In recent years, the reservoir area continue to strengthen environmental protection and ecological construction, and actively carry out comprehensive ecological environment
governance projects, four new nature reserves, soil erosion control area of more than 10,000km2, the rate of forest coverage and the urban greening rate have been increased to a certain extent, the ecological environment has been improved to a certain extent. However, the worsening trend of the ecological environment in the reservoir area has not been effectively controlled, environmental protection work is still facing several major problems.
1.1 Serious Water Pollution
In 1999, the reservoir area wastewater discharge ****1.01 billion t, COD emissions totaled 278,000 t, of which 710 million t of industrial wastewater, nearly one-third of the industrial wastewater does not meet the standards of discharge; living sewage 300 million t, centralized treatment rate of only 7.7%. According to the results of the comprehensive evaluation of the water quality of the Yangtze River in 1999, among the 17 monitoring sections of the Chongqing section of the Yangtze River, only 5.9% of the water bodies of the second category, 17.6% of the water bodies of the third category, 70.6% of the water bodies of the fourth category and 5.9% of the water bodies of the fifth category were in the water bodies of the second category. The Chongqing section of Yangtze River, Jialing River and Wujiang River has exceeded 10 indicators of coliform bacteria, non-ionic ammonia and COD. The secondary rivers in the reservoir area are more seriously polluted, and 56% of the water quality of the cross section cannot meet the functional requirements of the waters.
The entire Three Gorges reservoir urban river section, water quality affected by sewage river section total length of 28.97km, width of 2 ~ 150m, Chongqing river pollution zone is the longest, 5.73 km, accounting for 74.7% of the total length of the reservoir pollution zone.
1.2 large amount of domestic waste
The annual production of industrial solid waste in the reservoir area 7,436,200 tons, 395,000 tons of hazardous waste, industrial solid waste stockpiles over the years amounted to more than 3,000,000 tons, the comprehensive utilization rate of about 43%. According to the urban non-agricultural population per capita generation of domestic garbage amount of 1kg / d calculation, the Three Gorges reservoir area of the total amount of urban domestic garbage is 1.78 million t / a. At present, only the basic to be transported out of the city for simple treatment, the harmlessness rate is only 7.1%. All kinds of waste scattered piles, and some even directly along the coast dumping, in the rain and flooding under the wash, a large number of pollutants into the river, resulting in the Three Gorges Reservoir serious water pollution, is one of the main causes of the Three Gorges Reservoir area of the water column coliform bacteria exceeded the standard and the main stream of the water quality deterioration of the abundant water period.
1.3 Ship pollution is becoming more and more serious
The annual production of domestic garbage from ships in the reservoir area is about 30,000t, of which about 8,000t goes into the river, and the amount of domestic sewage produced by ships is about 18,000,000t, of which nearly 400,000t is oil-containing sewage with a discharge of about 600t of COD and more than 100t of petroleum products. Pesticide and chemical fertilizer pollution in the reservoir area, pollution by water surface intensive farming, and pollution by township and village enterprises are also more prominent. Pesticide and fertilizer pollution, water surface pollution from concentrated farming, pollution from township enterprises is also more prominent, in 1999, the use of pesticides in the reservoir area amounted to 1160.6t, of which organophosphorus pesticides accounted for more than half of the share.
1.4 Low forest coverage, urban green space per capita less
Many years of destructive land reclamation, township and village enterprises of disorderly development and the development and construction of new urban areas, the original forest vegetation damage is quite serious, resulting in the reservoir area of the forest coverage has been greatly reduced, only 22.3%. Most of the districts and counties on both sides of the reservoir area have a forest cover of only 7.5% to 13.6%, with an average of less than 10%. The structure of forest species is not reasonable, the proportion of mature forests, special forests and economic forests is low, and the proportion of young and medium-sized forests is very large, and the proportion of young and medium-sized forests is even as high as more than 90% in Fuling, Fengdu, Fengjie, etc. There are basically no mature forests. The forest communities in the reservoir area are simple in structure and dysfunctional, and the vegetation is in the trend of reverse succession, with forests degrading in the direction of thickets, grassy slopes and bare rocks.
The greening level of cities and towns at all levels in the reservoir area is on the low side. The per capita green space in the main urban area of Chongqing is only 2.08m2, which is only 39.2% of the national per capita green space area of 5.3m2, and it is at the bottom of the list of 35 cities with more than one million inhabitants in the country.
Other counties and cities are even less, and there are even fewer green spaces. Other counties and cities are even less, for example, the per capita public **** green space in Wanxian City is only 1.8m2, Fengjie County is only 0.3m2.
1.5 Serious ecological imbalance
Biodiversity is an important indicator of ecological balance and an important element of ecological construction. According to statistics, there are more than 6500 kinds of animal and plant resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, accounting for about 20% of the total number of animal and plant species in the country, and there are 8 and 6 kinds of plants and animals under national first-level protection, and 35 and 22 kinds of plants and animals under second-level protection, and there are also abundant Tertiary relics in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.
The Three Gorges Reservoir Area is also rich in Tertiary relics of plants. However, due to the low coverage of forests on which the biological populations depend,
there are not many primitive forests left below the altitude of 1000 meters, resulting in a significant decline in the number of forest musk, leopard cats
and raptors, and tigers and leopards are on the verge of extinction in the reservoir area. Some aquatic species, such as the national
first-class protection of aquatic animals such as albacore dolphin, white sturgeon, Chinese sturgeon and Yangtze sturgeon, and the second-class protection of aquatic
animal porpoise and coelacanth, etc., are faced with the Three Gorges Reservoir after the completion of the ecological structure of the changes caused by the destruction of the environment.
This situation directly threatens their survival, which is the most important factor in the development of the Three Gorges Reservoir. This situation directly threatens their survival and accelerates their endangerment.
If the deterioration of the ecological situation is not effectively halted, it may lead to irreversible extinction of the species.
1.6 Serious soil erosion
The Three Gorges Reservoir area, with its steep slopes and complex geological structure, is one of the areas where serious geologic disasters occur. According to the review data of the immigration department in 2000, there are more than 20,000 large and small geological disaster spots in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, among which there are 1,302 avalanches and landslides with the leading edge below 175m of the inundation line, with the volume of 333,400,000m3, and there are 1,133 areas with different degrees of danger and potential danger, accounting for 87% of the total number of avalanches and landslides. There are 405 villages and 60 towns that have been decided to be relocated due to the impact of landslides.
Three Gorges reservoir area has serious soil erosion, soil erosion area accounted for 62% of the total land area, amounting to 5,025,500 mu, the total amount of sediment flowing into the river reaches more than 100 million tons per year, which will inevitably aggravate the sediment content in the water body of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Although the Three Gorges Dam is designed to discharge sand holes, but it is not possible to solve the 600km of river drainage in the reservoir area, only to strengthen the ecological construction, maintain soil and water is the fundamental solution to the problem.
1.7 Ecological pollution has been from the city to
The rapid expansion of rural areas and the accelerated process of urbanization and the blossoming of township and village enterprises, disorderly development, aggravated the spread of environmental pollution from the city to the countryside. Acid rain extends to the far suburbs of the county, pH 4.5 contour area has covered almost the entire reservoir. More than 90% of the area is acidic precipitation area, the frequency of acid rain is 60% to 90%, and the pH value of acid rain averages at about 4.3 for many years. The annual direct economic losses caused by air pollution in the reservoir area amount to 2 billion yuan.
The root causes of the above problems are: irrational industrial layout, serious shortage of urban infrastructure, the ecological environment deteriorated by the crude growth mode, the irrational structure of energy consumption, environmental protection, environmental protection investment is seriously insufficient, weak environmental management and so on. These problems are being solved gradually with the opening of the western development and ecological construction. For example, the Yangtze River Basin (focusing on the Three Gorges Reservoir area and its upper reaches) and the Yellow River Basin (focusing on Xiaolangdi and above) are included in the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" as the key areas of water pollution control; the implementation of the protection of natural forests and resources, the return of farmland to forests and grasses, and the control of sand and soil erosion projects; the implementation of the Chongqing Municipality of the "Green Mountains and Green Waters" project, which focuses on the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Green mountains and green water" project and the main city as the focus of the "landscape garden city" project; since 1990 foreign experts, scholars and representatives of international organizations, government agencies, more than 6,000 people to Chongqing Municipality to carry out environmental protection visits and exchanges, Chongqing Municipality has been listed as China's environmental cooperation model city, and Chongqing has been listed as a model city for China's environmental cooperation, and has received environmental loans from the World Bank.
2 Countermeasures for solving ecological and environmental problems in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area
As early as 1994, the Chinese government promulgated "China's Agenda 21", which explicitly made the strategy of sustainable development as an important guideline for the medium- and long-term plan of national economic and social development. The key to sustainable development in the reservoir area lies in protecting the ecological environment and improving the carrying capacity of nature and the environment. The ecological environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir area is directly related to the benefits of the Three Gorges Project, directly affects the economic development of the entire upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and at the same time plays a decisive role in the urban water use, farmland irrigation, flood control, and the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, which makes the sustainable development of the Reservoir area a national and even a world concern. According to the current situation of the ecological environment of the reservoir area, in accordance with the conditions of the reservoir area, to harmonize the relationship between economic development and ecological environmental protection, and put forward the following aspects of countermeasures.
2.1 Integrated planning, comprehensive decision-making
To the ecological environmental protection and construction as one of the major decisions of economic and social development, as the fundamental and entry point of the western development. In the regional development, resource development and industrial structure and productivity layout adjustment, must adhere to the unity of economic development and environmental protection, rational use of natural resources, ecological construction to ensure the sustainable development of the economy, economic development to further promote the construction of ecological environment. Advocating the principle of sustainable development "in the protection of development, in the development of protection, prevention-oriented, protection priority".
In addition, due to the environmental protection and ecological construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area has a special status and significant impact on the sustainable development of the entire Yangtze River Basin Economic Zone, so it is recommended that the state will be included in the environmental protection and ecological construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in the national priority and key management plan, in accordance with the "Three Rivers and Three Lakes," as the inclusion of the state's national economic and social development planning, in the "Three Rivers and Three Lakes" as well as in the national economic and social development plan. Therefore, it is suggested that the State should include environmental protection and ecological construction in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in the national priority and key management plan, and incorporate them into the national economic and social development plan as the "Three Rivers and Three Lakes", and give them priority, inclination and support in the aspects of project financing, funding, bank credit and utilization of foreign capital. At the same time to strengthen the ecological environment related to the construction of a variety of special funds for the collection, management and use, to ensure that the direction of investment.
2.2 Combined with industrial restructuring, increase the treatment of pollution sources
In conjunction with industrial restructuring and technological progress, take measures to control the total amount of pollutant discharged by enterprises and the concentration of pollutants, and accelerate the progress of industrial pollution sources of limited duration treatment. By banning and shutting down heavy pollution sources, eliminating equipment and processes prohibited by the state and promoting clean production; prohibiting enterprises with low technology content and serious pollution from entering the reservoir area to prevent new pollution. At the same time, the total amount of regional pollutant control and concentration control can also be implemented, and regularly publish the monitoring results of each control section, and strictly its target assessment. Secondly, strengthen the treatment of surface pollution. Reservoir area of surface pollution mainly from pesticides, fertilizers and livestock and poultry manure pollution accounted for 40% of the total water pollution. The key to controlling surface pollution is to control soil erosion, improve the quality and utilization of pesticides and fertilizers, and vigorously develop green food, etc. The key to controlling surface pollution is to control soil erosion, improve the quality and utilization of pesticides and fertilizers, and vigorously develop green food.
2.3 Strengthen urban planning, rational layout of the new county
Three Gorges reservoir area all relocated county has five: Chongqing Yunyang, Kaixian, Fengjie, Fengdu and Hubei zigui. In the city construction must be combined with the relocation of migrants, scientific planning, rational layout.
First, from the point of view of protecting the environment, the layout of the city should take into account the topography, meteorology, hydrology and other environmental impact. Serious pollution of urban industrial areas, must be arranged in the downwind direction, but also pay close attention to the direction of the river, flow, sediment flow patterns and the river's self-purification ability, so that urban planning and watershed planning combined to strengthen the protection of water resources upstream and downstream of the entire basin; Second, the internal layout of the city should be conducive to the protection of the environment. For example, single-center concentric circles, outward dispersion of the city layout form, so that the city center and the surrounding natural environment farther and farther apart, fresh air is difficult
to enter, dirty air emissions are blocked, not conducive to the natural regulation of air. And take the multi-center group
cluster belt structure, the city is divided into a number of areas, separated by green belts, can reduce the city
city air, noise, heat pollution and so on play a positive role. At the same time should also be supporting the construction of urban sewage
treatment system and garbage harmless treatment system, reasonable distribution of urban public **** green space, the construction of new towns with
reservoir area landscape features.
2.4 Relying on scientific and technological progress, to enhance environmental protection and ecological construction in the reservoir area first of all, in view of the current situation and development trend of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, the study of the preferred sewage treatment process suitable for the environmental requirements and economic capacity. The construction of urban sewage treatment facilities at all levels in the reservoir area should adhere to the combination of large, medium, small and micro, the use of mature and reliable technology and scientific and reasonable treatment methods. Treatment process should be based on the scale of treatment, water quality characteristics, the environmental function of the receiving body of water and the actual situation in the local area, after a comprehensive technical and economic comparisons of preferential determination. Secondly, the management of domestic waste should also adhere to the local conditions, technically feasible, reliable equipment, appropriate scale, treatment and utilization of the combination of principles, a reasonable choice of sanitary landfill, incineration, composting, recycling and other waste treatment technologies, and recycling and comprehensive utilization of construction waste in the flooded area. Thirdly, ecological construction should also continuously increase the content of science and technology to ensure the quality and effectiveness of ecological construction. First, we should study the ecological adaptability, so that the right place, the right tree, the right grass. Counties (cities) should be based on the local forest and grass vegetation zone distribution laws and conditions, study the appropriate type of forest and grass vegetation construction, suitable size and reasonable structure and layout, to determine the scientific structure of forest and grass vegetation and the corresponding technical support measures, and the ecological reconstruction of barren areas for scientific and technological research. Fourth, establish and improve the ecological environment prevention and monitoring system. Around the reservoir area ecological environment construction and soil and water conservation key areas, the use of modern information technology, the establishment of integrated environmental monitoring center and
network system. First of all, four key monitoring networks can be built in Fuling, Wanzhou, Wushan and Qianjiang, so that the water quality, water ecology, major meteorological disasters and geological disasters in the reservoir area can be effectively monitored and preventive and curative measures can be taken on the basis of this
basis.
2.5 Implementation of institutional innovation, the implementation of the paid use of environmental resources
The root cause of environmental problems lies in the economic externality, the use of economic policy, through the market mechanism, due to the inconsistency of material interests caused by the economic externality, internalized into the economic analysis and decision-making process at all levels, and increase the cost of pollution through the aftermath of the method of pollution to reduce pollution. Thus, not only can effectively restrain the polluter's discharge behavior, to ensure that the "polluter's burden", but also for the government to carry out the centralized management of the environment in the reservoir area to raise funds, or the funds for the research and development of cleaner production technology. The reason why the reservoir area environmental pollution is very serious, to a large extent is because of the failure to implement the paid use of environmental resources. For example, the enterprise sewage fee standard is too low, the urban and rural residents of the domestic sewage discharge and the discharge of domestic garbage is basically no charge, polluters caused by the economic externalities are not reflected in the cost of production through the market, directly exacerbate the waste of resources and environmental degradation. Therefore, the implementation of paid use of environmental resources is the fundamental idea of environmental pollution control in the reservoir area. For example, it is possible to implement a policy of charging for water resources in the downstream basin of the reservoir area that meets the standard, and there is a precedent of purchasing water resources in February, 2001 in China. In addition, we should improve the mechanism of paid use of natural resources and environmental economic policies, and strengthen the system of charging for sewage, garbage and other pollutants.
2.6 Vigorously develop environmental protection industry
The Three Gorges Reservoir area is currently serious environmental pollution, the need to build infrastructure and key projects, environmental protection market capacity, for the development of environmental protection industry provides favorable conditions. The development of environmental protection industry is not only the objective needs of sustainable economic and social development, but also to enhance the comprehensive economic strength and competitiveness of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is an inevitable choice, but also for the transformation of environmental protection science and technology into productive capacity to provide industrial support. Therefore, the environmental protection industry should be prioritized as a field of development, and strive to become a pillar industry in the new century and a new economic growth point.
2.7Strengthen the environmental legal system, protect and build the ecological environment in accordance with the law
One is to strictly implement the relevant environmental protection laws and regulations promulgated by the state, and to formulate and improve the targeted laws and regulations and technical regulations in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The second is to establish and improve the system of environmental protection and ecological construction, such as sewage declaration and registration system, sewage charging system, and environmental impact assessment system for construction projects. Thirdly, we should seriously investigate and deal with acts of ecological destruction and environmental pollution, strengthen the publicity and education of environmental protection laws and regulations, and raise the awareness of the whole society to protect the ecological environment. 2.8 Actively carry out exchanges and cooperation, and improve the scientific and technological level of ecological environmental protection in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Through a variety of international academic exchanges, technology fairs, and exhibitions, we can learn about the latest developments in the world's environmental protection science and technology and study the management of large rivers, river basins and large-scale reservoirs in the advanced countries. Through various international academic exchanges and technology fairs and exhibitions, we will learn the latest development of environmental protection technology in the world, and study the mature experience and methods of advanced countries in managing large rivers, watersheds and large reservoirs. Through the introduction, digestion and localization of large-scale urban waste, sewage treatment equipment and ecosystem restoration and other advanced technologies, to shorten the gap with developed countries. At the same time, we also need to actively carry out cooperation between the east and the west. East in China's reform and opening up has been one step ahead of the economic strength and environmental protection technology level far above the west, through the development and standardization of the two courses, has accumulated a considerable wealth of experience and lessons learned, therefore, should be widely carried out in the East-West cooperation and international exchanges, the introduction of advanced technology, projects and high-quality personnel, in order to make the reservoir area of ecological and environmental research level and the application of technology to reach the advanced level of the international community as soon as possible.