in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia areas and southern Xinjiang, northeast Jilin, winter temperatures below -23 ~ -25 ℃ prone to frost damage, early spring and late frost hazards also occur from time to time, anti-freezing and frost prevention is crucial. In the southern winter three-month average temperature of more than 10 ℃ in the region, most varieties of delayed defoliation, into the dormancy is incomplete, the following spring budding is very late, the flowering is not uniform, the yield is reduced. Cultivation should pay attention to the cold demand of peach trees, different varieties of low temperature demand varies greatly, generally expressed in terms of cumulative temperature below 7.2 ℃, most varieties of cold demand for 500 ~ 1000 hours. Peach trees are most afraid of waterlogging, flooding 24 hours will cause plant death, choose well-drained, deep sandy slightly acidic soil is ideal.
Seedling breeding should use grafting method, rootstocks are hickory and hairy peach. Planting density should be based on the soil, shaping methods, varieties, at present, due to the dwarfing agent doxorubicin and the application of a variety of new technologies, planting density increased, row spacing of more than 3 meters × 4 meters, mu planted 55 ~ 83. Tree shape should be used double main branch v-shaped or natural happy shape.
Peach trees are mostly compound flower buds, easy to become a flower, flower volume, white flower fruiting rate is high. In production, taking into account the heterogamous pollination can significantly improve the fruiting rate, especially some pollen sterile varieties such as sand early life, Xiahui one, Cangfang early life, etc. should be configured to pollinate the tree in order to seek high-yield, stable production.
Fourth, the main varieties
Peach varieties, divided into ordinary peach, nectarine, peach, processing peach and ornamental peach.
Fifth, the medicinal use of peach
Peach is known for its benefits: peach has a tonic gas, yin, laxatives, laxative effect, especially for the gas and blood deficiency, yellow skin, palpitations, shortness of breath, constipation, amenorrhea, bruising and pain and other symptoms of people eat more.
Apple
Family Rosaceae: Apple
Morphological habit: deciduous tree, tree height up to 15 meters, cultivation conditions are generally 3 ~ 5 meters high. The trunk is gray-brown, the old bark has irregular longitudinal fissures or flaky exfoliation, and the branchlets are smooth. Leaves are simple and alternate, elliptic to ovoid, leaf margins serrate. Corymb, petals white, pinkish when budded, 20 stamens, 5 styles. fruit is drupe, color and size vary by species. Light-loving, slightly acidic to neutral soil. It is best suited to sandy soils that are deep, rich in organic matter and well ventilated and drained.
Reproduction Cultivation by grafting. There are arborizing rootstocks and dwarfing rootstocks. Commonly used arborizing rootstock are: rowan, Xifu begonia, zinnia, dwarf rootstock is mainly introduced into the British varieties. The use of wide rows of dense planting, rows to the north and south. In the southern part of the fall and winter before the soil freezes, planted in the northern part of the spring thaw. Apple self-flowering knot strength is poor, planting must be configured pollination tree.
Resource distribution: native to southeastern Europe, Asia Minor and the South Caucasus. 1870 around the beginning of the introduction of China's Yantai, in recent years in the south of Northeast China and North China, Northwest provinces are widely cultivated.
Most of the fruits we eat today have a long history of cultivation in China, and their names have long been seen in history, the case of the apple is an exception. Despite the fact that in ancient China there are very close to the genus of the fruit, but the name of the apple to the Ming Dynasty before the official appearance. Its origin, the apple is "applesauce fruit" short, "applesauce" was initially written as "frequency", while "frequency The name "Pinbo" was first written as "Pinbo", and "Pinpo" was also written as "Pingbo", "Pingpo" and other homophonic variants. This paper intends to discuss the origin of the word "apple" in Chinese from the study of "Pinbo" fruit, and to provide some documentary information for the study of the history of apple cultivation in ancient China, and to wait for the criticisms and corrections of the relevant experts.
Apple's fruiting habit
First, buds and flowers:
Apple's bud differentiation, most varieties are from the beginning of June to the completion of the winter, the whole process is divided into physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and sex cell maturation of three periods. Flower buds are mixed buds, inflorescences are corymbose cymes. Each inflorescence has 5-8 mixed flowers, mostly 5, with the center flower blooming first and the side flower blooming later. The quality of the center flower is the best, with stable fruits and big fruits; when thinning flowers and fruits, the center flower and the center fruit should be left, and the side flower and the side fruit should be thinned more. Flower buds first leaves after flowering, and from the fruit platform to produce tips, fruit platform tips of how much, long and short with the varieties and nutrient conditions of the fruiting mother branch varies. Fruit platform subtip draws strong force (two), branch long and strong varieties, such as Zhu Guang, fruit small, yield is not high, fruiting branch group loose. For such varieties, the application of thinning 1 stay 1 and centering and twisting methods to control the growth of secondary tips. The growth force of the secondary tip (1 or 2), short branches (less than 10 cm) and thick varieties, such as Jinshai, Jonagold, etc., fruit large, productive, fruiting branch group compact, easy to renew, continuous fruiting ability. Deputy tip growth force is weak (1), branch short (3 cm or less) varieties, such as marshal system, En Pai, etc., fruit large, fruiting branch group is compact, easy to form a group of chicken claw branches, easy to update, but the fruit table is mostly every other year, should leave more preparatory branches to reduce the large and small year results.
Second, the fruit:
Apple's fruit is a pseudo-fruit developed by the ovary and receptacle, in which the ovary develops into a fruit heart, the receptacle develops into fruit flesh, and the embryo develops into a seed. The volume of the fruit expansion, the first by the increase in the number of cells rapidly dividing cells, and later by the expansion of cell volume.
The expansion of the volume of the fruit, the middle to maturity before the faster, the early and late slower, fruit weight to mature before the month of the fastest growth. The length of the fruit development period, generally early-maturing varieties for 65-87 days, medium-maturing varieties for 90-133 days, late-maturing varieties for 137-168 days.
Fruit color is an important indicator of commodity. Apple coloring good and poor with the accumulation of sugar, the coordination of mineral elements, environmental conditions and hormone types, content and so on. Later control the application of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application of potash fertilizer, reduce the chlorophyll in the fruit skin, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, increase the degree of sunlight irradiation, do a good job of drainage, reduce the air humidity, spray naphthalene acetic acid and 2.4-d and other hormones, can promote the color of the apple.
Apple from the buds appear to fruit harvest, there are generally four times to drop flowers and fruits. The first time in the final flowering period, the flower stalks with the flower shedding and fall together, usually called flower drop. The second time in about a week after the blossom drop, the ovary slightly enlarged, can last 5-20 days, known as the pre-fruit drop. The third time in the second 7-14 days after the fruit drop, the fruit has reached the thumb to yuan large, a greater impact on yield, known as physiological fruit drop, Yunnan generally occurs in May, the northern climacteric period later than in Yunnan, occurred in June, so called "June fruit drop". The fourth in the fruit before harvest, falling mature or nearly mature fruit, so called pre-harvest fruit drop.
The first and second fall of flowers and fruits, mainly due to nutritional deficiencies and poor pollination and fertilization. The third fruit drop, in addition to the competition for nutrients between the fruit, the lack of growth hormone in the embryo, is the tip of the fruit to compete for nutrients due to intense. Because the osmotic pressure of the leaves is greater than the young fruit, the power to compete for nutrients is stronger than the young fruit, so in addition to timely and good centering, cutting the tip of the inhibition of the growth of new shoots, should also be timely application of flowers and flowers fertilizer, supplemental nutrients.
Third, the seed:
for the embryo sac in the fertilized egg development. Apple's normal fruit, each fruit has five ventricles, each ventricle has two seeds. In the process of fruit development, seed secretion hormone to stimulate the growth of fruit flesh, so pollination and fertilization of good, seed-rich full, fruit shape is correct, flesh rich; on the contrary, the seed is poorly developed or no seed side, flesh depression thin and deformed fruit, so be sure to configure the pollination tree and improve the pollination.
Requirements for external environmental conditions
First, the temperature:
Apple is a cool and dry temperate fruit trees, the requirements of the winter without severe cold, summer without the Department of the cool, the annual difference is small, the day difference is large. Suitable temperature range is the average annual temperature 9-14 ℃, winter extreme bottom temperature is not less than -12 ℃, the highest average monthly temperature in summer is not higher than 20 ℃, ≥ 10 ℃ annual cumulative temperature of 5000 ℃ or so, the average temperature of the growing season (April-October) 12-18 ℃, the winter need to be 7.2 ℃ below the low temperature of 1200-1500 hours, in order to successfully pass the natural dormancy. Low temperature time is not enough, hair leaves, flowering delayed and untidy, some flower buds do not even sprout, to May scales loose shedding, become a dead pile, seriously reduce production; absolute low temperature below -30 - 32 ℃, and frost damage. According to the survey, apple in Yunnan Province, different altitudes and temperatures in the region's performance is shown in the table below.
Table 1 Apple performance in different altitude and temperature zones in Yunnan Province
Altitude (m) average annual temperature () productivity fruit quality pests and diseases growth pattern suitability
1800 below 15 or more `differential poor heavy abnormal unsuitable
1800-200014-15 in the middle of the medium heavier more normal sub-suitable
2000-220013-14 Abundance of light normal suitable
2400-250012-12.5
2200-240012-13 high excellent very light normal most suitable
In the 2200-2400 meters, the average temperature of 12-13 ℃ zone, the apple performance of the good reason, mainly because of the summer and autumn day and night temperature difference, the cumulative temperature is sufficient, strong ultraviolet light, the apple performance is good. Strong ultraviolet light, apple performance of abundant and stable yield, bright fruit color, fruit shape high mount, five-pronged, sugar and vitamin C content is high, low acid content, pectin viscosity, good flavor, storage resistance and cold resistance. Winter low temperature enough, the fruit tree can successfully through the natural dormancy, flower buds of good quality, the next spring on time sprouting, germination, flowering neatly, high rate of fruiting, pests and diseases are few and light, so it is the most suitable area for apple. Altitude 2000-2200 meters, the average annual temperature of 13-14 ℃ and altitude 2400-2500 meters, the average annual temperature of 12-12.5 ℃ area, immediately below the optimal area of the lower belt and the upper belt, is a suitable area for apple.
Altitude 1800-2000 meters, the average annual temperature of 14-15 ℃ area, the winter temperature is high, in the "cold winter" year can basically pass through the dormancy, the next year's performance is more normal; in the "warm winter" year, can not successfully break the dormancy, there will be In "warm winter" years, if the dormancy is not broken successfully, there will be delayed germination, untidy flowering and lower yield, so it is a sub-suitable area for apples. Elevation below 1800 meters, the average annual temperature of 15 ℃ above the region, summer and autumn temperatures are too high, cooling late, not only the fruit coloring poor, sugar low acid high, and branches and leaves fierce long, nutrient growth period is long, late water fall, poor bud differentiation; winter temperature is too high, the number of hours of low temperature in the dormant period is insufficient, the flower buds can not be smooth over the dormant, disturbing the normal life of the normal law and lead to physiological disorders, the next spring sprouting, flowering is not neat, low fruiting rate, many and serious pests; pests and diseases; the year "warm winter" can not successfully break the dormant, there will be delayed germination, flowering is not tidy, low yield. Diseases and pests are many and serious;
At an altitude of 2600 meters above sea level, the average annual temperature of 9 ℃ below the zone, and the annual cumulative temperature and the growing period of the temperature is insufficient, the tree becomes dwarfed, the internodes become shorter, the number of fruit cell divisions and expansion coefficients are small, resulting in small fruits, thick skin, hard meat, sugar is low, are unsuitable for the apple region. Therefore, the development of apple should choose the most suitable and appropriate areas to build a garden, in order to give full play to the local natural advantages and varieties of excellent traits, to obtain high-yield and high-quality fruit, to receive the best economic benefits.
Second, rainfall:
Although the apple is native to the dry inland climate in the summer areas, like the drier environment, but the growing season still need sufficient water and suitable air humidity, in order to grow and develop normally; but too much rain, too much humidity, will lead to dense foliage, pests and diseases, the fruit color is poor, low sugar and acid concentration. Generally 500-1000 millimeters of annual rainfall, air humidity 60% -70% is appropriate. Due to the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall in Yunnan, the dry and rainy seasons, so the dry season from February to May, should be combined with fertilizer monthly irrigation of water to meet the water needed to meet the leaves and blossoms and results; rainy season and to do a good job of drainage, reduce soil moisture content and air humidity, in order to reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases and to improve the quality of the fruit.
Third, light:
Apple is a light-loving fruit trees. It has been determined that most varieties of light compensation point of 600-940 lux, saturation point of 24000-75000 lux. Insufficient light, directly reduce photosynthesis and tree nutrient levels, and affect the fruit coloring and sugar conversion; strong direct light too much and irradiation time is too long, but also prone to cause branch and fruit burns. So be sure to choose a good garden and do a good job of shaping and pruning, improve ventilation and light and leaf curtain layer reasonable, in order to avoid the aforementioned disadvantages.
Fourth, terrain:
Flat, mountain, beach, river can be planted, but sunny, open, windy, surrounded by good vegetation, slow sloping land, good lighting, irrigation and drainage, planting the best; puddle, turnip ditch, although the soil layer is deep, but poor lighting, rainy season, easy to water, air humidity is too large; steep slopes, shallow, thin soil, soil erosion, are not conducive to the growth of fruit trees.
V. Soil:
Apple is not strict on the soil requirements, clay, sandy soil, loam can be, but the soil layer is deep, loose and fertile sandy loam is the best. Shallow soil, gravel too much clay soil, must be improved before planting. Adaptation of pH range for ph value 5.3-8.2, optimal for 5.4-6.8. below 5.4, too acidic, prone to boron deficiency, calcium deficiency triggered by shrinkage of fruit and bitter pox disease; higher than 7.8, alkaline, prone to iron deficiency, caused by leaf greening.
Garden use of the flowering season can be ornamental; ripe fruit season, tired fruit, bright colors, love.
Apple is native to Europe, Central Asia, West Asia and Turkey, the nineteenth century was introduced to China.
"An apple a day" is a familiar health slogan. Indeed, apples are rich in sugars, organic acids, fiber, vitamins, minerals, polyphenols and flavonoids nutrients, scientists called "a full range of health fruit. So, what exactly are the health effects that have earned it such a reputation?
Reduce blood lipids: Japan Fruit Tree Research Institute of human trials show that eating two apples a day, three weeks after the subjects in the blood triglyceride levels decreased by 21%, and high levels of triglycerides is the main culprit of vascular sclerosis. Apple's pectin into