Drowning is a large amount of water is inhaled into the lungs, causing the human body lack of oxygen asphyxia critical illness. Most occur in summer, swimming places, seaside, rivers, lakes, ponds and other places. The drowning person's face is bruised and swollen, the conjunctiva of the eyeballs is congested, and the mouth and nose are full of foam, mud and sand and other debris. Part of the drowning person may drink a lot of water into the stomach, appear epigastric swelling. Most of the drowning limbs cold, loss of consciousness, heavy heartbeat, respiratory arrest.
Causes of drowning
1. Unfamiliar with the water accidentally fell into the water: . Mainly tracheal inhalation of large amounts of water to impede breathing, or due to strong spasm of the larynx, causing the respiratory tract to close, asphyxiation and death. People fall into the water, water, mud and sand streets of the obstruction of the respiratory tract, or due to respiratory spasm caused by hypoxia, asphyxia, death. Falling into the water after being submerged generally 4~6 minutes can be fatal. Drowning is mostly seen in children, teenagers and the elderly, in order to mistakenly fall into the water more, and occasionally throw water suicide, accidents such as flooding, boat sinking and overturning is also an important reason.
2. Familiar with the water and meet the accident situation: 1. Hand and foot cramps is the most common. Mainly due to the water before the preparatory activities are not sufficient, the water temperature is cold or long time swimming too fatigue reasons. Calf cramps will feel a sudden spasmodic pain in the calf stomach. 2. Sometimes drowning occurs as a result of a head injury caused by diving into shallow water. 3. Sometimes (especially in some older people) drowning occurs as a result of loss of consciousness caused by a heart attack or stroke.
Symptoms of drowning: The drowning victim's face is bruised, swollen, eyes are bloodshot, and the mouth, nostrils and windpipe are filled with bloody foam. Cold limbs, weak pulse, or even convulsions or respiratory arrest. In light cases, the time of falling into the water is short, the ends of the mouth, lips and limbs are easy to bruise, the face is swollen, the limbs are hard, and the respiration is shallow. Mild hypoxia occurs when the amount of inhaled water is 2ml/kg. Heavy. If the amount of inhaled water is above 10ml/kg, hypoxia occurs within 1 minute. Falling into the water for a long time, the face is blue, the oral and nasal cavity is full of bloody foam or sediment, the limbs are cold, lethargic, the pupils are dilated, and respiration stops.
[edit]Emergency care of drowning
Respiratory foreign body discharge
Self-help
1. First of all, you should remain calm, do not stir the hands and feet desperately struggling to reduce the entanglement of aquatic grasses, saving energy. As long as you don't struggle, don't put your arms up and flutter, the human body in the water will not lose balance, so the body will not sink very fast.
2. In addition to calling for help, immediately after falling into the water, hold your breath, kick off the shoes, and then relax the limbs, when you feel the beginning of floating, as far as possible, to maintain the supine position, so that the head back, so that the nose can be exposed to the surface of the water to breathe, breathe as much as possible to breathe with the mouth inhalation, exhale with the nose, in order to prevent choking. Exhale shallow, inhale deep. Because when you inhale y, the specific gravity of the human body drops to 0.967, slightly lighter than water, because the lungs are like a big air bag, after holding the breath, the specific gravity of the human body is lighter than water, and it can float out of the water (the specific gravity of the human body when exhaling is 1.057, slightly heavier than water).
3. Never try to stick your whole head out of the water, this will be a fatal mistake, because for people who can't swim sticking your head out of the water is impossible, this inevitable failure will make the person who falls into the water even more nervous and passive, which will make the whole self-rescuer a lost cause.
4. When the rescuer appeared, the water as long as the sanity still exists, never panic to grasp the rescuer's hands, legs, waist and other parts, must listen to the rescuer's command, so that he took you to swim to shore. Otherwise, not only can not save themselves, but even involve the rescuer's life.
5. Swimmers, if a calf cramp occurs, to remain calm, take the backstroke position, use your hands to bend the toes of the leg to the dorsal side of the cramp, which can make the spasm loosen, and then slowly swim to shore.
(1) for hand and foot cramps, if it is a finger cramp, you can make a fist of your hand, and then open it with force, and repeat it several times until the cramp is eliminated;
(2) if it is a cramp of the calf or toe, first inhale a breath of air and float on your back, then use the hand on the opposite side of the cramped limb to hold the toes of the cramped limb and pull them hard in the direction of the body, and at the same time, use the same side of the hand to press on the knee of the cramped limb to help the cramped limb.
(3) If you have a thigh cramp, you can use the same method of stretching the cramped muscle to solve the problem.
Rescuing a drowning person
1. Note: If you are not professionally trained to rescue a person or do not have a life-saving license, please do not go into the water to rescue a person. Remember: just because you can swim doesn't mean you can save lives.
2. If you find someone drowning, immediately notify 119 and the local rescue workers for help.
3. When drowning occurs, the people on the shore should not go directly into the water, the best way to rescue is to throw the rope tied to the lifebuoy or long pole type of thing, do not go into the water with your bare hands to save people, you can make use of the local materials, trees, vines, branches, wood, mineral water bottles can be utilized to save people.
4. Rescue the drowning need to enter the water, must first undress pants, so as not to be entangled in the drowning to and can not get out. Swim to the drowning person in front of about 3 to 5 meters, first sucked a big breath to dive into the water from the back of the drowning person to rescue, so as not to be trapped by the other side. It must be known that when a person is facing the moment of death, the power of the force is absolutely amazing, in case of being entangled in the drowning person, you should quickly try to get rid of it, otherwise it is certain that you will die. If you are not in good condition, do not try to go into the water, you better just call for help, thus becoming a land hero.
There are two ways to get rid of a drowning man:
(a) clench your fist and hit the back of his head, so that he is unconscious, and then dragged to shore.
(2) take a deep breath and hold it, the other party underwater, such as the same, but the drowning man at this time in order to inhale, must step on your shoulder, you can take this opportunity to hold him for three to five seconds, so that his head out of the water, smooth air exchange and observation of the surrounding area, with the companions on the shore of the wood, wood, Bowtie bottles and other floating objects into the water, as long as the drowning man grabbed any of these things can be life-saving.
5. In the water to drag the injured head and neck and upper back into a straight line as far as possible, and maintain face up and out of the water, if the drowning person breathing is not ideal, even if still in the water should begin to give artificial respiration.
Shore resuscitation of the drowning person (on-site first aid): the principle of on-site resuscitation is the same, to restore breathing and heartbeat as soon as possible.
1. The first step in the first aid is to notify the 120, and the injured must be cervical spine injuries to deal with, in order to avoid first aid after the injured has become a vegetable, in the foreign literature report, some people against improper first aid caused by spinal damage.
2. Eliminate the foreign body rescue: save up only half of the work, so that the drowning person is the other half of the resuscitation, and to save lives is equally important. First of all, clean up the drowning person's mouth and nose sludge, sputum, dentures, denture removal, ambulance personnel, one-legged knees, the drowning person lying prone on the thigh of the ambulance, through the position of the drowning person's body water discharged from the trachea and mouth (some rural areas will be the drowning person lying down in the back of the cow, head and feet hanging down, driving the cow to walk, so that the water control, and to play a role in artificial respiration), will be drowning person's head turned to the side to let the water flow out of his mouth and nose, and keep the upper respiratory system. Turn the drowning person's head to the side, so that water can flow out of his mouth and nose, and keep the upper respiratory tract open. Turn the head back to the front. (The first aider can also pour out water by holding the drowning person's waist from behind, so that his/her back is turned upward and his/her head is turned downward).
3. Rescue after getting out of the water: If you are qualified and trained you can do cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (the public would do well to learn CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) techniques to save lives and save themselves.) But if you don't know CPR seek assistance immediately. While you are waiting try mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, it can save lives. If the drowning person's breathing has stopped, immediately perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, along with chest heart massage.
The following steps show you how to do mouth-to-mouth resuscitation:
A. Determine whether the unconscious person is breathing or not by looking at his or her chest to see if breathing is visible.
B. Place the drowning person on his or her back.
C, For a universal safety measure, wear latex gloves if possible, get the person's mouth open, and use your fingers to get rid of any obstruction in the throat or airway.
D: To avoid transmission of HIV or other deadly viruses through saliva, place your disposable catheter bag over your mouth and his mouth (obviously, you don't have to do this if the person is a close family member)
E: Place one hand on the drowning person's jaw and the other on his forehead. Cock his head until you can clear his airway; the drowning person's mouth should be open.
F. Pinch the nostrils to close them.
G, You take deep breaths.
H, Cover his mouth completely with yours.
I, Blow hard into the drowning person's mouth and do this four times in a row.
J. If you are doing this for an adult, stop for 5 seconds and then repeat steps F through I. If you are doing this for a child, or an infant, stop for 3 seconds and then repeat steps F through I.
K. Repeat the process
4. You are not out of the woods when the drowning person begins to breathe and choke on air. In fact, the 48 hours after drowning are the most dangerous. Complications from drowning, such as pneumonia and heart failure, can occur during this period, so you should get the drowning person to a hospital as soon as possible.
[edit]Emergency Plan for Drowning Rescue
(From Henan University of Technology Emergency Plan for Drowning Rescue):
I. Emergency Organization and Responsibilities
The school has set up the Emergency Leadership Group for Drowning Rescue, with the following members:
Leader: Vice President in charge of the security work
Members, Director of the Office of the President, Director of the Security Office, Director of the Student Affairs Office, Director of the Logistics Management Office, General Manager of the Logistics Group Company
Drowning rescue emergency leading group's duties are in accordance with the provisions of this plan, leadership, command of the relevant personnel division of labor, close cooperation, each in its own way, and quickly carry out rescue and aftermath of the handling of matters related to the work. The leading group set up four working groups, its composition and duties are:
1. Rescue group
Team leader: Fire Protection Division Chief
Members: 10 members of the Security Department school guards, logistics group head office of 6
Responsibilities: Rescue group personnel in the rescue notification, should be rushed to the scene of the drowning, and first of all, the use of life-saving equipment for emergency rescue. On-site life-saving equipment for emergency rescue; if necessary, should also be stored in the west end of the first floor of the building as soon as possible in the storage room of the diving and life-saving equipment to the scene, the organization of personnel rescue in the water, and strive to minimize the loss.
2. Information Liaison Group
Team Leader: Director of the Security Department Monitoring and Command Center
Members: Security Department Monitoring and Alarm Command Center staff
Working Responsibilities: Responsible for receiving alarms; immediately notify the rescue team to the rescue site in the first time after receiving the alarm, and at the same time timely and accurately to the leading group and the relevant departments to report on the development of the situation Responsible for the leading group's instructions to the groups and related units and personnel; according to the leading group's instructions to "110", "119" for help.
3. Logistical support and medical rescue group
Team leader: Director of Logistics Management Office
Deputy leader: Dean of the University Hospital
Members: a number of nurses from the University Hospital, a number of members of the school guards of the Security Office
Responsibilities: responsible for on-site rescue and mobilization of rescue materials, vehicles, etc., and to help do a good job of rescue work; rescue drowning people on site, and call the police as appropriate, and then call the police. On-site rescue, depending on the situation, call "120" emergency telephone.
4. vigilance and material collection group
Team leader: security section chief
Members: security school guards several
Responsibilities: vigilance group in the drowning rescue notification, should quickly arrive at the scene of the rescue, maintenance of order at the scene, evacuation of the rescue area of the casualties; on-site protection, and collection of information, such as records of witnesses, units, names, on-site photography, on-site photography, and the collection of information, such as the witnesses, the name, the name, the name and the name of the witness, the name and the name of the witness. Unit, name, on-site photography, on-site video.
Two, emergency procedures
(a) daily prevention
1. Adhere to the prevention-oriented. The management of on-campus waters should strengthen safety management, set up warning signs and no-swimming signs around the waters, and conduct regular safety inspections around them, so as to take precautions before it happens.
2. The Security Office should use monitoring equipment to monitor the water surface 24 hours a day, with the water management department to detect possible safety hazards in a timely manner.
3. The security office should set up the necessary life-saving equipment around the water and store life jackets, rescue ropes, diving suits and other life-saving equipment nearby.
4. The Security Office should set up a joint drowning rescue team with the water management department, the school hospital and other relevant departments, and conduct life-saving drills from time to time to improve the life-saving ability.
(II) Emergency Rescue Treatment
1. After the occurrence of drowning, the witnesses at the scene are obliged to call the police at 3987110 immediately. After receiving the alarm, the monitoring and alarm command center should quickly notify the rescue team to the scene to rescue, and at the same time to report to the leading group, to each working group to convey the leading group of relevant instructions.
2. After receiving the alarm, members of the leading group should immediately arrive at the scene of the accident and direct the rescue group, the logistic support and medical care group, and the alert and material collection group to carry out the on-site rescue; they should direct the logistic support and medical care group to ensure the supply of the relevant materials and carry out the on-site first aid and other work.
3. After the rescue of the drowning scene, the vigilance and material collection group should assist the public security department or other relevant departments to investigate the cause of drowning, and report the conclusions to the leading group, as the leading group of the drowning accident after the treatment of the basis.
First aid for drowning in children (Youinpei)
Babies and children can drown even in very shallow water. Be sure to keep children away from places such as bath tubs or washing machines. And, to prepare for the unlikely event of drowning, learn artificial respiration, cardiac massage, and other methods of bringing people back to life.
First things to do:
Call out loud
Call names to confirm consciousness
Check the nose to measure breath and confirm breathing
Observe whether there is a heartbeat
Take first-aid measures:
When conscious: Keep warm with a blanket and other fruits and take to the hospital
When drowned with When there is a lot of water and the stomach is bulging, lay the child on his or her back, press the hands on the abdomen and lift up the waist to make the child spit out the water. Alternatively, the rescuer sits, places the child's belly on his or her knees, puts the child's head down and taps him or her on the back.
When unconscious:
If the drowning person is unconscious, quickly place the drowning person on his back, tilt his head to the side, and remove the silt, weeds, and vomit from his mouth and nose. If the drowning person's breathing is weak or no respiration, it should be quickly artificial respiration. The method of artificial respiration is: place the drowning person in supine position, the rescuer pinches the nostrils of the drowning person with one hand, breaks open the mouth of the drowning person with one hand, inhales y, and then blows mouth-to-mouth rapidly, and then repeat the process until breathing is restored. The frequency of artificial respiration is 12~20 times per minute. If the drowning person's breathing and heartbeat have stopped, CPR should be performed immediately. First aiders on the drowning of the middle sternum for cardiac compression, fingers into the 1-2 cm, downward pressure should be slow, relaxation should be fast, 80 ~ 100 times per minute, and artificial respiration coordinated with each other to operate, if a single person to perform rescue, cardiac compression and artificial respiration operation ratio of 15:1, such as 2 people to perform, then the ratio of cardiac compression and artificial respiration is 15:2 (the latest international standards).