"Ten thousand countries are all garrisoned, and the beacons are surrounded by the Gangshan Mountains." From Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu's Farewell to the Elderly, these two lines of the poem mean:The whole world has been heavily enlisted in the army, and the beacon fire of the war has filled up the mountain ranges.
The original text is as follows:
Farewell to the Elderly
Du Fu [Tang Dynasty]
The four suburbs are not yet quiet, and the old man is not allowed to have peace.
The children and grandchildren are all killed in battle.
Throwing my staff and going out, I am in the same boat.
It is fortunate that I have teeth, but the bone marrow is dry.
This is the first time I've ever seen a man with a family, so I'm going to say goodbye to my boss.
The old wife cried on the road, and her clothes were single at the end of the day.
Who knew it would be a parting of the dead, and the cold would come back to haunt them?
This time I will not return, but I still hear that I have to eat more.
The wall of the earth gate is very hard, and it is hard to get through the apricot orchard.
The situation is different from that of Yecheng.
Life has its clutches, and I don't choose the end of aging.
Remembering the days when I was young and strong, I sigh long and late.
All the countries have been recruited, and the beacons of fire have been put on the mountains.
The bodies of the dead were fishy, and the blood was shed on the plains.
What kind of a place is this, and what kind of a place is this?
It is a great honor for me to abandon my home, and to destroy my lungs and my liver.
Translated into the vernacular, it reads:
The wars in the four fields have not yet been pacified, but I am old and cannot find peace.
My children and grandchildren have all been martyred on the battlefield, and there is no need for my old life to be preserved in the chaos of war.
Throwing away my crutches, I went out to fight for my life, and those who traveled with me shed tears and sorrow for me.
Being happy that my teeth are intact and my appetite is still intact, I am sad that my bones are as thin and withered as firewood.
Both men and women are wearing armor from the military, but also have to long bowed to the resignation of the officer.
Heard the old companion on the way to sleep voice wailed, winter months is still pants thin single.
We know that this is the last time we will see each other for the last time, so how can the poor couple not pity her?
This is the last time I will ever return home, and I've heard her say it again and again, "I'm going to try to eat more".
The Tumen Pass is heavily defended, and the town of Xingyuan is a dangerous place where it is difficult to smuggle people.
The situation is not the same as the battle of Yecheng, even if it is time to die, there is a grace period.
The world of life has a clutch of sadness and happiness, which do not care about your hunger, cold, aging, sick and disabled!
Thinking of the former young and strong, the country is safe and secure, but can not help wandering stumbling long pouting and sighing.
The whole world is on high alert, and the fire of war has filled the mountains.
The bodies of the dead have been accumulated in the mountains, and the rivers and plains have been reddened by the bloodshed.
Where to find the paradise of the world in the fire of war, and how dare the king to kill the enemy and hesitate to hover.
They are the first to be able to do so, and they are the first to be able to do so, and they are the first to be able to do so!
There are some words and phrases that I feel the need to explain separately so that I can better understand the meaning of the poem:
Suburbs: the land around the capital.
Dying old: will be old.
Why use: which use.
The body is complete: to live alone.
These are the most important things in the history of the world, and they are the most important things in the world.
Throwing the cane: throwing away the cane.
Marrow and bone marrow dry: describes the aging of sinews and bones.
Medium: Judas armor, armor and helmet.
Long Greeting: the ritual of meeting one another without regard to honor or inferiority, with the hands raised high, from the top down. Shangguan: a local official.
Year-end: the end of the year.
Who knows: i.e., to know well, to know y.
Additional meals: more food and drink.
Tu Men: i.e., the entrance to Tu Men, near present-day Meng County in Heyang, was an important stronghold for the Tang army's defense at that time. Wall: barriers.
Hengyuan: southeast of present-day Ji County, Henan Province, an important stronghold for the defense of the Tang army at that time.
The situation is different: the situation is different.
How can I choose?
The situation is different, but the situation is not the same.
Late return: wandering.
Being Gang Rang: covered with mountains and hills.
Dan: red. The blood was shed in abundance, so the river plains were dyed red.
Hovering: to stay and not bear to leave.
Pengchou: thatched hut.
Collapsed: to describe the appearance of a broken liver.
The Lungs and the Liver: extreme grief.
What was the context of the poem when the author wrote it?
This poem was written in March of the second year of Qianyuan (759) of Tang Suzong. The Tang army was defeated in Yecheng because of the lack of trust in Guo Ziyi, Li Guangbi and other leaders of the Tang army, and the lack of a commander-in-chief of the armies. In order to turn the situation around, there was an urgent need to replenish the army, so the soldiers were forcibly recruited in the area west of Luoyang and east of Tongguan, and even old men and women were forced to serve in the army. This poem was composed against this historical background.
Now that we know the background and the meaning of the poem, let's analyze it:
After the defeat of the Tang army in Yecheng during the war to pacify the Anshi Rebellion, the imperial court, in order to prevent the rebels from re-introducing their forces to the west, conscripted the soldiers everywhere in the area of Luoyang, and even the old men and women were not spared. The poem "Farewell to the Elderly" is about an old man's farewell to his wife in the twilight of his military service.
At the beginning, the poet puts the old man in the turbulent atmosphere of the era of the "four suburbs are not quiet", and lets him reveal his encounter and feelings of "not being able to rest in peace in his old age", which is in a low tone, and gives people a sense of depression and oppression. He sighed and said, "All my children and grandchildren have been sacrificed in the war, and I am left as an old man, why do I have to live on!" The words are full of the old man's deep sadness. The war was approaching and the government wanted him to go to the front line, so the old man threw his walking stick and stepped out of the house tremblingly. "Throwing his walking stick out the door", the stroke of the pen, suggesting that the main character is a y righteous old man, he knows what he should do in these difficult times. But after all, he is old and weak, fellow warriors see this scene, can not help but sigh for the sigh. "The same act of sorrow", on the trend of falling, from the side of this has been in the wind candle old man's sad fate. "Fortunately, there are teeth, the sad bone marrow dry." The fact that his teeth are intact shows that he can still cope with the hard life on the front line, showing the old man's stubbornness; the bone marrow is about to be dried up, which makes him feel sad and angry. Here, the tone is again a rise and a fall, showing the complex contradictions and changes in the old man's heart in a twisted way. "As a man, the old man is already a man, he bows to his superior officer." As a man, the old man has already put on the military armor, so he will have no choice but to bid farewell to his superior officer and set off generously. The tone of voice appeared to be uplifted.
Then came the most heart-wrenching description of the whole poem: when he was about to leave his home, the old man wanted to hide from his wife and say goodbye without saying goodbye, so as to save infinite sadness. But after a few steps, he was greeted by his wife's cries of grief. His only relative had fallen down crying by the side of the road, and his ragged shirt was trembling in the cold wind. This sudden discovery caused the old man's heart to clench for a moment. Then unfolded between the old couple to suppress grief, love and compassion for each other tear-jerking psychological description: the old man knows that life is death, but also had to go up to help his old wife, for her cold and unsupportive swallowed sobs; the old wife was already crying tears, she also knew that her partner this go, ten percent is not to come back, but still there mute exhortation: "to the front, you have to take care of yourself, try to eat a lot of food. You should always take care of yourself and try your best to eat well!" This subsection of the delicate psychological description, in the structure is a big fall, the character of goodness and sorrow, sadness, hard to part with the situation, portrayed in the wood. As Wu Qixian said in "Essays on Du Poetry", "This trip has become a farewell to death, so why should I care? But a breath of life, can not be indifferent, so do not have time to grieve for their own death, but also hurt their cold; is the old wife also know that I do not return, but still with additional meals to comfort, and do not have time to think of their own cold, but also sad about my death." It is so touching, because the poet put "hurt his cold", "urge to add food" this kind of life is extremely common sympathy and comfort language, respectively, in the "is the death of goodbye", "will not return", respectively, in a very unusual and specific context. Coupled with the inexorable "and back", very unexpected "also heard", layer by layer, twisted writing, will receive a thrilling artistic effect.
The following six lines of the "earth door", with a wide interpretation of the language revitalized. After all, the old man is strong, he soon realized that he must break free from the miserable atmosphere in front of him. He could not help but think of the big picture, and further comforted his old wife, as well as himself: "Defending Heyang this time, the defense line at Tumen is still very strong, and it is not so easy for the enemy to cross the Yellow River to Xingyuan, the crossing point. The situation is different from the last Yecheng debacle, even if I die this time, it's still early! In life, there is always a reunion and a separation, regardless of whether you are young or old!" These pretense of relief words, although with the meaning of self-congratulation, can not completely cover up the old man's inner conflict, but also said the true feelings of the troubled times, more or less to alleviate the grief of the old wife. "Remember the old days of young and strong, late back to even long sigh." Seeing that it is about to break up, the old man can not help but think back to those peaceful days when he was young, and could not help but wander and sigh for a while. Here, the mood is a little pause, for the following waves, pre-prepared for the padding.
In the following six lines, the old man further led the conversation to reality, and issued a sad and generous cry: "Open your eyes and see! Nowadays, the world is full of war, beacon fires burning all over the mountains; the grass and trees emit the stench of corpses, the people's blood stained the vast mountains, where there is any happy land? How can we dare to think only of ourselves and still hesitate and worry?" This stanza has two meanings. First, it is a realistic and expansive picture of the life of the times, which is a true depiction of the shattered mountains and rivers and the charred people. He tells his old wife that earthly calamities do not just befall the two of them, the implication being that they should be more open-minded. First, in the face of the ferocious enemy, they can no longer hover, rather than wait for death, it is better to pounce on the front to fight. Through these vivid and generalized words, the poet portrays an upright, generous and patriotic old man, which is rare in Chinese poetry. From the point of view of the development of the poem, this is a great revitalization, and the difficult situation will finally come to an end.
"Abandoning my home, I have destroyed my lungs and liver." When he was about to say goodbye to his wife, the old man suddenly felt a bitter pain in his internal organs, as if he were cracking. This is not an ordinary parting, but to leave the hometown where he was born, grew up and grew old. Long suffering and ****, warm and cold related relatives, in a flash will not see, this situation, the old man can not bear. The emotional floodgates can no longer control, tears converge into a deep sorrow and pain on earth. This ending, the mood of a big drop, but contains a rich and long meaning: what will be the future of the old man walking alone, was left alone and lonely old wife will be in a desperate situation, the unpredictable situation will be how the development of the war, which will leave the reader to experience, imagination and pondering.
This short narrative poem is not characterized by plot twists and turns, but by the psychological portrayal of the characters. The poet uses the monologue tone of the old man complaining and sighing and comforting himself to develop the description, focusing on the complex psychological state of the character who is sometimes heavy with worry and anger, and sometimes open-minded and self-compassionate; and this changeable tone of mind determines the structural hierarchy of the poem, which, in the midst of the rigor and orderliness, is characterized by ups and downs and a wonderful twist of the edge of the feelings.
Du Fu out of the general poets, mainly because of his narrative and lyric, can be based on life, into the heart, analyze the micro-analysis, explore the pearl, through the individual to reflect the general, accurately and evocatively show the reality of life in his time, including the poet's own endless pain and disaster. It is no accident that his poems have earned the name of "History of Poetry".
Finally, about the author Du Fu, I believe we are all very familiar with, here I will briefly reintroduce it:
Du Fu (712-770), the word Zi Mei, the self-proclaimed Shaoling wild old man, the world known as "Du Gongbu", "Du Gongbu", "Du Gongbu", "Du Gongbu", "Du Gongbu", "Du Gongbu", "Du Gongbu", "Du Gongbu" and "Du Gongbu". "Du Gongbu", "Du Shaoling", etc., Han nationality, Henan Province, Gongxian (now Henan Province, Gongyi City), the great realist poets of the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu is honored by the world as the "Poetry Sage", and his poems are known as the "History of Poetry". History of Poetry".
Du Fu and Li Bai are collectively known as "Li Du", and in order to distinguish themselves from the other two poets, Li Shangyin and Du Mu, who are known as "Little Li Du", Du Fu and Li Bai are also collectively known as "Big Li Du". He was a man of high character, who was concerned about the country and the people. He was a man of great concern for the nation and the people, with a noble character, and about 1400 of his poems have been preserved. He was a master of poetry, highly respected in classical Chinese poetry, and had a profound influence.
.