What is the use of petroleum?

Oil can be refined into gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, asphalt, lubricants, paraffin, etc. for use in the country's economic production and in the daily lives of residents. \x0d\\\x0d\\ petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a brownish-black combustible viscous liquid extracted from deep underground. It is mainly a mixture of various alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. It is a mixture formed over a long period of evolution by organisms in ancient oceans or lakes, and is a fossil fuel, like coal. \x0d\\\\x0d\the origin of petroleum\x0d\the earliest mention of the word "petroleum" was in the Taiping Guangji (太平广记), a book compiled by the Northern Song Dynasty of China in 977 AD. The official name "petroleum" is based on the name given to the oil by Shen Kuo (1031-1095), an outstanding scientist of the Northern Song Dynasty, in his book "Mengxi Bianan", which is based on the fact that the oil is "born in the sand between the water and the spring, mixed with the spring water, and confused and out". Before the word "oil" appeared, foreign countries called oil "the devil's sweat beads", "luminous water", etc., China called "stone fat water Before the word "petroleum" appeared, foreign countries called petroleum "devil's sweat", "luminous water", etc., and China called it "stone grease water", "fierce fire oil", "stone paint", etc. \x0d\\\\x0d\\ We can see petroleum or its accessories everywhere in our daily life, I don't know if you've noticed? For example, gasoline, diesel, kerosene, lubricants, asphalt, plastics, fibers and many more! These are all extracted from petroleum; and the natural gas (liquefied natural gas) we use every day is produced from specialized gas fields! It goes through gas pipelines and gas stations and then to the homes. \x0d\\\\\x0d\\currently there are two theories on the genesis of petroleum: (1) the inorganic theory that petroleum is formed in the basal magma; (2) the organic theory that both a variety of organic matter such as animals, plants, especially lower plants and animals such as algae, bacteria, mussels, fish, etc. buried in the ever-submerging hypoxic gulfs, _ lakes, deltas, lakes, etc. after death after a lot of physicochemical action, and finally gradually formed into petroleum. \x0d\\\\x0d\\ morphology and composition\x0d\crude oil is very rich in color red, golden yellow, dark green, black, maroon, and even transparent; the color of crude oil is the content of colloid and asphaltene it contains, the higher the content the darker the color. The lighter the color of crude oil, the better the oil quality! Transparent crude oil can be added directly to the automobile fuel tank instead of gasoline! The main components of crude oil are: oily (which is its main component), gummy (a sticky semi-solid substance), asphaltene (a dark brown or black brittle solid substance), and carbonaceous (a non-hydrocarbon compound). \x0d\\\\x0d\\Petroleum is a mixture of predominantly hydrocarbons, a colored, flammable, oily liquid with a distinctive odor! Natural gas consists of a mixture of various gases dominated by gaseous hydrocarbons, with a particular odor, colorless flammable gas mixture. \x0d\\\\\x0d\\ in the whole petroleum system is also a relatively fine division of labor: \x0d\\ physical exploration: specializing in the use of a variety of physical exploration equipment and combined with geological information in the possible oil and gas-bearing areas to determine the location of oil and gas layers; \x0d\\ drilling: the use of drilling machinery and equipment in the oil and gas-bearing areas to drill a petroleum well and record the geological information of the area; \x0d\ downhole operations: the use of well operation equipment to the surface to the wells, the use of the surface to the oil and gas-bearing areas and the use of the geological information of the area; \x0d\ downhole operations: the use of the ground to the surface to the wells. Downhole operation: Using downhole equipment to lower various downhole tools or production tubing into the well at the surface in order to record the production data of the well, or to make the well produce crude oil or natural gas normally and be responsible for the maintenance of the well in the future; \x0d\ oil extraction: Record the production data of the well during the normal production of the well and carry out the routine maintenance of the production equipment of the well; \x0d\ gathering: Responsible for the external transportation of crude oil; refining The transmission of crude oil to the oil field is carried out by a variety of mechanical equipment. Refining The crude oil delivered to the refinery will be refined into different petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, etc. as required! \x0d\\\\\x0d\\\the properties of petroleum vary according to the place of origin, the density of 0.8 ~ 1.0 g / cm 3, a wide range of viscosity, the freezing point varies greatly (30 ~ -60 ° C), the boiling point range of room temperature to more than 500 ° C, can be tolerant of a variety of organic solvents, insoluble in water, but can be with the water to form emulsions. The chemical elements that make up petroleum are mainly carbon (83% ~ 87%), hydrogen (11% ~ 14%), and the rest are sulfur (0.06% ~ 0.8%), nitrogen (0.02% ~ 1.7%), oxygen (0.08% ~ 1.82%), and trace metal elements (nickel, vanadium, iron, etc.). Hydrocarbons formed by the combination of carbon and hydrogen constitute the main component of petroleum, accounting for about 95% ~ 99% of the sulfur-containing, oxygen-containing, nitrogen-containing compounds are harmful to petroleum products, and should be removed as much as possible in petroleum processing. The structure and proportion of various hydrocarbons in petroleum of different origins vary greatly, but they mainly belong to three categories: alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Usually alkane-based oil is called paraffin-based oil; cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons are mainly called cyclic hydrocarbon-based oil; between the two is called intermediate-based oil. The main crude oil in China is characterized by high wax content, high freezing point, low sulfur content, medium nickel and nitrogen content, and very little vanadium content. Except for some oilfields, the gasoline fraction in crude oil is less, and residual oil accounts for 1/3 of the total, which is composed of different kinds of petroleum, with different processing methods and different product properties, and should be utilized to the fullest extent. The main characteristics of Daqing crude oil are high wax content, high freezing point, low sulfur content, is a low sulfur paraffin-based crude oil. \x0d\\\\x0d\\from searching for oil to utilizing it, it goes through four main stages, namely, searching, extraction, transportation and processing, which are generally referred to as "petroleum exploration" and "oilfield development" respectively, These four links are generally referred to as "oil exploration", "oil field development", "oil and gas gathering and transportation" and "oil refining". The following is a brief history of the development of the petroleum industry in these four areas. \x0d\\\x0d\\ "Oil exploration" has many methods, but whether there is oil in the ground or not ultimately depends on the drilling of wells to confirm. A country's progress in drilling technology often reflects the state of development of the country's oil industry, therefore, some countries are competing to announce that their country has drilled the world's first oil wells, in order to show that they have taken the earliest step in the development of the oil industry. \x0d\\\x0d\\ "Oil field development" refers to the drilling of wells to confirm the extent of the distribution of hydrocarbons, and there are wells that can be put into production to form a certain scale of production. In this sense, the development of the Ziliujing gas field in Fushun County, Sichuan Province in 1821 was the first natural gas field in the world. \x0d\\\x0d\\ "Oil and gas gathering and transportation" technology also came into being with the development of oil and gas, around 1875 AD, Ziliujing gas field using locally produced bamboo as raw material, to the section to open up the outside of the linen wrap coated with tung oil, connected to what we now call the "gas pipelines ", a total length of two or three hundred miles, in the Ziliujing area at the time, stretches of intertwined pipelines over the hills, through the ditches, forming a gas transmission network, so that the application of natural gas from the vicinity of the wells extended to the long-distance salt stove, to promote the development of the gas field, so that the natural gas to reach an annual production capacity of more than 70 million cubic meters. \x0d\\\\x0d\\ As for "petroleum refining", the beginning of the era is a little earlier, the Northern Wei Dynasty, written by the "Water Classic", the date of completion of the book is about 512 ~ 518 AD, the book introduced from the petroleum refining of lubricating oil. The British scientist Joseph pointed out in the relevant papers: "in the tenth century AD, China already has oil and a lot of use. It can be seen that before this time the Chinese people have distilled and processed petroleum". It shows that the petroleum refining process was developed in China as early as the sixth century AD. \x0d\\\\x0d\ oil is a liquid, mineral product with hydrocarbons as its main component. Crude oil is oil extracted from the ground, or natural oil. Manufactured oil is a liquid hydrocarbon extracted from coal or oil shale. The main elements that make up crude oil are carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. \x0d\\\\x0d\\ with a mixture of hydrocarbons of different structures as the main ingredients of a brown, dark green or black liquid.