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Shandong Zhanhua Dongzao is a precious and rare fresh fruit. For more than ten years, Zhanhua County has been exploring the road of development for the benefit of mankind. Nowadays, this rare resource has finally moved from the courtyard to the field, and its scale has been expanding. 1in may, 995, Zhanhua county was named as "the hometown of winter jujube in China" in the selection of "the first hometown of 100 specialties in China". So far, the county has developed 80,000 mu of dense planting gardens with an annual output of 2 million kilograms. Zhanhua Winter Jujube ripens late (10 year1mid-late October) and looks like an apple, so it is called "little apple". The average fruit weight is about 20g; Bright red ochre; Excellent taste, thin skin and crisp meat, fresh and juicy, sweet and delicious, rich in nutrition. According to the analysis of Beijing Institute of Nutrition Sources, Zhanhua Dongzao contains 19 kinds of amino acids and vitamins A, B, C and P, and contains 34-38% soluble solids and vitamin C352 CG/ 100 g, which is 70 times that of apples and 140 times that of pears compared with other fruits. Boyle, director of the Institute of Life Sciences, College of Horticulture and Agriculture, University of Oregon, and Professor Fuji Wumei called it "the first fruit in the world" after tasting it.
According to legend, it was difficult for the Ming Dynasty Prince Zhu Dijing to seize the throne, and the Mongolian tribes in the northern border rebelled again. Cheng Zu led the troops to March into Mobei five times, passing through places that were either afraid of suspicious soldiers or cleaning up spies. Coupled with lax military discipline, all the way to killing, burning and looting, bones everywhere, people are in trouble. History is called "Prince Sweeping the North".
When passing through Zhanhua, the Ming army was about to encircle the village, but they saw the villagers kneeling in front of an old tree. Suddenly, the sky above the old tree was full of sunshine, lightning and thunder, and then flying sand and stones, pouncing on the army. The Ming army felt dizzy and at a loss. Seeing this, the strategist quickly ordered the whole army to push northward through the local village. People here live in peace, and the people have prospered from generation to generation. The old tree that the villagers bowed down to is Dongzao. When she was in danger, she showed her god and blessed the local people. The local people regard winter jujube as a "sacred tree".
After vicissitudes of life, the legendary "sacred tree" of the local people has withered, while the third generation of trees propagated from their own trees have been deeply rooted for more than 300 years, but they still bear more than 400 kilograms of dates every year, and are known as the "ancestor of winter dates". This tree is now transplanted to the courtyard of Zhanhua Dongzao Research Institute for people to visit every day.
Edit the nutritional value of this paragraph.
Shandong Zhanhua Dongzao is a late-maturing fresh fruit, which ripens in late September. The peel is bright red, sweet and crisp, rich in nutrition and excellent in quality, and the edible rate is 93.8%. According to scientific analysis, winter jujube contains 9 kinds of essential amino acids, such as aspartic acid, threonine and serine, with a total content of 0.985mg/ 100mg, including protein 1.65%, dietary fiber 2.3%, total sugar 17.3% and total flavonoids 0. Carotene 1. 1 mg/Kg, vitamin B 10. 1mg/Kg, vitamin B2 2.2mg/Kg, and vitamin c reached 1079. 1mg/Kg, which was. In addition, it also contains more trace elements such as vitamin A and E, potassium, sodium, iron and copper, and is known as the king of all kinds of fruits with nutritional value.
Zhanhua Dongzao is rich in nutrients, and contains 9 kinds of essential amino acids such as aspartic acid, threonine and serine, especially its vitamin C content is 70 times that of apple and 0/40 times that of pear, so it is called "live vitamin pill". In addition, Zhanhua Dongzao also contains more trace elements such as vitamin A, vitamin E, potassium, iron, copper, etc., which has anti-cancer effect and its nutritional value is the highest among all fruits. Professor Boyle, director of the Institute of Life Sciences, College of Horticulture and Agriculture, University of Oregon, called Zhanhua Dongzao "the first fruit in the world" after tasting it.
Although Zhanhua Dongzao has strong adaptability, it especially likes loam or sandy loam with fertile soil and high organic matter content. Zhanhua winter jujube grown on this soil has high crown, deep and wide root system, high yield and good quality. Zhanhua Dongzao jujube, like other jujube trees, belongs to temperate deciduous fruit trees. Its growth and development need higher temperature, so it germinates late and leaves early.
Zhanhua winter jujube originated from the ancient palace jujube garden in Huanghua, Hebei Province, and has a history of 3000 years. The oldest jujube tree in the garden is over 600 years old. Surprisingly, it is still flourishing and fruitful!
Zhanhua Winter Jujube, because of its high-quality fruit and the marketing propaganda of Zhanhua government, has traveled all over the country, allowing this real kiwifruit to enter thousands of households!
Winter jujube is mainly eaten fresh, with thin crisp skin and easy to break. Careful freezing can prolong its freshness for a period of time, but it is not easy to last too long.
Edit the production technical points in this section.
(1) Selection of producing area The environment of producing area is the premise of pollution-free winter jujube production. Gardens should have a good ecological environment and be far away from cities and traffic arteries. The origin and irrigation upstream are not directly polluted by industrial "three wastes", municipal solid waste and medical waste, and are 0/00 meters away from the main road/kloc-. Before the establishment of the production area, environmental indicators such as soil (including PH, cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, chromium, bhc and DDT), irrigation water quality (including PH, cadmium, lead, mercury, fluorine, arsenic, chromium hexaphenolate, cyanide and chloride) and atmosphere (including nitrogen oxides, sulfur trioxide and fluoride) should be detected and monitored. Choose a place with open terrain, abundant sunshine, convenient watering and convenient transportation to build the garden. Loam and sandy loam are suitable for soil, which requires deep and fertile soil, with organic matter content above 1.0%, optimum pH range of 6.2-7.8, salt content below 0.3% and sodium chloride content below 0. 15%. The garden is far away from the tuyere, and the groundwater level is below1m.
(2) The seedlings to be planted should be robust, free from quarantine diseases and insect pests such as scale insects, with complete roots, more than 6 lateral roots, with a length of more than 20cm, good seam healing, a height of 120- 150cm above the grafting site and a stem diameter of 1.2cm above. The rootstock can be jujube or Zizyphus jujuba, and planted with 3×4 plant spacing.
(3) Soil, fertilizer and water management 1, soil management. After the young trees are planted, from the outer edge of the planting hole, combined with the application of base fertilizer every autumn, they will be turned out and deepened by 0.5- 1.0m, with a depth of 40-60cm. When backfilling soil, mix in organic fertilizer, put the topsoil on the bottom layer and the subsoil on the top layer, and then pour enough water to make the root soil closely connected. During the growing season, intertillage and weeding should be carried out in the open space in time to keep the soil loose, and the intertillage depth should be 5- 10cm. Straw mulching is advocated in the tree tray, and the thickness of mulching is about 15cm, which can prevent the drastic change of ground temperature, inhibit the growth of weeds, effectively reduce the evaporation of soil moisture, and increase soil organic matter after decay. 2. Fertilize. In autumn, organic fertilizers such as high-quality soil miscellaneous fertilizer, ring fertilizer and decomposed livestock manure are mainly used, combined with deep ploughing and soil improvement, and base fertilizer is applied after fruit harvesting. Young trees (under 5 years old) are applied with 25-50kg of organic fertilizer, 0.1.5-0.4kg of urea or diammonium phosphate, and 0/-2kg of calcium magnesium phosphate; Results Organic fertilizer100-150kg, urea or diammonium phosphate 0.4- 1 kg, calcium magnesium phosphate 2-4kg, potassium sulfate10.5kg or plant ash10kg were applied. Topdressing is generally three times a year, and chemical fertilizers are used in limited quantities. Topdressing available nitrogen and phosphorus before germination, 0. 1-0.2 kg diammonium phosphate for young trees and 0.3-0.4 kg diammonium phosphate for adult trees; In the first ten days of June, topdressing was the main stage, and urea was applied to young trees at 0. 1-0.2kg and 0.25-0.4kg；. Urea applied to mature trees. In the first ten days of July, topdressing N, P and K compound fertilizer at the swelling stage of young fruits, with 0.4-0.5kg for young trees and 0.6- 1kg for adult trees. 30 days before fruit picking, stop using chemical fertilizer for topdressing. Topdressing should be applied to the periphery of crown projection, with a depth of about 20 cm. Topdressing outside the roots is carried out from late May to one month before harvesting, and foliar fertilizer is carried out once every half month, which can be combined with chemical spraying. 0.3% urea or 0.3% photosynthetic micro-fertilizer can be sprayed before July, and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate fertilizer can be sprayed later. Spraying urea +0.2% borax mixture at flowering stage can improve fruit setting rate. Spraying 0.5- 1% urea twice every 10- 12 days after fruit picking. It is necessary to control the use of chemical fertilizers. Improper use of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers, is another factor that leads to nitrate enrichment in plants and pollutes winter jujube. Fertilization of pollution-free winter jujube should be guided by improving soil fertility, reducing nitrate content, improving winter jujube quality and increasing yield. When fertilizing, organic fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and formula fertilization is promoted to control nitrogen, stabilize phosphorus and increase potassium. Microbial fertilizer, compound fertilizer and special fertilizer for winter jujube are advocated, and micro-fertilizer is used in a targeted manner. It is forbidden to use urban garbage without harmless treatment or garbage containing metals, rubber and harmful substances, non-decomposed nitrate nitrogen fertilizer and human excrement, and unregistered fertilizer products. Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in a timely and appropriate manner, and it should not be applied excessively. It is forbidden to apply chemical fertilizer 30 days before harvesting to reduce its pollution to winter jujube. In addition, plant growth regulators such as 92o and naphthylacetic acid should be used correctly. These phytohormones belong to low toxicity and are allowed to be used in the production of pollution-free grade A green food, but they should be sprayed 10- 15mg/l twice at the specified concentration from the early flowering stage to the full flowering stage of winter jujube, and are strictly prohibited in other periods. 3. Water resources management. During the germination period, flowering period and fruit expansion period of jujube trees, water sources meeting national standards should be used for irrigation 1 time, frozen water should be used before winter, and water should be supplemented at other times according to weather conditions. The irrigation amount should be based on the infiltration amount of the root distribution layer (40-60 cm), reaching 60-70% of the maximum field water capacity. Do a good job of drainage in rainy season to prevent water accumulation in jujube orchard.
(4) The shaping and pruning mainly adopts three tree shapes: free spindle shape, small crown and sparse layer shape, and natural round head shape with many main branches, based on the principle of ventilation and light transmission. Plastic pruning adopts the method of combining winter and summer and modeling with trees. When pruning in winter, according to the structural requirements of young trees, the methods of re-pruning, bud grafting and natural sprouting of jujube heads are adopted to cultivate backbone branches; With the elongation and thickening of the backbone branches, the head of jujube tree is cultivated in the same way as the backbone branches, and the growth potential is controlled by coring, so that it can be transformed into fruiting branches; Jujube tree heads other than backbone branches can be temporarily used as auxiliary branches. Pruning the fruiting tree aims to keep the crown ventilated and transparent, renew the rejuvenated fruiting branches in a planned way and maintain a long fruiting life. The improvement of canopy ventilation and light transmission conditions is mainly through measures such as removing clustered branches, dealing with competing branches, retracting extended branches, thinning out over-dense branches, thinning out branches and overlapping branches, and removing damaged branches and pests and diseases. Pruning in summer mainly includes sprouting, loosening the over-dense jujube heads, adjusting the direction and opening angle of branches, and removing the core of jujube heads. It can adjust the growth and angle of each new branch, and improve the fruit setting rate and fruit quality of the new jujube tree head and its lower part.
(5) Flower and fruit management
1, nail opening or ring cutting in time. Shelling is only suitable for strong trees over 5 years old and jujube orchards with good fertilizer and water conditions, and it is carried out at the early stage of jujube flowering. The first jujube trees to open began at a distance of 10-20cm from the ground, and then proceeded at intervals of 3-5cm every year. When nailing, the rough skin is removed first, and then the phloem is cut off with a knife to reach the xylem. The width depends on the age of the tree, which is 0.2-0.5cm for young fruit trees and 0.5- 1 cm for mature strong trees. The incision should be uniform, flat and smooth, with the upper knife inclined downward and the lower knife inclined upward to avoid hurting the xylem. Let it dry for 2-3 days after nailing, and then wrap it with plastic sheets. Ring cutting is to cut the trunk or main branch 1-2 times to reach the xylem, but it does not hurt the xylem. Circumcision of 3-5-year-old young trees that are not suitable for nail opening. Cut the tree twice when it is strong, and once when it is weak. The most suitable period for girdling is in full bloom.
2, wipe the bud. In early May, the new jujube tree heads sprouting between the backbone branches and fruiting branches at all levels will be erased from the base if the extension branches and fruiting branches are not cultivated.
3. Choose your heart. From the beginning of May to the end of July, it will be carried out in stages. According to the size of the space and the strength of the tree, the jujube heads reserved for cultivation branches and utilization results are picked to varying degrees. Because of the large space and strong branching potential, it is necessary to cultivate jujube heads with large branches, and pick the core when there are 4-7 secondary branches, and pick the edge core when the secondary branches are about 6 nodes; Jujube tree heads with small space and moderate branching potential need to be cultivated in the middle branchlets. Pick the core when there are 3-5 secondary branches, and pick the edge core when the secondary branches are 3-5 nodes. Jujube can be picked and hung in the first half of July.
4. Pull the branches. For vertically growing jujube heads, pull them to a horizontal state before flowering. If the crown of the tree is inclined or one side is missing branches, the tree shape can be adjusted by pulling branches to enlarge the bearing part; If you need to balance the tree potential, you can adjust the angle of the main branch by pulling the branch.
5. Bees are released during flowering. Put the beehive in the jujube garden at the beginning of flowering. Generally, a box of bees is put in every 10 mu garden, and the distance between the hive and the tree is within 300 meters. It can effectively improve the fruit setting rate and make the fruit setting uniform.
6. Spray water when flowering. Winter jujube pollen germination needs high humidity, and it can't germinate normally when the air relative humidity is lower than 60%. When the flowering period continues to be hot and dry, clean water should be sprayed on the leaves every 2-3 days, usually 2-3 times. It is advisable to spray water in the evening.
7. Spray fertilizers and hormones. Can be done simultaneously. Spraying 0.3-0.5% urea solution or 0.3-0.5% borax at the full bloom stage of 10- 15ppm gibberellin.
8. Achene. Generally, it is carried out twice in the middle and late June. For the first time, 15 years ago, two young fruits were hung on the strong tree, and 1 young fruit was left on the weak tree. All other fruits have thinned; The second result after June 25th. Strong tree 1 jujube leaf 1 fruit, middle tree 2 jujube leaf 1 fruit, weak tree 3 jujube leaf 1 fruit.
(VI) Integrated pest control The policy of "prevention first, comprehensive management" is fully implemented, the management of jujube orchards is strengthened, and the trees are kept vigorous. In autumn, the trunk is tied with grass to trap and kill overwintering pests, and before germination, the cracked skin and old skin of the tree are scraped off, and the dead leaves are removed to eliminate overwintering pests and diseases; In the growing season, adults such as peach moth, jujube armyworm, etc. are artificially killed or lured by black light and sex pheromone, leaves and fruits of pests and diseases are removed in time, and branches of pests and diseases are cut off. Vigorously promote biological control technology, release predatory natural enemies such as ladybugs, lacewings and Trichogramma by artificial feeding, limit the use of organic synthetic pesticides, and reduce the damage to natural enemies. It is necessary to control the use of pesticides. Pesticide is another important factor that causes the most serious pollution of winter jujube and affects the quality of winter jujube products. Reducing the pollution of toxic pesticides to fruits is the main task and way of pollution-free cultivation. Pesticide varieties are divided into three categories according to toxicity: high, medium and low. Phorate, phorate, monocrotophos, parathion, methamidophos, methyl 1605, methyl isofenphos, omethoate, phosphoramide, carbofuran, aldicarb, methomyl, chlordimeform, dicofol, chlorfenuron and chlorfenapyr are prohibited in the production of pollution-free fruits. Control the use of diflubenzuron, pirimicarb, dichlorvos, pyrithione, mirex, Taoxiaoling, Kung Fu and mirex to kill pyrethroid, fenvalerate, beta-cypermethrin and other toxic low-residue pesticides; It is recommended to use microbial pesticides and fungicides such as Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, avermectin, liuyangmycin, Zhongshengmycin, Adriamycin, Nongkang 120. Botanical insecticide, such as mixture of nicotine, matrine, azadirachtin, pyrethrum and turpentine. And insect growth regulators, such as diflubenzuron, diflubenzuron, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenapyr, etc. Insecticides and fungicides from mineral sources, such as diesel emulsifiable concentrate and propafenone, and various chemicals made of copper sulfate and sulfur, such as Bordeaux mixture, sulfur mixture and sulfur suspension. And chemical pesticides with low toxicity and residue, such as imidacloprid, malathion, phoxim, trichlorfon, amitraz, nisolone, Migujing, mycotoxin, mancozeb (spray, Sheng Da M-45), etc. At the same time, the safe interval of pesticides should be strictly controlled. Promote the use of pesticides, each pesticide should be used at most twice a year, and the interval should be more than 20 days; The maximum amount of pesticides used is 1 time per year, and the interval should be more than 30 days.
(7) Fruit harvesting, grading packaging, storage and transportation must be carried out in a suitable period, and should be carried out in the brittle maturity period, generally 65438+10.8-15. Pick-up should be done manually. Hold the jujube fruit with your hand and apply a slight force to the bending direction of the fruit handle. Pick jujube fruit, make sure that each jujube fruit has a fruit handle, and handle it gently to avoid damage. You can also use scissors to cut jujube fruit and keep the fruit handle. After picking, strict grading should be carried out to eliminate mechanical damage, pests and diseases and abnormal fruits. Cleaning and disinfection after classification. Soak in the prepared medicine first, then rinse with clear water, and then blow off the water droplets on the surface with hot air. After disinfection, blow drying and pre-cooling, the temperature in the pre-cooling room is kept at 4℃-5℃, and the jujube temperature is reduced to 5℃-8℃ within 24 hours during the pre-cooling. The time from harvesting to precooling should not exceed 12 hours, and it is better to store it after harvesting. The outer packaging material of winter jujube requires pressure resistance, certain mechanical strength and no deformation due to stacking; The inner packaging material should be clean, non-toxic, pollution-free, transparent, and have certain air permeability, so it is not easy to cause friction damage when contacting with winter jujube. The suitable storage conditions of winter jujube are: temperature-2℃-65438 0℃, air relative humidity about 95%, oxygen content about 3%, carbon dioxide content about 3%. When using ordinary constant temperature storage, the precooled winter jujube was moved into the cold storage, and 0.07mm thick polyethylene film was used to make plastic bags. The size of the bag depends on the size of the turnover box. Generally, the capacity of each box is 10kg. When loading dates, put them down gently to prevent bumping. Seal immediately after installation, and punch 8- 10 holes with the diameter of 10mm on the bag side. The reservoir temperature is controlled in an appropriate range. During controlled atmosphere storage, the precooled winter jujube was put into a cold storage with controlled atmosphere equipment and stored at low temperature, low oxygen and high carbon dioxide. It can also be cellared, and the precooled winter jujube is packed in polyethylene film bags and cellared. Install a refrigerator in the cellar and control the cellar temperature below 4℃. The suitable transportation temperature of winter jujube is about-65438 0℃ and the relative humidity is 90%-95%. The tools for transporting jujube fruits should be clean and hygienic, and toxic, harmful and odorous articles should not be mixed. Long-distance transportation must be carried by refrigerated constant-temperature vehicles, and attention should be paid to preventing collision and falling during transportation.
Edit the introduction of this research institution.
Zhanhua County Winter Jujube Research Institute was established in 1994, with a total area of 180 mu. There are 58 employees, including 8 senior technicians, 0/2 intermediate technicians and 0/6 junior technicians. It is the only winter jujube research institute in China. The Institute has introduced virus-free tissue culture and seedling raising technology, built excellent trees and cuttings nurseries, and built a seedling breeding base with an annual output of 2 million finished winter jujube seedlings, forming a production and operation pattern of "one floor, one hall, four rooms and four gardens".
The company is known as "Zhanhua, the hometown of winter jujube in China". The company is a member of Zhanhua Fruit Industry Association and Dongzao Association and a designated fruit supplier. The company strictly implements the grade A standard of green food for winter jujube. Strive to develop into organic fruit production. Provide consumers with high-quality, nutritious, safe and delicious fresh fruits. The winter jujube supplied by the company is a pure natural green product, which has been favored and praised by consumers since its listing. Products are in short supply. Reasonable price, exported to all parts of the country.
Now it has been recognized as a geographical indication trademark by the state.