1. Zirconia refractory materials
Zirconium oxide has been used in the field of refractory materials since the early 1920's, and still occupies a place in the field of refractory materials until today.
Zirconium oxide crucible
As mentioned before the melting point of zirconium oxide is as high as 2700 degrees Celsius, even if heated to more than 1900 degrees Celsius will not be melting aluminum, iron, nickel, platinum and other metals, silicates and acidic slag, etc., reaction, so with zirconium oxide materials made of the crucible can be successfully melted platinum, palladium, ruthenium, cesium and other platinum precious metals and their alloys, can also be used for melting potassium, sodium, quartz glass and oxides and salts.
Zirconia refractory fiber
Zirconia fiber is the only ceramic fiber refractory material that can be used for a long time under the environment of ultra-high temperature of more than 1600 ℃, with a higher temperature than alumina fibers, mullite fibers, alumina fibers, etc., and better thermal insulation performance, and the high-temperature chemical stability, corrosion-resistant, oxidation-resistant, non-volatile, non-polluting. These excellent characteristics determine the zirconia fiber is a top-grade refractory fiber material by the Nanjing University of Science and Technology research of zirconia fiber technology has achieved relatively mature preparation process.
Zirconia kiln materials
Zirconia as a refractory material is mainly used in the key parts of large glass kiln, the early use of zirconium refractory materials, its zirconium content of only 33% ~ 35%, Japan's Asahi Nitrate Co. developed a successful zirconium refractory containing 94% ~ 95% zirconium, will be used in the top of the glass kiln and the key parts of the glass kiln, greatly improving the life of the glass kiln. Life.
Zirconia melting, blowing the zirconia hollow ball of different sizes, the preparation of a variety of high-level heat-insulating bricks, to avoid the aging of ceramic fiber dust pollution problems, the main production and research and development of manufacturers in China Steel Research and Technology Group Limited (formerly the General Iron and Steel Research Institute) and so on.
2. Zirconia structural ceramics
In 1975, Australia, R.G. Garvie to calcium oxide as a stabilizer to produce partially stabilized zirconia, and for the first time, the use of zirconia martensitic phase transition toughening effect, improve the toughness and strength, and greatly expanding the zirconia in the field of structural ceramics applications.
ZrO2 toughened ceramics is actually composed of partially stabilized ZrO2 with the addition of different stabilizers, and its determined crystal structure is a polycrystalline structure containing cubic and monoclinic phases composed of tetragonal (sub-stable) phases as the main body, which is characterized by high toughness, high flexural strength, high hardness, and abrasion resistance, which moreover shows the wide range of applications. It has a wide range of applications in machinery, electronics, petroleum, chemical, aerospace, textile, precision measuring instruments, precision machine tools, biological engineering and medical equipment industries.
Since partially stabilized zirconia has low thermal conductivity, good strength and toughness, low modulus of elasticity, high thermal shock resistance, high operating temperature (1100 ℃), it is used in the manufacture of Diesel engine parts, internal combustion engine parts. It has a small size, light weight, high thermal efficiency, is an effective energy-saving engine.ZrO2 toughened ceramics in the internal combustion engine application is successful. The goal of the U.S. adiabatic engine program is to eliminate the water-cooling system, adiabatic to the combustion chamber, use the heat energy discharged to improve thermal efficiency and reduce engine weight. In adiabatic internal combustion engines, ductile zirconia can also be used as cylinder liners, piston tops, valve guides, intake and exhaust valve seats, bearings, tappets, cams, cam followers, and `piston rings, among other parts. The thermal efficiency of ceramic-insulated internal combustion engines has reached 48% (compared to 30% for ordinary internal combustion engines). Ceramic adiabatic internal combustion engine eliminates 360 parts such as radiator, water pump, cooling tube, etc., and the quality is reduced by 191 kg. Toughened ceramics are used as rotor in rotary cylinder engine. Japan, the United States, Germany and some other technologically developed countries use toughness zirconia to make engines. At the same time also used in the manufacture of computer drive components, seals, aviation engine cooling blades and so on.
Partially stabilized zirconia has a high hardness and wear resistance, so zirconia has a wide range of applications in the field of grinding media and abrasive tools: such as ball grinding balls and ball mill internal lining and wear parts, wire drawing die. Our country about toughness ceramics in the field of grinding media accounted for more than half, and which zirconium oxide balls accounted for the absolute advantage.
Because zirconia is not magnetic, non-conductive, non-rusting, wear-resistant, so in the field of biomedical instruments and cutting tools in the field of a wide range of applications: such as for medical scalpels and shear tapes and other magnetic substances such as products, the production of artificial bones, artificial joints, artificial teeth and so on. Recently, part of the stabilized ZrO2 through the powder metallurgy method, the preparation of anti-magnetic watch cases, corrosion-resistant watch parts and other instruments and other parts. Used to make cutting knife, scissors, screwdriver, hammer, saw, axe, etc., both more suitable for cutting raw food and cooked food. Japan recently developed high cerium zirconia toughened ceramic knives, compound with Ce2O3 as a stabilizer to replace the metal ceramics, fracture toughness is 3 times that of the metal, cutting ability to improve 1.5 times. CeO2-ZrO2 can form a wide range of tetragonal zirconia solid solution phase area. The addition of molar fraction of 15-20?O2 can make the phase transition temperature of tetragonal zirconia lower than 25℃. It is used in the military to make bulletproof armor. In the steel production industry, ceramic tie rolls and guide rolls, surface friction is very small.
Structural ceramics as a new type of zirconium oxide applications, is now more and more people pay attention to. China's current zirconia structural ceramics, 70% of the enterprises are transformed from the zirconia aluminum ceramics industry. The application of partially stabilized zirconia in the Chinese market is in the initial stage of development. Mainly: fiber optic connectors and sleeves, zirconia grinding media, cutting tools, textile and tobacco machinery bearing plate. Among them, grinding media occupy more than half of the share. The total market in 300 to 400 tons / year, of which for fiber optic connectors core, sleeve, jumper zirconia in 80 to 100 tons / year. For a long time, some of China's stable zirconia production process is not perfect, the quality of the product is not high, and the powder performance is not good. In addition, the next customer processing technology has not passed, so the use of the various customers just trial, but not normal application, so most of the raw powder of the product is occupied by Japanese products, especially some high-end industries, such as fiber optic connectors and advanced structural ceramics, etc., almost all with Japanese products.
Fiber optic connectors and fiber optic patch cords:
Fiber optic connectors and fiber optic patch cords made of ceramics are the most widely used and demanded optical passive components in fiber optic networks. Single-mode multimode activities in the core parts of the fiber optic connector, the main component - zirconium dioxide ceramic sleeve (i.e., connector precision needle), it is the material used is yttrium oxide Y2O3 stable tetragonal zirconium oxide powder. Its main uses are:
Zirconia ceramic bearings
Zirconia ceramic bearings with anti-magnetic insulation, wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, oil-free self-lubricating, high temperature, cold and other characteristics, can be used in extremely harsh environments and special conditions.
At present, zirconia ceramic bearings have been adopted in miniature cooling fans, and their product life and noise stability are better than traditional ball and sliding bearing systems. Foxconn took the lead in adopting zirconia ceramic bearings in computer cooling fans.
Zirconia ceramic valves
At present, the valves commonly used in various industries in China are metal valves, the use of metal valves also has a history of more than 100 years, during the period of time, although it has also experienced a change in the material and structure, but because of the limitations of the metal material itself, the corrosion damage of the metal of the valve abrasion resistance of the role of the duration, reliability, service life has a considerable impact on. Mechanical and corrosive action factors on the role of the metal greatly increases the total amount of wear and tear on the contact surface, the valve operation process, the friction of the surface as a result of simultaneous mechanical action and the metal and the environment for the chemical or electrochemical interactions result in wear and tear and damage, for the valve, the complexity of its pipeline working climate conditions; oil, natural gas and oil layer water and other media such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and certain The presence of organic acids increases the destructive force of its surface, which rapidly loses the ability to work.
Zirconia ceramic valves excellent wear resistance, corrosion resistance, resistance to high-temperature thermal shock, can be competent in this field.
Zirconia grinding material
Zirconia grinding ball has a large hardness, wear rate is small, long service life, can greatly reduce the pollution of the grinding material, can be very good to ensure the quality of the product, at the same time zirconium oxide material density, when used as a grinding medium, impact energy is strong, can greatly improve the efficiency of grinding and dispersing, can effectively shorten the grinding time.
Good chemical stability determines its corrosion resistance, can be used in acidic and alkaline media.
Zirconia ceramic grinding balls developed by the China Building Materials Research Institute, the wear rate is only 0.04/24h, in the ball mill, vibration mill, planetary mill and stirring mill and other mills are widely used as grinding media.
3. Zirconia functional ceramics
Zirconia ceramic ball for ballpoint pen
China is a big country to make pens, every 5 pens in the international 4 pens from China, has formed a nearly 80 billion yuan/year of the market, in general, ballpoint pen ball mainly stainless steel and tungsten carbide materials, but this kind of ball in the process of writing often appear broken line, drop beads, dead beads, dip head and so on. Ltd. and the State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Technology of Tsinghua University*** developed the "zirconia ceramic ball for ballpoint pen" to overcome the above defects, and fill the gaps in the country, the scientific and technological achievements have been listed as the national pen industry "" Eleventh Five-Year "national key promotion Eleventh Five-Year" national key to promote new products.
Zirconia ceramic knives
Zirconia ceramic knives have high strength, wear resistance, no oxidation, no rust, acid and alkali resistance, anti-static, will not react with food characteristics, while the knife body luster such as jade, is the world's ideal high-tech green knives, the main products in the market are: zirconia ceramic table knives, scissors, razor, scalpel, etc., in recent years in Europe, the United States, Japan, Korea and other places have become popular, Japan, Korea and other places have begun to popularize.
Zirconia high-temperature heating materials
Zirconia at room temperature for the insulating material, specific resistance of up to 1015Ω-cm, the temperature rises to 600 ℃ can be electrically conductive, and in the 1000 ℃ or more is a good conductor, can be used as a high-temperature 1800 ℃ heating element, the highest working temperature can reach 2400 ℃, has been successfully used for more than 2,000 ℃ oxidizing the atmosphere of the heating element and its equipment. Under the oxidizing atmosphere of the heating element and its equipment, magnetic fluid power generation of electrode materials are also under active research.
Zirconia bioceramic material
Ceramic teeth in the family of the noble - zirconia porcelain teeth, porcelain teeth, porcelain teeth, the material is good or bad directly affects its quality and the patient's physical health, because the inner crown of the porcelain teeth is made of different metal materials, metal crowns are easy to oxidize with oral saliva, zirconium oxide porcelain teeth due to no metal layer, tooth transparency, good, and the zirconium oxide material is good. Zirconia material porcelain teeth, because there is no metal crown layer, the teeth transparency is good, the gloss is excellent, more effective to avoid tooth allergies and gums black line and other problems, has a good enough color shading ability, can perfectly solve the heavy tetracycline teeth patients dental aesthetic needs, and zirconium oxide material toughness makes up for the ordinary porcelain teeth easy to pop up the shortcomings of the good biocompatibility, does not stimulate the oral mucous membrane tissues, easy to clean, it is the best quality of domestic and foreign porcelain teeth.
Oxidized teeth are the best quality porcelain teeth at home and abroad.
Zirconia coating materials
High-performance Y2O3 and other stabilizers stabilized zirconia thermal barrier ceramic coating materials, mainly used in high-performance turbine aircraft engines.
Zirconia communication materials
In recent years, with the development of information and communications and other emerging industries, its products are increasingly to high precision, miniaturization direction, toughened zirconia ceramics excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and high insulating properties can be able to handle the field, there are zirconia ceramic pins and zirconia ceramic sleeve products have been introduced. In the ceramic PC type fiber optic movable connector, zirconia pin body is its key component.
Zirconia oxygen sensor
Automotive industry in the use of three-effect catalytic converter to reduce emissions pollution on the engine, the oxygen sensor is essential, the current use of oxygen sensors have titanium oxide and zirconia type two kinds of oxygen sensors, which is the most widely used zirconia oxygen sensor.
As early as the mid-1970s, Japan's automobile production technology is complete but difficult to enter the U.S. market, but the U.S. developed a new policy to limit automobile emissions pollution to the Japanese brought the opportunity to Japanese scientists to zirconium oxide made of porous oxygen sensors, mounted in the engine to automatically detect the proportion of oxygen and combustion gases in the engine and automatically control the proportion of the input gas and the exhaust gas, thus greatly reducing the harmful emissions from the car. Greatly reduce the car emissions of harmful gases, so that the Japanese car to enter the U.S. market in one fell swoop.
4. Zirconia decorative materials
Traditionally, decorative ceramics made of ordinary silicate system materials, such as: vases, ceramic panels, indoor and outdoor decorative ceramic wall and floor tiles. Zirconia decorative materials create a new field of human beautification of their own, is currently mainly used in pure ornaments and both the application of the function of the ornaments.
Zirconia gem materials
Zirconia gem materials are divided into natural cubic zirconia and synthetic cubic zirconia.
Natural cubic zirconia is extremely difficult to find in its natural state, which determines its rarity as a gemstone material. Naturally occurring cubic zirconia is very rich in color, and the price of large, high-quality natural zirconia is never less than that of the equivalent of diamonds, making it a very rare and precious natural gemstone.
Synthetic cubic zirconia has good optical properties and is a cheap and beautiful alternative to diamond.
Zirconia ceramic jewelry
Zirconia ceramic jewelry at present there are mainly the following types:
(1) inlaid with zirconia silver jewelry, where zirconium oxide is a wider range, including zirconia, industrial zirconium dioxide, high purity zirconium dioxide, stabilized zirconium dioxide, ultra-fine zirconium dioxide, zirconia, zirconium sand, zirconium powder, etc., inlaid cubic zirconia. Silver rhodium plated jewelry is especially favored by European customers.
(2) simple zirconia material jewelry, is the current decorative ceramics market is quietly emerging as a class of products, domestic ceramic production companies in the research, development, sales of such products in the process of walking in the forefront of the industry, the government of this industry also attaches great importance to this industry, the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Technological Innovation Fund Gratuitous Subsidies in 2006, there is a colorful zirconium structure of ceramic development, there are nearly nearly on the market. Ceramics development, there are nearly 300 kinds of new ceramic products on the market, including a variety of new styles also includes a variety of bright colors, and such products in Europe, the United States, Japan and Hong Kong, China and other regions have a very good market, especially favored by the European market.
(3) both the application of the function of the jewelry, typical products are ceramic watch cases, bezels, straps and other products, internationally renowned brands Chanel / Chanel, RADO / Rado and other watches are all ceramic models, and the price is not expensive.
5. Zirconium oxide other applications
and zirconium oxide to form a complex material
and other materials composite formation of complex materials, such as zirconium oxide and alumina, mullite, and other materials to form a complex material, obtained than the single-phase materials with superior performance of the new material.
Ordinary ceramic additives
Ceramic color glaze application: zirconium oxide is a good color enhancer for yellow-green pigment, if you want to get the vanadium zirconium yellow pigment with better performance, you must use pure zirconium oxide, and in the manufacture of glaze, pure zirconium oxide can improve the high temperature viscosity of glaze and expand the temperature range of the change of high temperature viscosity, and it has a better thermal stability, and its content of 2%~3%, it can improve the glaze's high temperature viscosity and extend the range of high temperature viscosity change, and its content of 2%~3%, it can improve the glaze's high temperature viscosity. 3%, can improve the anti-cracking performance of the glaze, but also because of the chemical inertia of zirconium oxide, can improve the chemical stability of the glaze and resistance to acid and alkali erosion, and is sometimes used to make milky glaze.
Preparation of chromate raw materials
Preparation of zirconate raw materials, generated by the reaction of zirconium dioxide and some metal oxides or metal carbonates, which are large molecular structure, with a variety of electrical properties, for high temperature, electronic components and other fields of application.