When it comes to educational research, we will immediately link to the subject of research, although the two are not equivalent to each other and alternative; speaking of subject research, we will immediately think of writing programs, reports and thesis of this sad and painful things, although these writing does not represent the subject of all the work of research. This phenomenon fully illustrates the status and role of these "writing" in the subject research, educational research.
The research program, the final report, thesis and so on can be said to constrain the whole process and results of the research. Below, the main and you *** with the discussion of the basic requirements and skills to write these styles.
I, on the subject of research program writing.
Research program, that is, after the subject is determined, formal research before the development of the entire research program, which initially stipulates the subject of research in all aspects of the specific content and steps. The research program plays a key role in the smooth implementation of the entire research work, especially for those who have less experience in the subject of research, a good program, can make us avoid starting, or carry out a period of time do not know what to do next, to ensure that the entire research work in an orderly manner. It can be said that the level of research program is an important reflection of the quality and level of a subject.
(I) the significance of developing a research program.
1, the specific content of the subject research. Research program clearly "ready to do what research", "why research" and "how to research" issues, so that researchers can be clear about the purpose of the study, direction, thus motivating researchers to complete the research task efficiently and with high quality. Therefore, it has been said that the development of a specific, feasible research program, is equal to half of the completion of the subject research.
2, to ensure the standardization of the research process and scientific. In order to smoothly carry out the entire research process, it is necessary to research on the subject involved in human, financial, material and time and other subjective and objective conditions for the overall arrangement, the corresponding stage of the study of the tasks required to be completed have made clear provisions and division of labor, so that the subject of the research process is specific, systematic, and perfected.
3, conducive to the management and inspection of the subject. With the research program, researchers in the research process can be compared to the research program on the progress of the subject of research according to plan, whether on time to obtain the results of the stage of research self-check. If there is no specific research program, the researcher can only proceed blindly, and it is difficult to carry out the research from beginning to end. In fact, the research program for the subject management department to check the progress of the subject research, supervision and management to provide a basis.
(ii) the development of the basic requirements of the research program.
Because the research program is for researchers to carry out research in the subject, according to plan, step by step operation. Therefore, the subject bearer in the development of research programs, must follow the following basic requirements:
1, objectivity. Objective statement of the reasons for the study, level, basis, ability and conditions. In the development of research programs, researchers should carry out their own research on the subject of subjective and objective conditions, objective analysis and evaluation. Such as their own level of research, scientific research capabilities of the research methodology used is within their reach; the subject of the research site, whether the time to meet; unit leaders whether to pay attention to; research funding can be in place and so on. Researchers only realistic based on their own objective situation, in order to develop a realistic, practical research program.
2, scientific. The nature of educational research work determines the scientific nature of the research program. The research program can not be casual, can not be rough quality and indiscriminate. Researchers should study educational theory and psychological knowledge, in mastering a certain theoretical basis for the development of the research program, at the same time, the development of the program to meet the requirements of the educational research methodology, the use of scientific research methods and tools, and strive to make the research program is more scientific and reasonable.
3, guidance. Research program can be said to be a specific framework for research, is the researchers to carry out research on the subject of the action guide. Therefore, the development of the research program in the research information, research content, research methods, research steps should be guided by the researcher, so that each subject researchers do have a clear idea. Especially the larger topics, more emphasis on guidance. To develop the subject of research network diagram and teachers' personal problems research checklist. The city in the past two years to carry out the school-based subject research assessment and acceptance work, in the acceptance we found that some schools subject program is very perfect, a high degree of awareness of the network diagram, and the development of a teacher's personal problems research checklist. Programs should have A level, B level, C level, etc., A level for the school's total program, B level for each subject or each teaching and research group or each subject group belongs to the various sub-topics, and C level on the teacher's personal problems. The upper level of the program on the next level must have clear instructions and guidance effectiveness, the formation of the top and bottom of the same, echo each other, mutually supportive of a whole system. Otherwise, it will result in the situation that level A is too big, level B is too empty, and level C is too vague, which will ultimately affect the problem and prevent it from being solved. Teachers personal problem research checklist is formulated to facilitate management, administrators get the table on the whole school teacher's problem research at a glance, who, when, what research tasks to complete, clear as day.
4, specificity. Research program is the specificity of the subject of research, research programs in each project must be clear and specific. Whether the research topic is large or small, the significance of the subject research, objectives, content, methods, processes, funding, etc. should be carried out in the research program in a specific expression.
(C) the basic structure of the research program.
The basic structure of the research program has a general **** the same requirements, but not all programs to fully meet these requirements. We dangyang 05 years to carry out the excellent subject program selection activities, at that time we selection did not stick to the general structure and format, but from the most basic four aspects to assess: the school or the teacher personally raised the question did not? Is the path of the problem correct? Does the problem fit the reality of the school or the individual teacher? How do you intend to solve the problem? In other words, the program that can clearly answer these four questions is a good program. Practice has proved that this standard has played a positive role in guiding the city to carry out school-based research. But as a section of the research project on these four aspects is certainly not perfect, especially for the approval of the higher level of the program, more to pay attention to rigorous and scientific. For example, the Chinese traditional culture and the ideological and moral education of minors research program.
Generally speaking, a good program must have the following structure:
1, the name of the subject.
The name should be accurate. To the subject of what is the problem of research, what is the object of research is clearly delivered, the name of the subject must be consistent with the content of the study, can not be too big, not too small, to accurately summarize the object of your research, the problem.
The name should be standardized. The words and sentence types used should be standardized and scientific, plausible words can not be used, slogans, conclusions of the sentence type do not use. To use scientific, standardized language to express our thoughts and ideas. There is a topic name called "cultivate students' independent learning ability, improve the efficiency of classroom teaching", this topic is not bad if it is an empirical paper, or a research report, but as the name of the topic, it is not very good, because the topic is the problem we want to solve, the problem is being explored, is beginning to study, can not have a conclusive tone. It cannot have a conclusive tone.
The name should be concise and not too long. Whether it is a dissertation or a topic, the name should not be too long, and try not to use words that can be avoided, usually not more than 20 words.
2, the significance of the purpose of the study and background analysis.
This part is mainly on the subject of the proposed and current research overview of the analysis, that is, the purpose of the study, the significance of the study, the study of the practical background and theoretical background of a more detailed analysis. Its content generally includes:
(1) background significance. Selection of the idea and the relevance of the subject. First of all, to elaborate the subject of the research is based on what? Inspired by what? The second is why the research? What problem is the research to solve? What impact or impetus does the research on the topic have on education at present or at a later time?
(2) Current status of research. Domestic and foreign research level in this topic, the progress of research; the existence of unresolved or worth exploring the problem.
(3) literature review. Has been collected, accumulated and the subject of books, papers and other literature related to the main features and the main points of view to analyze.
(4) Value analysis. It is mainly analyzed from the point of view of whether it is aimed at solving the practical problems of education and whether the results of the research are conducive to the development of educational theories.
3, the content of the study.
The content of the subject of research is the main part of the research program, is to clarify the scope of the research, the object of the research and the specific content of the research.
(1) the limitations of the scope of research.
1) the scope of the object of study to define. For a research project, if the research object is different, the conclusion is not necessarily the same. Such as the study of the psychological quality of primary and secondary school students, respectively, rural students and urban students as the overall object of study, the conclusion will be different. Such as "poor students", "weak schools", "students" and other uncertainty in the extension of the vague concept must also be defined to determine the scope of the research object, the correct selection of samples.
②Definition of some key concepts. Such as "the use of experiments to cultivate students' creativity research", the subject of "experiments" refers to "physical experiments" or "chemical experiments", refers to the "teacher's demonstration experiments" or "students' hands-on experiments"? Therefore, some important concepts must be clearly defined in the research.
(2) The specific content of the study.
The research topic should be reflected through the specific content of the research, with specific research content, you can design the research program.
The specific content of the study is often in the form of hypotheses (the subject involved in the interrelationship between the variables envisioned). According to the specific hypothesis, people can determine the specific objectives of the study, choose the appropriate research methodology. In the research program hypothesis should be as specific as possible, so that the objectives of the study will be clearer, the scope of the study is also easy to limit. A research project can be put forward from one aspect of a number of hypotheses, but also from various aspects of a number of hypotheses (generally speaking, a study would be better to have three or more than three hypotheses), which makes the subject of the research question further refinement of a number of small issues, to facilitate the grasp of the research process.
At present, primary and secondary school teachers in educational research often appear "false, big, empty" phenomenon, that is, only the subject without analyzing the problem; the subject is very large and very little specific content; there is content but with the research topic is not the right number. Therefore, in the design of the research program, the subject of the research content should be specific, clear.
4, the method of research.
Research methodology is the subject of one of the core of the research program, the correct research methodology is the basis of scientific research in education. After determining the basic content of the subject, must be based on the research objectives to choose the most suitable for the progress of the subject research, the most convenient research data acquisition and processing, the most likely to obtain accurate research results of the research method.
There are several methods of educational research, according to the goal of the study, the purpose of basic research and applied research. At present, educational research, more attention to action research is a kind of applied research. From the general methodology, there are qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. On specific issues, we not only describe clearly what research methodology to conduct research, but also as far as possible to write a more detailed methodology. If we use the experimental method of research in the subject, we should further elaborate how to specifically organize experiments to control variables, how to obtain data on experimental variables and data on variables. Such as the use of survey method, to specify which form, if the questionnaire method, but also to design a good questionnaire, and attach it.
We are sometimes not necessarily limited to a research method in the study, because each research method has certain advantages, disadvantages and conditions of application, so in the specific study, the choice of research methods can not be a single, but should be diversified, development. For some more complex research topics, it is often necessary to synthesize the use of a variety of research methods. Of course, primary and secondary school teachers in education science research, should be used in a targeted research methods. For example, "the teaching of the day to teach the effect of time on the teaching of the subject" this study, the use of quasi-experimental research method is more targeted.
5, the subject of research progress and steps.
The subject of the research program design to describe how the research will be carried out, to explain clearly what the first step to do what the second step to do? What are the requirements of each step? What is expected to achieve the goal of how much time is needed? These should be reflected in the research program, so that the researchers do have a clear idea, so as to ensure that the research can be completed on time and quality. Of course, the program should have an accurate estimate of the allocation of time at various stages, and leave ample room for manoeuvre.
6, the results of the form of research.
Here to elaborate is the end of the subject, the results of the research, the results of the research is in what form. Those who have a number of sub-topics of the large subject, respectively, the results of the overall subject and the results of the sub-topics. For those research projects with a long research period, there should also be stage results and final results. Research report and thesis are the two most important forms of educational research results, of course, the results of research can also be teaching design, teaching aids design, activity design, decision-making programs and so on. From the actual situation of primary and secondary education research, teaching design, teaching aids design, activity design should be said to be more practical, and it is easy to promote the results of research.
7, the members of the group and their division of labor.
The members of the project team are the organizers and implementers of the project, each member of the project team must undertake a certain aspect of the research. Therefore, the composition of the group should be based on the actual needs of the subject of research, the members of the group to undertake the task should be suitable for his level of expertise, research capabilities. In the program should be the professional level of the members of the group, scientific research capabilities, the results of the research done and give a clear division of labor, which is conducive to the enhancement of the members of the subject of the sense of responsibility, but also conducive to the implementation of the research program.
8, the budget and the need to purchase instruments and equipment.
The subject of the research budget generally include the purchase of necessary books, subscriptions to relevant newspapers and periodicals, photocopying, printing information and results of the cost of investigation, research costs, travel, research and purchase of instruments and equipment costs and other expenditures. In the research program, it is best to make a detailed list of expenses, because the appropriate, well-structured budget can make the feasibility and credibility of the research program increased.