Weakness of the question type of the solution and support the question type of the solution of the idea is roughly the same, except that the answer to the passage of reasoning is just the opposite of the role of the answer. As long as an option is placed between the premises and the conclusion, so that the likelihood of the paragraph reasoning is valid or the conclusion is correct, this option is the correct answer, so the weakening of the answer can be either a necessary condition for the paragraph reasoning is not valid, can be a sufficient condition, can also be neither sufficient nor necessary conditions.
(a) There is no connection or difference between the premises and the conclusion
If there is no connection or difference between the premises and the conclusion, then the conclusion can not necessarily be drawn from this premise, and it is also very good to play a weakening role.
■30.In the past, most airlines tried to save fuel by minimizing the weight of their planes. Back then the safest airplane seats were very heavy, so only very few of these seats were installed. This year, the safest seats are sold. This is very clear evidence that airlines are now more inclined to emphasize safety in terms of both safety and fuel savings.
Which of the following, if true, would most strongly weaken the above conclusion?
A. The airplane seats that sold in volume last year were not the safest seats.
B. All airlines always claim that they take safety more seriously than other companies.
C. Gas prices have increased this year compared with those years when safety seats sold poorly.
D. Seats are more expensive this year than ever before because of the higher cost of raw materials.
E. Thanks to technological innovation, the safest seats this year are instead lighter than average.
[解题分析] Correct Answer: E.
The main line of reasoning in the question is that "airlines have purchased more safety seats → airlines are more likely to emphasize safety than fuel efficiency." To weaken this reasoning, we need to show that there is no connection between the two.
The answer to this question is obvious. The argument of the question stem must be based on the assumption that the safest seats sold this year are still, as they have been in the past, causing more fuel consumption because they are heavier than the average seat. Otherwise, there would be no reason to conclude that because the safest seats were sold this year, airlines now tend to emphasize safety more in terms of both safety and fuel savings.E concludes that this assumption cannot be sustained, and, therefore, strongly weakens the conclusion of the question stem. The rest of the items do not weaken and in fact support the argument of the stem.
■31. Researchers at Long-Term Motors found that the "stiffer" a car's damping system was, the more irritating it was for the driver. Therefore, they suggested that Changtian Automobile Manufacturing Company design all of its new products with stiffer damping systems to increase sales of its products.
Which of the following, if true, most weakens the researchers' recommendation?
A. The original cars manufactured by Chang Tian had "softer" damping systems.
B. The more exciting it is to drive a car, the faster it is likely to go and the more likely it is to get into an accident.
C. Most people buy cars for convenience and comfort, and a "hard" shock absorber system makes it really hard to move around.
D. Nowadays, "hard" damping systems are becoming popular, especially among young drivers.
E. Some older people do not buy cars for the thrill of driving.
[解题分析] Correct Answer: C.
The main line of logic in the question is "the harder the car is, the more exciting it is → the harder it is, the better it sells."
The main logic of the question is "the harder the car, the more exciting it is→the harder it is, the better it sells." To weaken this line of reasoning, we need to show that there is no connection between the two.
Specifically, the recommendation in the question is based on the assumption that most car buyers like to feel the thrill of driving, an assumption that is challenged by items C and E. However, while item E is not as strong as it could be if it involved only older people, item C asserts that most people buy cars for the convenience and comfort of the car and do not like to feel the thrill of the ride over bumps. This makes it difficult to justify the suggestion in the question.
Item B asserts that driving a car is irritatingly harmful. Even if this harm does exist, as long as the majority of car buyers enjoy the thrill, the suggestion in the question still holds true because the direct purpose of the suggestion is to increase sales. Therefore, even if item B weakens the recommendation of the question, it is not very strong. The rest of the items do not weaken the suggestion.
(ii) The inference is unworkable or meaningless
Another important way of weakening is to point out that the inference is unworkable or meaningless, or to directly oppose the reason, that is, by directly stating that the premise of the original inference is incorrect, the purpose of the conclusion will be achieved*.
■32. Northern Airways implemented a 65% discount on teachers' airfare, which is actually a business strategy to attract passengers, the airline did not actually make concessions, because when the fullness rate of a particular flight on a particular day exceeds 90%, the sale of discounted tickets for that day will be discontinued, and even during peak periods, flights are seldom fuller than 90% of the time. There are seats available, so why not promote it at a discounted rate.
Which of the following, if true, would most strongly weaken the above argument?
A. The vast majority of teacher-passengers do not choose Northern Airlines flights because of the discounted fares.
B. The airline's turnover in July, when the concessionary fare was introduced, was 30% higher than in February, when the concessionary fare was not introduced.
C. The implementation of preferential fares for teachers is a sign of respect for the teaching profession and should not be evaluated from a utilitarian point of view.
D. The airline implemented seasonal fare adjustments in conjunction with the teacher discount.
E. The airline's flights have an average fill rate of 50 percent throughout the year.
[Solution Analysis] Correct Answer: A.
Because "the vast majority of teacher passengers do not choose Northern's flights because of the discounted fares", then Northern's 65% discount on teachers' flights does not actually attract passengers, but rather reduces the company's revenue. Instead, it reduces the company's revenue, which means that this practice is not feasible. Options C and D are irrelevant comments, options B and E strengthen the argument, should not be selected.
■33. The managers of Changsheng found that the total cost of the company's products was much higher than that of other companies in the same industry, so they could only sell them at high prices in the market, resulting in weaker competitiveness. Through the study, the company decided to reduce the wages of workers so that they are similar to those of other companies in the same industry.
Which of the following, if true, would make the firm's decision less effective?
A. The quality of Changsheng's products is comparable to that of other companies.
B. Changsheng's selling expenses are greater than those of other companies.
C. The total wages of Changsheng's employees account for only a small portion of the product cost.
D. Changsheng Company's equipment is outdated.
E. Changsheng's delivery speed is not particularly fast.
[Solution Analysis] Correct Answer: C.
What you're trying to do isn't really feasible at all, and that's the idea behind this type of "weakening" question. Option C says that "the total wages of Changsheng's employees account for only a small fraction of the product's cost," which defeats your dream of significantly reducing the company's total costs by lowering workers' wages. None of the other options have much to do with this measure.
(C) The existence of other factors affecting the inference
If the question is premised on a fact, study, finding, or series of data to introduce a conclusion that explains the said fact or data, the conclusion can be weakened by pointing out that there are other possibilities for explaining the facts of the original article, i.e., the existence of other factors affecting the inference.
■34. In response to the serious situation at the time of the frequent occurrence of workplace accidents in construction, the relevant state departments promulgated the Rules for the Implementation of Work Safety in the Construction Industry. However, in the two years since the promulgation of the Rules, statistics covering the whole country have shown that the number of workers injured or killed in construction has continued to increase every year. This shows that the Rules have not been effectively implemented.
Which of the following, if true, best weakens the above argument?
A. In the two years following the promulgation of the Rules, there has been a large increase in the number of construction projects under construction.
B. Strict enforcement of the Rules will inevitably increase the cost of production in the construction industry.
C. In the statistics referred to in the question, the number of workers killed in accidents has declined as compared to that before the promulgation of the Rules.
D. After the implementation of the Rules, the standard of compensation and pension for injured workers has been increased compared to before.
E. In the two years following the promulgation of the Rules, there has been a significant increase in the number of employees working in the construction industry.
[Solution Analysis] Correct Answer: E.
The main line of logic in this question is "the number of injuries and deaths increased even after the Rules were published → the Rules were ineffective in their implementation", and to weaken the argument is to show that there are other factors affecting the inference.
The measure of the effectiveness of the Rules is not an increase or decrease in the absolute number of casualties, but an increase or decrease in the proportion of casualties, and E asserts that the number of people working in the construction industry increased significantly in the two years following the promulgation of the Rules. If this assertion is true, it is entirely possible that although the number of workers killed or injured in construction has continued to increase in each of the two years, the proportion of such workers among all construction workers has decreased, indicating that the implementation of the Rule has been effective. This weakens the argument of the question.
Item A asserts that in the two years following the promulgation of the Rules, there has been a large increase in the number of construction projects under construction. It is possible that an increase in the number of projects could have caused an increase in the number of employees (which makes A a weakening of the stem), but not necessarily an increase in the number of employees. There are different sizes of projects, and it is entirely possible that the number of projects has increased, but the number of employees has decreased instead. Therefore, item A does not weaken the question as much as item E does.
C weakens the question, but obviously not as much as E. The rest do not weaken the question. The rest do not weaken the question.
■35.Divorce rates have been rising worldwide since 1940. As a result, the proportion of single-parent children, that is, children who live with only one of their biological parents, must be higher in the world today than it was in 1940.
Which of the following assertions about the relevant situation worldwide, if true, best challenges the above inference?
A. Developments in medical technology in relatively peaceful environments since 1940, and especially since the 1970s, have led to dramatic reductions in mortality among young and middle-aged married men and women.
B. The remarriage rate among divorced men and women has increased every year since 1980, but the remarriage rate among them is extremely low.
C. The total number of children in the world is now more than twice what it was in 1940.
D. The average age of couples in first marriages has been rising every year since 1970.
E. The average number of children per couple is now lower than it was in 1940.
[解题分析] Correct Answer: A.
The main line of logic in this question is "the divorce rate is rising → the proportion of single-parent children is rising", and to weaken the argument is to show that there are other factors affecting the inference.
If the assertion in A is true, then while the divorce rate was lower in 1940 than it is today, the mortality rate for young married men and women was much higher than it is today, i.e., the proportion of single-parent children living with a divorced parent in 1940 must have been lower than it is today, but the proportion of single-parent children living with a widowed biological parent must have been higher than it is today. This raises a serious challenge to the inference of the question. None of the remaining items can be challenged.
(D) Directly weakening the inference
First of all, it is clear what the conclusion or point of view of the question is, and if we find an option that contradicts it, then it is the right answer, and this weakening is "directly weakening the inference".
■36. Some species of dolphins use echolocation to find prey: they emit a ticking sound and then receive echoes reflected from distant objects in the water. Marine biologists hypothesize that these ticking sounds may serve another purpose: dolphins use unusually high-frequency ticking sounds to overload the senses of their prey, thereby stunning them in close proximity.
Which of the following, if true, best challenges this speculation?
A. Dolphins use echolocation to detect prey not only at long distances but also at medium distances.
B. As a prey-detection signal, the dolphin emits a ticking sound that is imperceptible to the senses of its prey, and that only the dolphin is able to perceive and thus localize.
C. Even if the high-frequency marks emitted by dolphins stun their prey, the effect is short-lived.
D. The sound waves emitted by bats not only enable them to detect their prey, but they also form a special stimulus for their prey, which helps the bat to capture its prey.
E. The farther away the prey the dolphin wants to catch is from itself, the higher the ticking sound it makes.
[Solution Analysis] Correct Answer: B.
This question is similar to "1997-1-34".
If B is true, then the marine biologist's hypothesis is clearly untenable, since the dolphin's ticking sound cannot be perceived by its prey, let alone overload its senses and knock it unconscious. None of the rest can be challenged.
■37. Australia is a sparsely populated country, not only is labor expensive, but it is difficult to hire workers, many ranchers are worried about this. A rancher named Del adopted a solution, he used the power grid to enclose his pasture, safe and reliable, but do not need many cattle workers. But opponents argued that this would cause a lot of wasted electricity, increase expenses for the ranchers, and not save enough of the country's resources.
Which of the following, if true, weakens the critics' case against Del?
A. The grid stopped drawing power 10 days after it was energized, and the cattle would not approach and touch the grid because of the punishing experience.
B. Saving human resources is also a great asset for the country.
C. The use of power grids is violent grazing for the cattle and is not in line with the basic idea of animal protection.
D. Del's practice prevents the cattle from getting lost and prevents people with bad intentions from stealing them.
E. Del's approach is a novel idea and can be considered for use in other areas to save valuable human resources.
[解题分析] Correct Answer: A.
If the assertion in A is true, the waste of electricity blamed by the opponents in the question, if it exists at all, lasts at most 10 days, which weakens the accusation against Del in the question.B weakens the accusation but fails to say whether the human resources saved are enough to compensate for the waste of electricity, and is therefore not strong enough. strong. The rest of the items do not weaken the accusation in the question.
(E) to cover the whole with bias
to cover the whole with bias is incomplete inductive reasoning is prone to logical errors, if the reasoning of the question stem of this logical error, weakening the way is to come up with reasons to show that this incomplete induction of the conclusion is wrong. In fact, this type of question is the way to weaken the "premise and the conclusion of no connection or difference" of a special case.
■38. In the first half of this year, from January through June, about 3 million VCRs were sold across the country. This is only 35% of the total number of VCRs sold last year. This shows that the number of VCRs sold this year will definitely be less than that of last year.
Which of the following, if true, best weakens the above conclusion?
A. Fewer VCRs were sold last year than the year before.
B. Most households interested in VCRs already have at least one.
C. The selling price of VCRs is cheaper this year than last year.
D. About 60% of the VCRs sold last year were sold in January.
E. Generally, more than 70% of the annual sales of VCRs are made in the last two months of the year.
[Solution Analysis] Correct Answer: E.
The main line of reasoning in the question is that the first half of this year accounts for only 35% of last year's annual sales, and this year's sales will be less than last year's. To weaken the reasoning, we need to show that there is a difference between the two, that is, the first half of the year is not an indication of the whole year, and that the first half of the year is not an indication of the whole year, and that the first half of the year is not an indication of the whole year. The stem reasoning makes the mistake of generalization.
E asserts that, in general, more than 70% of the annual sales of VCRs are made in the last two months of the year. If this assertion is true, then although sales in the first half of this year were only 35% of last year's entire year, it is highly likely that production for the entire year exceeded last year's. This seriously undermines the conclusion of the question.
Item C weakens the conclusion of the question, but not as much as item E. The rest of the items do not weaken the conclusion of the question. None of the remaining items weaken the stem.
■39. Most software developers in China are very indifferent to the "copyright awareness", do not know how to protect their legitimate rights and interests through copyright. A recent survey of more than 500 software developers showed that only 20% of those who made a development plan also made a plan to apply for copyright.
Which of the following, if true, best undermines this conclusion?
A. Having a copyright filing program in place does not mean that there is a strong sense of copyright awareness; it is a matter of practice.
B. There are many software developers who don't have a copyright filing program in place, but file for copyright after the software is completed.
C. Some software developers do not know where to apply for copyright. Some copyright processing organizations also have poor service attitude.
D. The cultivation of copyright awareness requires a good legal environment. People should protect their own copyrights as well as respect the copyrights of others.
E. There are tens of thousands of computer software developers other than the 500 software developers surveyed, and it is necessary to further investigate their "copyright awareness".
[Solution Analysis] Correct Answer: B.
This question is similar to "1997-1-27" and "1998-1-25".
Many software developers apply for copyrights after the software is finished and are still copyright-conscious. Weakens the conclusion that "most software developers in China have very little awareness of copyright".
Option A also questions whether software developers who "have a plan to apply for copyright" are really "copyright-conscious", which strengthens the conclusion of the question. Note the difference between "many" and "some". D is about the ideal situation, while the question is about the real situation. e is about the need for further investigation, but it does not significantly weaken the argument of the question. This is because the current survey is already a large sample. Also, further investigation may lead to conclusions that further strengthen the argument of the stem.
(F) inversion of cause and effect
If the two types of factors A and B are closely related, the stem pointed out that A is the cause of B, then to weaken it, you can state that B is the cause of A, which is known as the "inversion of cause and effect".
■40. A recent survey showed that the students of Normal University attached to the degree of fascination with roller skating far more than any other game, while the survey found that the average academic performance of students who often play roller skating is relatively better than that of other students. It seems that playing roller skating can improve students' academic performance.
Which of the following, if true, best weakens the inference above?
A. Normal University High School made an agreement with the student's parents that if the child did not rank in the top twenty in academic performance, both parties*** would forbid the student to play roller skating.
B. Roller skating is a great way to get in shape and make sure you're learning.
C. Roller skaters are guided by the school so that some of them don't neglect their studies.
D. Roller skating helps to develop intelligence and improve academic performance.
E. Playing roller skating is difficult, and it can exercise students' perseverance in overcoming difficulties to do a good job, which is helpful to learning.
[解题分析] Correct Answer: A.
Typical cause-and-effect inversion type of question. Option A reveals an additional piece of information that suggests that students who regularly play roller skating are screened to play because of good grades, not because of good grades.
Options B, D, and E all support the inference of the stem and are eliminated; option C is somewhat weakening but too weak.
■41. A college recently conducted a survey on whether scholarships contributed to academic efficiency, and the results showed that students who received scholarships were, on average, 25 percent more efficient in their studies than those who did not. The survey included attendance at self-study, average time taken to complete assignments, average daily reading and many other indicators. This is a clear indication of the role of scholarships in helping students become more effective in their studies.
Which of the following, if true, best weakens the above argument?
A. Scholarships are usually awarded because those students have good study habits and high study efficiency.
B. Scholarship recipients can more easily improve their study environment to make their studies more efficient.
C. Students who study inefficiently usually study for long hours and lack normal rest.
D. The study of the relationship between academic efficiency and the number of scholarships should be carried out by quantitative methods.
E. Students who do not receive scholarships generally feel too much pressure to study and find it difficult to improve their study efficiency.
[解题分析] Correct Answer: A.
The cause and effect are inverted. It is not because of the scholarship that you are more efficient in your studies, but because you are more efficient in your studies that you get the scholarship.