1 according to the form of construction
Personal defense project can be divided into tunnel project, pit project, stacking project and excavation project according to the form of construction.
Tunnel project
Tunnel project is most of the main ground below the lowest entrance and exit of the excavation project, mostly built on level ground.
Trench works
Trench works are most of the main ground is higher than the lowest entrance and exit of the concealed excavation works, mostly built in the mountainous or hilly land.
Stacked works
Stacked works are works where most of the structure is above the original ground surface and covered by backfill.
Excavated works
Excavated works are works constructed by open excavation method and most of the structures are below the original ground surface, including single-construction works and annexed-construction works. Single-construction project is generally not directly linked to the upper part of the building; attached to the upper part of the project has a solid building, also known as air-raid basement.
Early human defense projects are mostly tunnel projects. since the 80's, the construction of human defense has implemented a strategic change in the guiding ideology, emphasizing the integration of peace and war, for the economic construction and urban construction services, the new construction of human defense projects are mostly excavation projects, the location of the better, higher quality. At the same time, in order to attract people to the ground down, to provide people with a more comfortable environment, some of the human defense project decoration grade is generally higher than the ground building.
2 by wartime function
Personal defense works by wartime function is divided into command and communication works, medical rescue works, air defense engineering, personnel sheltering works and other supporting works of five categories.
Command and communication engineering
Command and communication engineering refers to all levels of human defense command post and its communications, power, water and other ancillary projects;
Medical rescue engineering
Medical rescue engineering is the wartime provision of medical care underground hospitals, underground emergency hospitals, the general term for the medical rescue point;
Air defense team engineering
Air defense engineering
Air defense team engineering
Air defense engineering
Air defense engineering
Air defense engineering
Air defense engineering
Professional air defense team project refers to all levels of rescue and repair, rescue, firefighting, chemical defense, communications, transportation, security professional team project and the corresponding ancillary works;
Personnel shelter project
Personnel shelter project refers to all levels of the party, government and military organs, as well as groups, enterprises and public institutions, residential shelter project and its ancillary supporting works;
Other Supporting works
Other supporting works refer to underground hospitals, various types of warehouses, production workshops, evacuation of motorized arteries, connecting passages, regional power stations, water supply stations, nuclear and chemical monitoring stations, sound alarm stations and so on. Human defense projects are divided into underground hotels (guest houses), underground shopping malls (stores), underground restaurants (hotels, restaurants, bars, cafes) according to their usual use.
Underground arts and cultural activities (including dance halls, movie theaters, exhibition rooms, video screening halls, karaoke halls, shooting ranges, playgrounds, billiard rooms, swimming pools, etc.), underground classrooms, offices, auditoriums (meeting rooms), test (experimental) rooms, underground hospitals (operating rooms, first aid stations, medical stations), underground production workshops, warehouses, power stations, reservoirs, underground over the street, underground parking, Underground garage, etc.
Expanded Information:
Digging open type human defense project, refers to the use of the first excavation project pit earth to the design elevation, and then pouring the project, and then backfill the method of construction of the human defense project. For the use of excavation method of construction of the usual wartime use for underground passageway that is tunnel, should also be categorized into the category of excavation works; for the pit tunnel project cut to the long use of excavation method of construction of the part, from the perspective of the implementation of the pricing quota, in addition to the cut of the earth and stone, should also be included in the excavation works of the corresponding scope of the implementation of the quota.
Digging open type of civil defense project, according to the project on the ground whether there is a ground building, and is divided into a single building type of civil defense project and attached to the building type of civil defense project. Single building and attached to the construction of human defense works in the construction method there is no difference, only in the engineering design to determine the load factors to be considered differently.
Attached human defense works and ground building boundaries of the division, generally to the top surface of the top plate of the human defense project for the boundary, the top surface of the top plate above the surface should be attributed to the ground building calculations.
Because of the construction period limitations or due to other requirements, the use of inverse method of construction works, that is, the first excavation project roof parts of the earth, drilling and construction of columns, and then poured the roof, back to the soil to restore the ground traffic, and then in the roof under the cover of concealed excavation of the earth, poured the base plate, the wall, etc. to complete the structure of the project, according to the inverse method of constructing the human defense project from the construction method, between the excavation type and the pit and the ground construction, but from the type of structural stresses. But from the force structure type and completely different from the pit tunnel project, only slightly different construction method of excavation project.
Personal defense project has good protective performance, but to play its due role, but also must master the correct use of methods and requirements, in order to achieve the purpose of protection. To be sheltered personnel, should pay attention to the following aspects.
1. After getting the warning order to transfer to the wartime state, we should remain calm and composed, obey the unified command of the city's human defense headquarters, rapid and orderly protection ready.
2. Prepare to enter the human defense project shelter should carry items: including closed storage of non-perishable food and drinking water, personal medicines, flashlights, can be used as a personal anti-drug equipment, personal necessities and documents. Do not bring smelly, flammable or explosive items. The size of the packages brought into the project should not be too large, and it should be easy to enter and exit the project.
3. You should know all kinds of air-raid warning signals and their corresponding action contents, and be familiar with the location of your sheltered works, the shortest route to the works, and the identification signs of the entrance to the air-raid works during the day and night.
4. When you hear the air-raid warning, you should enter the nearby civil defense project as fast as possible. When entering the civil defense project, we should keep calm and obey the organization and direction of the civil defense staff, do not cause confusion and crowding at the mouth of the project, which will affect the speed of entering the project.
5. The use of open flame is strictly prohibited in the civil defense project, do not smoke, drink less water, do not urinate and defecate, food and drink residues, garbage should be centralized and closed storage.
6. To be sheltered to sit quietly, lying down, less activity, do not fool around, to maintain physical strength, reduce the consumption of oxygen in the project. Don't move all kinds of equipment in the project.
7. When the project local collapse, leakage of poison and other accidents, to be sheltered personnel to use simple protective equipment for personal protection, and follow the command, orderly transfer or isolation protection work, do not produce confusion.
8. Before the lifting of the air raid alarm, the personnel to be sheltered shall not open the door to leave the project, to prevent the surrounding contaminated air and radioactive substances are brought into the project. After the alarm is lifted, to prevent people from suddenly crowded out of the civil defense works, resulting in confusion and congestion.
References: