45. Introduction to the frontier technology of nanotechnology?

In recent years, some countries have formulated relevant strategies or plans and invested huge sums of money to seize the strategic highland of nanotechnology. Japan has set up a research center for nanomaterials, which has incorporated nanotechnology into the research and development focus of the new five-year science and technology basic plan; Germany has established a nanotechnology research network; The United States regards the nano plan as the core of the next industrial revolution. The investment of American government departments in basic research of nanotechnology increased from $65,438+1160,000 in197 to $497 million in 2006. China also listed nanotechnology as China's "973 Plan", during which a series of high-tech enterprises such as "enron nano" emerged.

Edit the technical content of this paragraph.

Nanotechnology includes the following four main aspects:

1. Nanomaterials: When a substance reaches the nanometer scale, which is about 0. 1- 100 nanometer, the properties of the substance will suddenly change and special properties will appear. This kind of material with special properties different from the original atoms, molecules and macroscopic substances is called nano-material.

If only nano-scale materials have no special properties, they cannot be called nano-materials.

In the past, people only paid attention to atoms, molecules or cosmic space, and often ignored this intermediate field, which actually exists in nature in large quantities, but did not realize the performance of this scale range before. Japanese scientists were the first to truly recognize its characteristics and introduce the concept of nano. In 1970s, they prepared ultramicro ions by evaporation, and found that a kind of conductive copper-silver conductor lost its original properties after being made into nano-scale, neither conducting electricity nor conducting heat. The same is true of magnetic materials, such as iron-cobalt alloys. If the size is about 20-30 nanometers, the magnetic domain will become a single magnetic domain, and its magnetism will be 1000 times higher than the original. In the mid-1980s, people formally named this kind of materials as nanomaterials.

Why does the magnetic domain become a single magnetic domain, and its magnetism is 1000 times higher than the original one? This is because the arrangement of single atoms in a magnetic domain is not very regular, but there is a nucleus in the middle of a single atom surrounded by electrons, which is the reason for the formation of magnetism. However, after becoming a single magnetic domain, the single atoms are arranged regularly and show strong magnetism to the outside.

This characteristic is mainly used to manufacture micro-motors. If the technology is developed for a certain period of time and used to manufacture magnetic levitation, a faster, more stable and more energy-saving high-speed train can be manufactured.

2. Nano-dynamics: mainly micro-machines and micro-motors, or micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), which are used as micro-sensors and actuators for transmission machinery, optical fiber communication systems, special electronic equipment, medical and diagnostic instruments, etc. It adopts a new technology similar to the design and manufacture of integrated appliances. The feature is that the parts are very small, the etching depth often needs tens to hundreds of microns, and the width error is very small. This process can also be used to manufacture three-phase motors, ultra-high-speed centrifuges or gyroscopes. In the research, micro-deformation and micro-friction at quasi-atomic scale should be detected accordingly. Although they have not really entered the nanometer scale at present, they have great potential scientific and economic value.

Theoretically, micro-motor and detection technology can reach nanometer level.

3. Nano-biology and nano-pharmacology: for example, dna particles are fixed on mica surface with colloidal gold with nano-particle size, and the interaction between biomolecules, double-layer planar biofilm of phospholipids and fatty acids, and the fine structure of dna are tested on interdigital electrodes on the surface of silica. With nanotechnology, you can also put parts or components into cells through self-assembly to form new materials. About half of the new drugs, even the fine powder of micron particles, are insoluble in water; However, if the particles are nanoscale (i.e. ultrafine particles), they can be dissolved in water.

When nano-organisms develop to a certain technology, nano-biological cells with recognition ability can be made of nano-materials, and the biomedical absorption of cancer cells can be injected into the human body for targeted killing of cancer cells. This is an old way of raising money.

4. Nano-electronics: including nano-electronic devices based on quantum effect, optical/electrical properties of nanostructures, characterization of nano-electronic materials, atomic manipulation and assembly. The current trend of electronic technology requires devices and systems to be smaller, faster, colder and smaller, which means faster response. Being colder means that a single device consumes less power. But smaller is not infinite. Nanotechnology is the last frontier of builders, and its influence will be enormous.