1. From the political and legal point of view, the change of government departments has also brought about new changes in the health care industry.
The standards and regulations of health care products are missing and contradictory. For example, the Standard for the Use of Food Additives (B276 196) formulated by China's Ministry of Health stipulates that hydrogen peroxide is not allowed to be used in food, but some production laws and regulations stipulate the standard of hydrogen peroxide residue in health food. Due to the lack of relevant industry management and national standards, there are serious phenomena such as counterfeiting, false advertising and inflated prices in health care industry. Under the existing laws and regulations, it is easy for enterprises to violate the rules when promoting products. According to the regulations, health food cannot publicize the therapeutic effect. On the other hand, Chinese herbal medicines used in health food have therapeutic effects in Pharmacopoeia. But once it is used in health food, it can't be publicized, as if the therapeutic effect is completely gone.
On March 7, 2003, the State Council announced its institutional reform plan and decided to establish the State Food and Drug Administration. Health care products originally managed by the Ministry of Health were placed under the management of National Medical Products Administration. Since June, 2003, the Ministry of Health stopped accepting the declaration of health products. On June 65438+1October 10 of the same year, the State Food and Drug Administration of the United States completed the handover and officially started the examination and approval of health care products. Affected by SARS and the handover of departments, the annual examination and approval of health care products stopped for half a year. In the long run, the US Food and Drug Administration will take over the management responsibilities of the health care industry, which will help the health care industry to develop more standardized and healthily.
2. From the economic point of view, the market competition is becoming increasingly fierce, and multinational companies have become industry leaders.
In the past two years, foreign multinational companies rarely set foot in the health care products market, and the market has been firmly occupied by local health care products companies. At the low tide of health care industry in 2003, Amway in the United States sprang up with its unique sales model, and achieved amazing annual sales of 300 million yuan, although Amway's marketing model was quite controversial. However, it is undeniable that with the accelerated pace of multinational health products companies entering China, domestic health care industry is facing greater market competition pressure. Coupled with the competition in the domestic industry, the marketing model has further changed.
First, products began to polarize. Since 2003, due to the increasingly fierce competition, there has been an obvious polarization trend in health care products: products that pay attention to functional needs, such as multi-course treatment, buy-and-give promotion and so on. Stimulate consumers to buy, the prices of such products are getting higher and higher; The price of functional foods or tonics attractive to nutritional supplements is getting lower and lower, and they tend to become daily necessities and health products. Second, the proportion of channel segmentation and direct sales has increased. Under the pressure of high cost and fierce competition in traditional channels, health care products manufacturers actively explore the diversification of channels, and the traditional sales channels of pharmacies and supermarkets are rapidly divided, and various channels such as health care products chain stores, factory outlets, in-store stores, pyramid schemes, telephone sales, conference sales, exhibition sales and even online sales are accelerating. Affected by the diversification of channels, the proportion of direct sales of health care products is increasing. Taking the Shanghai market as an example, a considerable part of functional foods that enter the conventional channels through advertising also rely on direct sales. Third, the way of communication is more and more direct. Due to the weakening of the role of traditional media and the rising price, the way of disseminating product information by health care products manufacturers is increasingly flat. It has become one of the important means of communication to directly grasp consumer information and regularly spread it to fixed consumer groups.
3. From the social point of view, the health care product market fluctuates but develops well.
Since 2000, a series of negative events have occurred in health care industry, causing health care industry to fall into a "crisis of confidence" again, leading to the closure of many health care products enterprises, and health care products have rapidly declined from peak to trough. In 20001and 2002, the sales of health care industry continued to decline. However, after March 2003, the sales volume rebounded, the sales volume in health care industry rose rapidly in a short time, and health care industry began to recover. In 2003, the national sales of health care products increased by about 50% compared with 2002, and the annual sales reached 3 billion yuan.
Changes in social life have promoted the strong momentum of the health care industry. First of all, the Engel coefficient of urban and rural areas in China is 5.9% and 5. 0%, is in the transition stage from food and clothing to a well-off society. Some large and medium-sized cities and regions in the southeast coast have reached the level of middle-income countries, and people's consumption concepts and health concepts have changed greatly, which has promoted the rapid growth of urban and rural health care products consumption expenditure at the rate of 15%-3% per year. Secondly, the change of people's lifestyle is an important foundation for the development of health care industry. With the intensification of social competition and the acceleration of the pace of life and work, it has brought great impact on people's physiological and psychological functions, and the population in sub-health state has been expanding.
In order to avoid all kinds of adverse effects caused by unhealthy health, people turn to health care products, making the development and production of health care products a "hot spot" in economic life. Third, the multi-level social life demands provide a broad space for the development of health care industry. In addition to the middle-aged people who are under the double pressure of family and career, the elderly and teenagers are the main force in the consumption of health care products.
4. From the technical point of view, the R&D, production and sales of health care industry have completely changed.
WTO has brought world-class competitors to China health care products enterprises, and they are facing increasingly fierce market competition. All China enterprises engaged in the production of health care products should clearly realize that the core of health care products competition in the future will be scientific and technological content, and it is urgent to strengthen scientific and technological investment. In particular, enterprises with certain economic strength should pay more attention to the basic research on the application of health care products, strive to improve the scientific and technological content and quality level of new products, and make health care products enterprises transition to high-tech enterprises, and products with high scientific and technological content become the mainstream.
Only by constantly updating the technology, improving the technical content and developing the third-generation health care products with good effect, high quality and characteristics can the health care products come out of the low-level price war and advertising war and turn to the high-level technology war and service war, and then they can create the world brand of health care products in China after our death and have the ability to enter the international market. The development of electronic information technology also makes e-commerce an important sales channel. Various manufacturers have seized the favorable weapon of e-commerce, established sales websites, broadened sales areas and enriched product categories. After all, the trial sale of TV shopping alone involves a limited number of consumers. By investing in equipment and funds and opening shopping websites, more consumers can be developed. At the same time, we can also use the advanced technology of the network to further promote products, as well as advanced sales concepts that allow consumers to try and be satisfied with everything they buy before buying.
All these provide the technical foundation for the development and growth of the health care industry.
While the health care industry has achieved rapid development, it has also exposed many problems. These problems have seriously harmed the development of the industry and have reached the point where we should attach great importance to them and solve them urgently.
1. Backward management system
The management system belongs to the political and legal environment and has a strategic impact on the development of the medical and health care industry. Although our health care product management system is changing, there are still three major problems.
First, administrative legislation lags behind. At present, there is no unified centralized administrative department in health care industry, and the departments of health, medicine and industry and commerce are fragmented, and there are no operational industry standards, standardized and unified testing methods, review procedures and management methods. Some unscrupulous operators take the strategy of "scratching the edge" to enter the health care products market, and some manufacturers who do not have the production conditions, stimulated by higher profits in the industry, have put into production or switched to producing health care products, which is an important reason for the proliferation of counterfeit and shoddy products.
The second is the absence of industry management. In the past, the Ministry of Agriculture was responsible for food safety management, the Ministry of Light Industry was responsible for processing, and the Ministry of Domestic Trade was responsible for sales. After the institutional reform in 2000, the Ministry of Agriculture was still responsible for planting, while the State Food and Drug Administration focused on the approval of health food. The Ministry of Health mainly inspects the catering industry, while the Ministry of Commerce, the State Administration of Quality Supervision, and the departments of industry and commerce, customs and public security established after the abolition of the Ministry of Light Industry and the Ministry of Internal Trade are also involved in food management. The department that can truly manage food processing comprehensively has never appeared in the form of an independent institution. Multi-head supervision equals no supervision. Under this backward management system, there are many phenomena that not only endanger the development of the industry, but also endanger people's health. In particular, due to compartmentalization and multi-head supervision, many illegal activities of health care products manufacturers can not be effectively stopped, and some harmful fake and shoddy health care products can flow into the market, seriously endangering people's health.
Third, the production standards of health care products are low, lack of unified standards and chaotic management. Another problem with the chaotic health care products market is that health care industry has a low threshold, low requirements for production links and no strict quality control system. Some health care products have not passed strict clinical verification, the approval is relatively simple, and the market is expanding rapidly, which leads to a large number of non-specialized enterprises pouring into the health care industry. There are GMP standards for drug production and GS standards for drug management, but there is no unified standard for the production and management of health care products, which will become an obstacle for Chinese health care products to enter the international market.
2. Enterprises pursue short-term interests
Because health care products are directly used in human body to meet and coordinate human physiological functions, their quality is directly related to human health. Therefore, compared with other enterprises, health care products enterprises should undertake higher social obligations. In China, it is not uncommon for enterprises to pursue short-term interests in all industries, but it is particularly typical in the health care industry. Some people in the industry even asked: "In China, which product can you see making money in the third year after two years?" The short-term behavior of enterprises is short-sighted about their own economic and technological variables, less product innovation, serious similarity, false advertising deceiving consumers, and illegal behavior of health care products enterprises. The reasons for the above problems are mainly the results of enterprises ignoring the legal provisions, pursuing short-term profiteering, forgetting profits and acting recklessly.
Another important reason for the depression of health care products market in China is the hype of manufacturers. Many manufacturers enter the field of health care products without much preparation after seeing that health care products are profitable. This kind of congenital deficiency makes them unable to embark on the normal road of operation, but on the road of speculation. Its hype is mainly manifested in: speculating products with immature or problematic products, speculating prices with ridiculously high prices, speculating channels with high rebates, speculating promotions with promises that cannot be fulfilled or false cases, and some even speculating brands with brand extension.
3. Consumers' consumption concept is wrong.
As a social, cultural and environmental factor, consumer groups also have certain variables for the development of health care industry.
As we all know, Chinese medicine is "medicine and food of the same origin". As the saying goes, medicine is better than food. That is to say, taking food as the first priority and drinking food first, knowing that what you have committed is cured by food, and the diet is not cured, which is the medicine for the second half of your life. Because the raw materials used in health food and health medicine are intertwined (the Ministry of Health has promulgated more than 8 kinds of edible and medicinal articles, such as jujube, lily, yam, yam eggs and so on. ), and their functions are often related to the regulation of human functions. The essential difference between health food and health medicine is not obvious.
At present, there are many misunderstandings when consumers buy health care products. There are also many cases of poisoning, such as fat-soluble vitamins A, DE, K and so on. Will accumulate in the body without being discharged, resulting in toxic and side effects; There is Zhang Guan Dai Li, who hinders the normal operation of the body with unnatural behavior; There is also chaos during pregnancy, which is not only beneficial to the mother, but also harmful to the fetus. In particular, some diet pills under the brand of healthy diet have obvious side effects, and many people have paid a very heavy price for it (such incidents are often reported in newspapers). In addition, over the years, the whole society has focused on economic interests, and some enterprises have intentionally or unintentionally confused or distorted the general principles of medical technology and management science, resulting in some wrong consumption concepts in people's minds. In order to form a healthy and rational consumer market for health care products, these concepts must be gradually changed in the future.
Through the dissection of the above problems, we should also discuss the ideas to solve the problems from the perspective of market development and on the basis of PEsT analysis.
1. Reform the management system of the health care industry through legislation and revision of existing laws.
On the surface, the competition under market economy is the competition between economic subjects, but in essence it is the competition of enterprise system. The government should create and maintain a fair and orderly environment conducive to enterprise competition, and regulate enterprise behavior with systems and laws. With the progress of China's economy and the enhancement of public health awareness, it has become possible to promote the huge market demand of health food. Therefore, in order to achieve greater growth in China's health care industry, the overall quality of the whole industry needs to be further improved, and we must attach importance to the formulation of market rules and create favorable conditions for the development of the industry.
First, further improve the food hygiene law and food safety law. The name of "Food Hygiene Law" should be changed to "Food Safety and Hygiene Law", that is, it should not only meet hygiene standards, but also meet safety standards. The current Food Safety Law issued by 199 has some problems, such as the responsibility of law enforcement subject is divorced from the actual situation, the adjustment scope is too narrow, the content is too detailed, it can't adapt to the new situation and solve new problems, the legal responsibility clauses are not well connected and the content is incomplete, and the accountability mechanism of supervision organs and their staff is absent, so it is necessary to revise it.
Secondly, the relevant provisions of the Measures for the Administration of Health Products should be revised and improved as soon as possible. First of all, we should further clarify the definition of health care products. A market survey shows that more than 87% of consumers can't correctly distinguish between health care products, food and Chinese herbal medicines. Therefore, the Measures should clearly define the connotation and extension of health care products. Second, it is necessary to increase the provisions on entrusted processing and off-site management in the Measures. According to the survey, more than 33% of enterprises do not have their own production conditions and have to entrust pharmaceutical factories to process health care products. However, the current "Measures" have no relevant provisions, and the production specifications for entrusted processing should be formulated on a scientific basis, and corresponding provisions should be added.
Third, further establish the core guiding position of the Ministry of Health for the health food market. In addition to strict examination and approval procedures for health food, the Ministry of Health should also establish an examination and approval system for production conditions of health food, and pay attention to rectifying the market. Carry out large-scale market spot checks nationwide, publicize famous brands, crack down on counterfeit and shoddy products, effectively protect consumers' interests, and create a better external environment for the development of health food industry.
2. Improve law enforcement agencies to strictly enforce the law and improve the level of law enforcement.
First, establish a unified and powerful law enforcement agency. Establish a unified and powerful law enforcement agency through legislation, conduct unified inspection and quarantine according to the authorization of the law or the entrustment of the law enforcement agency, and conduct centralized and unified supervision and inspection on all aspects of food from production to circulation to market sales, so as to improve work efficiency and service level.
Secondly, strengthen the law enforcement inspection of the national standards for the quality of health products.
The state should issue relevant quality standards and regulations as soon as possible. For the health care products market, there is still a certain gap between China and Europe, whether it is related policies and regulations or actual market operation.
The construction of product quality laws and regulations is relatively backward, which directly affects the healthy development of health care industry. Raise the threshold of production license in health care industry, adopt certification mechanism, and judge the quality of health care products by specialized institutions.
Third, reasonably determine the price of health care products. Although China has entered the era of universal health care, people's income level is still very high, and they can't bear the high price of health care products, which requires all health care products enterprises to adapt to the changes in the market and knock on the door of thousands of households with the price strategy of small profits but quick turnover.
3. Update the management concept of health care products and innovate the management means of health care products.
The management of health care products should start with rigorous market research. The reason why so many medical insurance advertisements throw money on TV is not only a normal instinctive propaganda need, but more importantly, the temptation of "role models" (the success of Harbin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) is so strong that they have always had illusions. However, with the gradual standardization of the medical insurance market and the maturity of consumer awareness, there is no market to conquer consumers by advertising bombing. Medical insurance marketing will inevitably return to the rational era. Therefore, at present, for most health care products enterprises, it is imperative to correct business ideas, change speculative management into scientific management, and practice internal strength in order to embark on the road of healthy development.
4. Establish a correct concept of health care products consumption
The government and enterprises should earnestly undertake their own obligations and help consumers establish a scientific concept of nutrition and consumption. Only in this way can the disharmony in the health care products market be gradually improved in the development, and a sunrise industry that can basically meet people's health needs can also develop rapidly.
5. Expand investment in science and technology and improve market competitiveness.
How to make the health care industry stronger and bigger focuses on five aspects-price competition, brand competition, service level competition, quality competition and talent competition. These all depend on whether the application of science and technology is in place. At present, the health care industry should not only strengthen the investment and research of soft science based on medical science and technology, but also increase the investment and construction of hard science to ensure the scientific management and development of health food.
[Editor's Note] In recent years, with the reform of government functions, China has further opened to the outside world after joining the WTO, and the requirements for integration with the international market have been further improved, which has put forward higher requirements for architectural design units after restructuring. At the same time, the external environment of architectural design enterprises has changed greatly. In this situation, it is very necessary and timely for architectural decoration design units to choose their own development strategies and organize their implementation through the analysis of their internal and external environment.
PEST (political, economic, social and technical) analysis model is an effective environmental analysis method, which provides an idea for the sustainable development of architectural decoration design enterprises in China. It helps the industry or organization to analyze and summarize the relatively key and important factors by summarizing and listing several influencing factors in politics, economy, society and technology, so as to establish the ultimate strategic goal.
First, political factors.
1. Industry management policies tend to be perfect.
Among the policy factors, the government's macro-management policy on the architectural design industry undoubtedly plays an important role directly. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, China's survey and design industry carried out in-depth reform and exploration from three aspects: production and operation system, property right structure and internal mechanism, and issued a series of laws and regulations, which made the market, quality, qualification, registration, bidding and other aspects have laws to follow.
At the beginning of 200 1, the Ministry of Construction issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Management of Architectural Decoration Design Market (Jian Jian [200L] No.9), and formulated corresponding policies in view of the problems existing in the current architectural decoration design industry, which will greatly promote the orderly competition in the architectural decoration design market. In the long run, the improvement of qualification management, bidding system, whole-process engineering supervision and engineering accident investigation system in architectural design industry will play an important role in the development of the industry.
2. Opportunities after joining WT0
China's entry into WTO will undoubtedly bring more opportunities to the architectural decoration and design industry in China. First, after China's entry into WTO, the China market will gradually become an open, equal, competitive and transparent market. More domestic and foreign competitors will compete fairly and equally in the China market, and the rules for participating in market competition will gradually become international common rules, which is conducive to formal units to participate in competition. Secondly, with the opening of the market, industry leaders and practitioners will be encouraged to further update their concepts, understand the advanced management and operation methods of foreign firms through cooperation and exchanges, improve their professional level and service level, and enhance their competitive strength. On the other hand, after China's entry into WTO, although China can adopt the policy of "gradually opening up" the market to protect its own interests according to some basic principles and clauses in the existing WTO agreements, this protection time is limited, because China's architectural decoration design market has basically developed under relatively closed conditions, and it is different from foreign countries in terms of market subject behavior, service standards, organizational forms, industry rules and professional ethics, government management system, industry self-discipline, etc. According to relevant data, there are 12000 survey and design units in China, with an annual turnover of 36 billion yuan, equivalent to 4.35 billion US dollars, and the American Begott Engineering Company ranks first in the world. The annual turnover is11200 million USD, and the competition situation is quite severe. We must seize the period when China's architectural design market is gradually opening up, develop our own strength and meet the fierce market competition.
Second, economic factors.
1. The scale of infrastructure investment continues to grow.
Since the 1990s, China's economy has been in a state of sustained and steady growth. In 1995, the target of quadrupling the average annual GDP ratio of 1980 was achieved ahead of schedule. From 65438 to 0999, the central government made a major decision to develop the northwest, and infrastructure investment tilted to the west, which set off a new round of infrastructure investment and construction climax in China. According to relevant media data, in the new upsurge of infrastructure construction, there are about 60 airports that have been started or planned to be built in China, including 6 large hub airports, which makes the decoration and design market of large public facilities show explosive growth.
During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, Shanghai actually completed the investment in fixed assets of the whole society of 959.7 billion yuan. It is estimated that the total investment scale will reach 654.38 billion yuan during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period. Major projects related to the architectural decoration design industry include the airport, the second railway station, urban landscape engineering and the construction of landmark cultural facilities, which provide a good direction for the innovative development of landscape design and interior decoration.
2. The rapid development of urbanization.
Urbanization is the core driving force for the development of architectural design industry in the future. The typical feature of China's future economic development is urbanization. In recent years, the rapid growth of urban population in China shows the speed and potential of urbanization in China, which also gives China architectural design industry a huge development space.
The urbanization level of Shanghai (70%) is far higher than the national overall level. In the tenth five-year plan of Shanghai, in addition to the municipal engineering facilities in the urban area, the focus of Shanghai's urban construction is the construction of "three cities and nine towns" on both sides of the Huangpu River and in the suburbs, with a total investment of tens of billions; In particular, the 20 10 World Expo will be held in Shanghai, which requires higher construction scale and level.
This provides a huge market for architectural decoration design.
Third, social factors.
1. Improve the level of social fashion taste
With the improvement of living standards and economic conditions, people's concepts and behavior patterns have also begun to change. The influence on architectural decoration design enterprises is mainly manifested in the beautification of people's environmental landscape, the change of decoration taste and even the pursuit of fashion. According to related reports, in 2000, the per capita housing area of urban residents in China reached10m 2, nearly 2m^2 more than 1999. Residential decoration has become a fashion. At present, there are 6 million people engaged in decoration projects in China, including 4 million people engaged in family decoration. This market cannot be ignored.
It is also known that the relevant departments of the state are studying and formulating the pilot management method of "menu-style full decoration" for new residential buildings, and strive to gradually cancel the blank houses in two or three years to realize the immediate purchase and residence of commercial houses. This trend will certainly enhance the attractiveness of home improvement to large decoration design and construction enterprises, and with the differentiation of people's income level and the graded consumption of commercial housing, this market will be subdivided into different consumption levels. Therefore, the decoration design industry should make use of its own advantages to cut into this field in time, such as the decoration design of high-grade commercial housing, villas and other high value-added market segments.
3.2 The pressure and vitality brought by the flow of talents to the industry require the marketization of resource allocation in the market economy, and the human resource policy of architectural decoration and design enterprises is bound to be inseparable from the specific situation of the talent market. Practitioners engaged in architectural decoration design belong to relatively advanced professionals, and the talent market they face belongs to the senior professional talent market, which has pressure and motivation. At present, because the flow of talents is not very smooth, and because of the narrow professional scope, the development time of the whole architectural decoration and design industry in China is not long, and there are relatively few high-level professionals. The source of the talent market cannot provide high-level talents that can directly meet the needs of enterprises. Therefore, it is more important for decoration design enterprises to cultivate and retain talents.
Fourth, technical factors.
1. Information technology will become the engine of industrial development.
The rapid development of electronic information and communication technology will play an increasingly important role in the future social and economic development, and will greatly affect people's working style and lifestyle. The completion of the information superhighway has made it possible to computerize enterprise management and informationize enterprise operation, greatly improved the labor productivity of enterprises and changed the traditional working mode of enterprises. At present, the popular centralized synchronization mode will be replaced by the decentralized mode that does not need synchronization. Even people's daily consumption, shopping, receiving wages, depositing and withdrawing money and other activities must be carried out through the network. An expert engaged in the research of emerging Internet enterprises once asserted that in a few years, there will be no so-called Internet enterprises, because all enterprises will become Internet enterprises. It can be seen that the changes brought by information technology to enterprises or non-enterprise organizations will be revolutionary. As an intermediary organization directly involved in social and economic activities, architectural decoration and design enterprises must quickly adapt to this technological change, make full use of the convenience provided by information technology in their work mode, and open up new business channels and business scope in the information transformation of society and enterprises.
At present, the application of information technology in decoration design is mostly the production of construction drawings and computer renderings. It is expected that a virtual design enterprise will be established online through e-commerce mode, and the design scheme will be discussed and exchanged online across space and time, and the work will be coordinated efficiently, which is closer to reality. In addition, from the initial conception to the final product display, the application of multimedia and virtual reality technology will become a great progress and an important means of expression in architectural decoration design. For the interior design of large-scale public buildings, the use of this technical means will be more convincing, more conducive to designers to express their design ideas and design intentions to relevant experts and the public, and information technology will become one of the efficient competitive means for decoration design enterprises.
2. The application of new materials makes the development prospect of the industry colorful.
Future decoration materials should not only meet the decorative function of buildings, but also meet the special requirements of building energy saving and comfort. Decoration materials will emphasize low pollution and environmental protection, environmental functions (purifying and optimizing air, absorbing sound waves, adjusting temperature and humidity, preventing bacteria and mildew, etc. ), renewable and recyclable, and can be developed from local materials.
Therefore, some new faces will be added to the decoration materials family, which can be roughly divided into three categories: energy-saving materials, environmental protection materials and environmental protection materials (such materials not only pay attention to the performance of the materials themselves, but also strive to be environmentally friendly throughout the life cycle of the materials).
Due to the requirements for the health and comfort of the indoor and outdoor environment of buildings, a large number of products containing harmful volatile gases that are still used for indoor decoration will eventually be eliminated. Decorative material production enterprises should conform to this development trend, adjust product structure according to the situation, constantly upgrade existing products, select raw materials according to new standards and requirements, adjust material formula and production technology, and promote the development of the industry in the direction of high performance, multi-function and environmental protection.
On the other hand, the development and functional requirements of ecological buildings will expand decorative materials to have more environmental protection functions and lead the new development of decorative materials. These new changes provide more choices for the architectural decoration design industry, and also give designers more inspiration from the design concept. The following table is a typical pest analysis. Politics (including law) economy, society, technology, environmental protection system, economic growth, income distribution, government research expenditure, tax policy, interest rate and monetary policy, demography, population growth rate and age distribution, industrial technology, international trade laws and regulations and restrictions on government expenditure, labor and social mobility, new inventions and technology development contract execution law.
Consumer protection, unemployment policy, lifestyle change, technology transfer rate, employment law, taxation, occupation and leisure attitude
Entrepreneurial spirit, speed and life cycle of technological innovation, government organization/attitude, exchange rate education, rules of energy utilization and cost competition, inflation rate, trends and fashions, changes in information technology, political stability, stages of business cycle, health awareness, social welfare and safety, changes in Internet, safety regulations, consumer confidence, living conditions, and changes in mobile technology.