Kaifeng City Committee of the Jiusan Society
The Song Dynasty was one of the most economically prosperous, scientifically and technologically developed, culturally prosperous, artistically profound, and people's standard of living affluent dynasties in the world at that time, and it was both the country with the greatest number of inventions in the world at that time and the period in which China contributed the most to the world, with more than half of the important inventions in Chinese history having appeared in the Song Dynasty.
In the introduction to his book A History of Science and Technology in China, British scholar Joseph Lee mentions, "Whenever one looks for a specific type of scientific and technological history in Chinese literature, one tends to find that it focuses on the Song dynasty, whether in the applied sciences or in the pure sciences." Marx also spoke highly of three major inventions of the Song dynasty, "Gunpowder, the compass, and the printing press-the three great inventions that heralded the coming of bourgeois society. Whereas gunpowder blew the knightly class to pieces, and the compass opened up the world market and established colonies, the printing press turned into an instrument of religion and, generally speaking, into a means of scientific revival, into the most powerful impulse of the necessary preconditions for the development of the creative spirit." According to incomplete statistics, the science and technology that led the world in the Song Dynasty amounted to more than a hundred items (see the Appendix for details), covering the fields of movable-type printing, gunpowder, compass, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, biology, architectural technology and so on, and these science and technology were widely used in the fields of production and life, such as cultural dissemination, military wars, agriculture and handicrafts, which provided the economic prosperity and social progress of the Song Dynasty with a reliable The Song Dynasty was a period of economic prosperity and social progress.
Many scientific and technological achievements of the Song Dynasty involved in the field of agriculture, improved labor productivity, created a large amount of social wealth, and provided society with a large number of surplus labor, which led to a lot of surplus labor into the handicrafts, commerce and social services in various fields, making the Song Dynasty society handicrafts, business is exceptionally active, presenting a different social landscape from the traditional agricultural society. Some people estimate that the GDP output value of the Northern Song Dynasty occupied 50% of the world at that time, which can be said to be the world's richest.
Three of the world-renowned Four Great Inventions began in the Song Dynasty, including movable type printing, which was invented in the Song Dynasty, and engraved printing, which was applied in large quantities in the Song Dynasty, with the State Council, the nation's four major book-engraving centers, and bookstores and bookshops all over the country being exceptionally active, and engraved and printed books were circulating in the community during the Song Dynasty, laying a good foundation for the spread of culture and prosperity. Gunpowder and firearms began to be used on a large scale in the Song Dynasty, which contributed to the rapid development of the weapon making industry in the Song Dynasty, and various kinds of firearms came into being, which contributed to the constant change of siege and defense battles at that time. Compasses began to equip ocean-going ships in large numbers during the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty possessed the largest fleet of sailing ships and merchant fleet in human history, making frequent voyages to Arabia, East Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Japan and Korea in East Asia. The unification of the north and south and the southward shift of the economic center promoted the material and cultural exchanges between the north and south, and pushed the quantity and quality of shipbuilding and the application of various technologies to the world's peak.
The development of the commodity economy in the Song Dynasty also had a positive effect on the promotion of urban development. Compared with the Tang Dynasty, the number of cities with more than 100,000 households in the Song Dynasty increased from more than ten in the Tang Dynasty to 40, and Bianjing and Lin'an became the fourth and fifth cities in the world with a population of more than one million after Chang'an, Luoyang and Nanjing. Compared with the Han and Tang capitals, the Song Dynasty capitals were small in area, but the commercialization and prosperity of the cities far exceeded that of the Tang Dynasty. In addition, urban planning, land and water transportation, cultural, recreational and sports activities, health care and social security systems were relatively well-developed at that time. The scientific and technological achievements of the Song Dynasty penetrated into people's daily life, and the living standard of the Song Dynasty people was quite high. Sima Guang once wrote a letter to point out that: due to the development of the commodity economy, the original concept of inferiority and superiority hierarchies had been seriously undermined, and that "the world's style was deteriorating, and the peddlers were followed by the silk stockings", and the citizens' lifestyles were also undergoing a great change, for example, that. "Millions of households in Biandu, all look up to stone charcoal, no family burns fuel". Song Dynasty merchants used the world's first paper money, similar to modern banks, and the credit industry was also quite developed.
100 scientific and technological achievements of the Song Dynasty
1, compass: the manufacturing technology of the compass was first put forward in Mengxi Bianan. With the compass, ocean voyages became possible.
2. Printing with movable type: Bisheng invented printing with movable type, he was the first inventor in the world, about 400 years earlier than J. Gutenberg's movable type printing in Germany. It is a necessary prerequisite for the development of civilization.
3, cannon: the history of human warfare into the era of hot weapons, the body of the cannon iron casting, shooting pig iron casting spherical explosive shells. 1126, the Jin people siege Bianjing, Li Gang in the defense of the city had to use the thunderbolt cannon to repel the Jin soldiers, "the night of the thunderbolt cannon to hit the thieves, the army are all alarmed".
4, drilling deep wells technology: Zhuo tube wells are upright thick bamboo tube to absorb brine salt wells, "chiseling the ground planting bamboo, for the Zhuo tube wells were invented in the Northern Song Dynasty during the Qingli period (1041-1048 AD), more than 800 years earlier than the West. Its caliber is only the size of a bamboo tube, but it can drill wells as deep as dozens of feet, and it is known as the "Fifth Great Invention of Ancient China" and the "Father of World Oil Drilling". The scientific and technological community has a very graphic analogy of Zhuozhu wells: "Without Zhuozhu wells, there is no Gulf War.
5, paper money: Jiazi is the world's earliest use of paper money, issued in the Northern Song Dynasty in 1023 in Chengdu. Paper money used in Europe was issued by the Bank of Sweden in 1661, but at that time, the issuance of paper money was only a stopgap measure, not as a real currency.
6, watertight bulkheads: Song Dynasty warships have been commonly used watertight bulkhead technology to improve the unsinkability. Can protect the ship from sinking into the water, and is still an important structural form of ship design. The discovery of Nanhai No. 1 proves that China was the first country to invent this technology.
7, compound lock form of canal locks: In 984, the Huainan transit Qiao Weiyue is responsible for the governance of the Huaihe River, the creation of the two Doumen, is the compound lock form of canal locks, thus improving the river capacity. After the impact of the world.
8, abacus: Zhang Zeduan in the "Qingming Shanghe Tu" painted an abacus, it can be seen, as early as the Northern Song Dynasty in China has been the general use of the abacus as a computing tool. The formal emergence and popularization of bead calculation is in the Song and Yuan period.
9, musket: the earliest origin, improved in China, inherited in the Arab world, developed in Europe. The world's earliest known musket is the bamboo barrel of the Song Dynasty's sudden flintlock musket, in the Ming Dynasty, Jiao Yu's "fire dragon scripture" on the record. 13th century Yuan Dynasty appeared in the iron barrel and the earliest pistols (hand cannons, hand cannons).
10, Taiji Diagram: The ancient "Taiji Diagram" was painted on pottery more than 3,000 years ago at the time of Xia and Shang or earlier. The circle is drawn with an S-shaped curve, black and white yin and yang points are added later. Today's Taiji Diagram is generally believed to be made by Zhou Dunyi of the Northern Song Dynasty.
11, trademarks: It is reported that the Northern Song Dynasty Jinan has a Liu's steel needle store, the store produces high quality and low price of steel needles, in the local reputation, the owner of the store in order to make the business can continue to be red-hot, the original production of a kind of "white rabbit child" copper plate, copper plate has a painting on the word, the copper plate is a square, the middle of the painting has a picture of the white rabbit pounding pills. On both sides of the painting, there is the name of the store, "Jinan Liu's Needle Shop" and the slogan, "Recognize the white rabbit in front of the door as a mark", which is the earliest special trademark in Chinese history. Song Dynasty people in various industries have brand-name trademarks, such as ink industry, there is a famous "Pan Gu ink".
12, advertising: in the Song Dynasty business operations also appeared in the copper plate printing ads, more than three hundred years earlier than the Western advertising.
13, soccer: Cuju is "kick", jiu is "ball". Cuju is the kicking of a ball with the foot, and is considered to be the prototype of soccer, which was publicly recognized by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) in early 2004 as having originated in China.
14, fireworks: mainly used for military, grand ceremonies or performances, while the modern global can be in the same day in the same event of fireworks activities roughly for the New Year (New Year's Eve) activities.
15, Xiangqi: the Song Dynasty began to finalize, in addition to the invention of gunpowder due to the addition of "cannon", but also added "Shi", "bishop". In the Song Dynasty, there is a record of the earliest chess game in China, which is more than 200 years earlier than the western chess game.
Weapons, gunpowder weapons invention and transformation:
16, nunchaku (Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin's founding, originally known as the big Panlong stick (in recent times the north is also known as the big sweeper) and small Panlong stick (small sweeper). But at that time the big Panlong stick one end is shorter, one end is longer, dedicated to sweeping the enemy horse feet, broken armor soldiers or hard weapons, so that it is incapacitated. Later on, this weapon was spread from the south to the Philippines and from the east to Japan. (Due to historical changes, nunchaku was changed to the current look)
17, life buoy (Han Zhongwu in the Song Dynasty had sent general Wang Quan to Jinshan, while ordering him not to use the boat across the river. So Wang Quan gave each soldier a "floating ring", let them cross the river, and finally accomplished this task. The "floating ring" used by Wang Quan at that time was the predecessor of the modern life preserver.
18, landmines (mines were used in the 1277 war between the Song and the Mongols, the Song army used "gunpowder cannon" buried in the ground (i.e., iron shell mines), and later further developed in the Yuan Dynasty.)
19, grenades (first invented in China, 1000 AD, the Song Dynasty appeared called "fireball" or "firecracker" firearms, the principle of which is the same as the modern grenade, published in 1044 in the book of war, "Wujing General Essentials," already In the 13th century, the Chinese army had already appeared in the iron shell explosive weapon "Zhentianlei", which is not far from the modern grenade.)
20, poisonous gas bombs (poison smoke cone, because the main role of this smoke cone in order to poisonous gas smoldering enemy, so the formula in addition to achieve the effect of explosive combustion of sulfur, flame nitrate, charcoal, seepage of a variety of poisonous substances such as bazhou, wolfsbane, arsenic and so on in order to see its effect.)
21, flamethrower (Song people will be double piston applied to the oil pump to continuous jet flame. Wu Jing General has recorded the construction diagram of the flamethrower)
22, bombs (1000 AD, a man named Tang Fu invented the fire thistles, in the black fire [River Crab] medicine prescription to add arsenic, asphalt, thistles and so on to make the original bomb.)
23, rockets: Kai Bao three years (970 years), the Ministry of Military Order Shi Feng Jisheng dedication rocket law, five years later, rockets are used in the war with the South Tang Dynasty.
24, three-bow bed crossbow: also known as "eight crossbow", more than a hundred people need to twist the axle to open the string, the arrow "wood dry iron plume" world known as "a gun and three swords arrows", probably shaped like a javelin, three pieces of iron plume like three swords. Iron plume is like three swords. Bed crossbow can also fire "stepping peg arrows", rows and rows of pegs on the city wall. The attacking soldiers used it to climb up. Wei Pi had improved the bed crossbow, and the range was greatly improved. In the History of Song, Wei Pi's biography reads, "The range of the bed crossbow was greatly improved. Wei Pi biography" records: "the old bed crossbow shooting stops at 700 paces, so Pi increased the production to 1,000 paces." Song Dynasty, a step of 1.536 meters, 1,536 meters of a thousand steps, which is one of the highest range records achieved by the ancient long-range weapons.)
Handicraft production technology:
25, overlay color printing: overlay color printing is the world's earliest color printing, which is a complex, high-precision printing technology developed on the basis of engraved printing. According to historical records, the Northern Song Dynasty has appeared in the copper printing of green, blue and red colors.
26, chime robot: copper pot leakage carving is the most amazing is a robot will chime (cymbal God), it will automatically hit the cymbal every quarter of an hour 8 under the time. Although the copper funnel carving in China has been thousands of years of invention and application of history, shape and size, timing methods and principles are the same.
27, crystal lens: Su Xun's fellow countryman and friend Shi Hang in the role of law enforcement officer to deal with the case file on the use of crystal magnifying glass.)
28, silver salt blackened shadow technology: the discovery of the principle of fixation, the earliest on the discovery of Su Shi's "Things Phase Sense Zhi": "Salt brine on the windowpaper, baked words show."
29, spinning as ("spinning as" in the equipment of the simple lathe, specializing in metal cutting and processing. The use of machine tools in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty has been relatively common use of machine tools, is a milestone in the history of machining significant progress.)
30, chain drive (the Chinese invented the chain drive in 976 - chain drive belt; Europeans only began to use the chain drive belt in 1770, about 800 years later than China. )
31, coke (Southern Song Dynasty, China invented coke and smelting metals with coke, so that the purity of the smelted metal is greatly improved. Europeans did not know cokemaking and use coke for metallurgy until the early 18th century, more than 400 years later than China.)
32, bile soil decoction copper method (this method is only found in Xinzhou Lead Mountain field. According to the "Song Hui Yao Series Draft? Foodstuffs" Volume 33 deleted: Lead Hill field "ancient pit ...... waterless place for gall soil. Bile soil frying copper, work more and less, the soil is endless". This refers to the first to take the gall soil, and then lead the water drenching soil, so as to obtain the gall water. As the concentration of bile water is very low, it must be cooked and fried concentration can be used to dip copper. )
33, cam (the Chinese invented the cam in 983 AD, and applied to the heavy chain lifted by water power. At the same time, in the West in Italy, Tuscany people in a pulp washing workshop in the application of the cam.)
34, the shaft frame warping method (more efficient than the Tang Dynasty rake warping method, and led to the transition of the fabric structure from plain to twill, from the warp show flowers to the weft show flowers.)
35, rod-piston type bellows: According to Dr. Joseph Lee testified that the book was written in 1280 in a book entitled "evolution of the bird bucket number of the three phases of the book" Volume II in the earliest drawings of the rod-piston type bellows. This kind of wind box is lightweight, labor-saving and high efficiency, and soon be popularized and developed. Piston wind box positive and negative stroke are useful work, each stroke in one end of the exhaust wind, one end at the same time to absorb an equal amount of air, thus providing a continuous flow of wind, improve the efficiency of the wind, is a major advance in wind technology.
36, big spinning wheel: structure by twisting winding, transmission and the original three parts, the original mechanism is a hand-cranked spinning wheel and rope wheel similar to the big round wheel, the wheel shaft is equipped with a crank, need to be dedicated to shake with both hands.
37, water spinning wheel: the late Southern Song Dynasty water as a power-driven water spinning wheel, the Yuan Dynasty prevalent in the Central Plains, mainly used for the processing of linen and silk, is the world's most advanced textile machinery. A day and night can spin more than 100 pounds of yarn, than the Western water-powered textile machinery about 400 years earlier.
38, reeling car: 11th century Chinese have begun to use belt-driven textile machines. Qin Guan's book "Silkworm Book" contains a detailed account of the structure of the reeling car, several key components and their use, through the foot pedal to generate power, the silk is wound on the bobbin. The book is the earliest record of the reeling car.
39, Blast Furnace Ironmaking: is the predecessor of the current steel melting furnace, by drumming cold air repeatedly forged to achieve the purpose of decarburization.)
Mathematical achievements:
40, nine chapters of mathematics: Qin Jiushao wrote "nine chapters of mathematics", put forward the "Danyan seek a technique", the creation of "joint one congruent formula" solution, 500 years earlier than the European mathematicians Yula and Gauss's related research.
41, gap product technique: gap product technique is a method of solving the stacked product problem, which solves the summation problem of higher-order arithmetic series.
42, the original diagram of the square method: a triangular table of numbers, in fact, is the coefficient table of the binomial theorem of positive integer exponents, which is about 500 years earlier than the similar results of the Western Al? Cassie's similar results about four hundred years earlier, the history of mathematics known as Jia Xian triangle (because it appeared in Yang Hui book, also known as Yang Hui triangle). Jia Xian created the augmented multiplication open method based on the original diagram of the open method of operation, which provides a method for solving the approximation of the positive real roots of any sue bridging higher order equation).
43, multiplication open method: Jia Xian's "multiplication open method" was proposed 800 years earlier than Italy's Ruini and Britain's Horner.
44, the nine return to the Jie method: the bead counting multiplication and division of the various algorithms.
45, Tianyuan: Li Ye wrote "Measuring Round Sea Mirror" and "Yigu Yan Duan", is the first systematic discussion of "Tianyuan" that is, the monadic higher order equations) of the work, also ahead of Europe for hundreds of years.
46, stacked product: Yang Hui put forward the "stacked product" on the basis of Shen Kuo's "gap product", which promoted the study of higher-order arithmetic series.
47, the composition of higher-order vertical and horizontal diagrams in combinatorial mathematics (Yang Hui)
48, the song of the algorithm of calculations: to help the application and promotion of the Jie algorithm.
Astronomical Calendar:
49, Lotus Flower Leak: Yan Su invented the Lotus Flower Leak in 1030, the first time the diffuse flow system was used, which unprecedentedly improved the timekeeping accuracy of the leaky pot.
50, the water transport instrument platform: Su Song in 1092 developed a successful water transport instrument platform, the realization of the Hunyi, Hunyi and chime three in one, coordinated operation of the concept, not only to observe the heavens, the demonstration of celestial phenomena, but also time, chime, has been with the recent astronomical observatory open dome, telescope turn instrument clock and the principle of the scientific structure of the mechanical clock. Can be called the world's earliest "astronomical clock".
51, the new instrumentation: star charting, Su Song has made outstanding contributions. His masterpiece of astronomy, "New Instrumental Laws" with five star charts, the first to adopt a more scientific representation of the stars throughout the day.
52, Lintai Mysteries: 1049-1054, the astronomer Zhou Cong presided over the work of re-testing the twenty-eight stars and perihelion, the results of this experiment, compiled three hundred and forty-five star officials away from the stars of the degree of entry into the hosts and go to the extreme degree, which was included in the "Lintai Mysteries," the number of stars received more than the previous generation.
53, sidereal chart: 1078-1085 sidereal measurement accuracy is higher, its star charts in the form of engraved stone preserved, this is now stored in the Suzhou Museum of stone carving "astronomical charts", the upper half of the star charts, the lower half for the inscription, is the study of the Song Dynasty all-day starry sky of the precious artifacts.
54, the Unified Heavenly Calendar: Ningzong, Yang Zhongfu presided over the repair of the "Unified Heavenly Calendar" determined by the length of the return year of 365.2425 days, and the current calendar used by the full consistency, but earlier than the Western Gregorian nearly 400 years.)
55, twelve qi calendar: Shen Kuo reworked the calendar, put forward a more scientific new calendar, that is, the "twelve qi calendar" instead of the lunar calendar, which is more than 900 years earlier than the British astronomer Shaunaber formulated a calendar similar to the "twelve qi calendar".
56, Mercator projection: is a kind of equal-angle cylindrical map projection. 940 years, the Chinese invented the Mercator projection, 1568 years before the British people with the Mercator projection, about 600 years later than China.
57, Jia Xian triangle: also known as Yang Hui triangle, Pascal's triangle, is a geometric arrangement of binomial coefficients in a triangle.
58, twenty-four seasons fixed year method: this agricultural time to the positive four sequences of the twenty-four seasons of the new calendar, for agricultural farming and extremely favorable.
59, geomagnetic declination (Shen Kuo discovered the existence of geomagnetic declination through the precise measurement of the meridian circle, four hundred years earlier than in Europe).
60, biosolids technology (the use of marine organisms unique ecological characteristics, the construction of many bridges across the river, across the sea. In Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, the Luoyang River estuary built across the sea Shiliang Bridge is 5 meters wide and 1,000 meters long. This imposing bridge is 950 years old and people still walk on it today.)
Shipbuilding:
61, car ship: the largest is 36 zhang (about 110 meters) long, equipped with 24 rotating wheels and 6 "beaters", carrying more than 1,000 soldiers.
62, armored ship: 1203, Qin Shifu made a load of 1,000 dendrobium (about 60 tons) of "Iron Wall Sharp mouth plane sea migratory birds" warships, bulkheads are equipped with iron plates, is the precedent for armor, the bow of the ship is equipped with a sharp iron tip shaped like a spade's mouth for the impact of plowing and sinking of the enemy ship in water battles, more than the destructive power of the Cape of Rush.
63, low center of gravity fluid damping device: the ship in the bottom of each compartment has a small hole with a cover, ship technology experts called "water eye", sailing, rain or splash on the ship's waves, can be through the "water eye" into the bottom of the boat, a connected mezzanine compartment. Connecting the mezzanine compartment, the water in the mezzanine reduces the center of gravity of the ship, making the ship more stable. Because of the inertia and internal friction of the water in the mezzanine, it will partially offset the swaying of the hull due to wind and waves.
64, Hongqiao: is a pillarless wooden beam arch bridge (i.e., base beam arch) reached the highest level of ancient wooden bridge structure in China.
65, dock: refers to the shore to artificial construction, as shipbuilding and repair of ships, can also be used as a ship's mooring. Dock can be divided into dry dock, filling dock and floating dock and other different categories. The dock was invented by Zhang Ping in China during the Song Dynasty.
66, rattan boat: deep and wide coastal state army, hard to get iron nails tung oil, shipbuilding are empty board through the rattan constraints and become. In the rattan seams, to the sea born of Xi grass, dry and suffocated, in case of water is up, the boat for the non-leakage carry on. The boat is very large, the sea traders are used.
67, Chinese sailboat: floating south of the South China Sea and the south, the boat as a huge room, sails, such as hanging clouds, tree length of several zhang, a boat hundreds of people, in the accumulation of a year of food, animal boar brewing in which to put the death of life outside the degree of ... ... The country of the Great Food is further across the Western Sea to the country of Mulanpi, and its boats are enlarged. A boat can accommodate thousands of people, the boat has a loom on the city, or not meet the wind, then a few years and then reach, not very huge boat, can not be to also." The largest Chinese boats have 12 masts, while smaller boats have 3.
68, modulus system (wood construction used "material" as the standard modulus system and material quota system, so that the construction of building design and construction to achieve a certain level of standardization of procedures.)
Agricultural production technology, processing of agricultural by-products and other:
69, kimchi: 1178, "Ling Wai Dai Answer" has been recorded as a ceramic altar watertight storage technology, kimchi altar storage of food in the beginning of the record.
70, wind mill: the use of wind rotation of the mill.
71, dark shed sand filtering technology: increased ten thousand piles of good land.
72, frosting spectrum: Wang Zhuo, the world's first monograph on the art of sugar production.
73, tread plow: a human plow, reducing the dependence on livestock.
74, plow mirror: the plow is equipped with a plow mirror, easy to turn the soil, thus increasing agricultural production.
75, Horse: the advent of new tools also allowed crop yields to grow dramatically.
76, rice-wheat biannual system: the so-called "rice-wheat biannual system" means that in the same field, rice is harvested and then planted with wheat, and wheat is harvested and then planted with rice. Its realization, improve the land utilization rate, but also increase the income of farmers, is a major technological and economic progress.
77, frame field: 1149 The construction of the frame field is found in the Chen Li "book of agriculture" records, is the earliest man-made arable land in China. The use of deep plowing and freezing, smoked soil warming measures to utilize the cold soaked fields.
78, fertilizer accumulation technology: 1127-1279 years, lime, sulfur, bellows powder and other minerals have been applied as fertilizer. 1149 years ago, composting, fire manure, cake fertilizer fermentation and other fertilizer accumulation technology. The manure house was set up to preserve the effectiveness of fertilizer.
79, cultivate rice strong seedling technology: 1149 years ago, the southern paddy cultivation has taken deep plowing, solarization, freezing, field surface heavy soil and other measures to promote soil maturation. Has appeared to cultivate rice seedling technology. And know how to grasp the law of change of climate, timely sowing, to prevent rotten seedlings.
80, fruit tree remote grafting technology: 1067 fruit tree remote grafting was successful.
The use of "bamboo scorn hoop tree", "salt coating trees" and other methods of harvesting ginkgo, olive. The use of micronutrients in vegetable cultivation began with the embedding of sulfur in eggplant seedlings.
81, mulberry grafting technology: about the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, Zhejiang region invented the mulberry grafting technology, which is a revolution in the history of mulberry cultivation, greatly promoting the development of sericulture in Zhejiang.
82, the destruction of flowers early release: 1232 - 1298 years, the emergence of early release of flowers "Tang Hua" technology.
83, poultry artificial incubation technology: 1174 years the emergence of poultry artificial incubation technology. Quail has been raised as a caged bird.
84, veterinary hospitals: 1007 years set up to monitor sick horses, is the beginning of the establishment of veterinary hospitals in China.
85, domesticated goldfish: 1214 goldfish from the wild to artificial domestication. 1243 the use of mechanical devices to transport live fish. Fry long-distance transportation technology has been well documented.
Medicine:
86, "Taiping Shenghui Fang": the inclusion of Chinese medicine prescriptions 16,834, more than 10,000 than the Tang Dynasty "Ganjin Fang".
87, human pox inoculation: the Northern Song Dynasty Prime Minister Wang Dan's eldest son died of smallpox, Prime Minister Wang did not want others to catch the disease again, so he invited famous doctors and magicians from all over the country to try to discover some kind of treatment and prevention. A Taoist nun from Mount Emei offered a prescription: a human pox vaccine with reduced toxicity, through the nasal mucosa for healthy people "inoculation", so that people gain immunity to smallpox.
88, medical sub-specialties (the Department of Medicine is also divided into nine departments: 1. internal medicine, 2. wind (such as stroke), 3. pediatrics, 4. ophthalmology, 5. ear, nose, throat and dentistry, 6. skin and orthopedics, 7. obstetrics and gynaecology, 8. acupuncture and moxibustion, 9. traumatology and curses and forbidden subjects)
89, anatomical Cunzhen figure: the famous medical doctor and poet Yang Jie, summed up the anatomical experience of the execution of prisoners, portrayed as a map of the map, "Cunzhen Figure", so that the medical students of the time on the understanding of anatomy, and the anatomy, so that the students of the medical profession. The medical students at that time deepened their understanding of anatomy.
90, the three causes of extreme disease evidence square theory: the complex causes of disease into three categories: internal, external and not internal and external causes. This classification is slightly the same as that described by Zhang Zhongjing in the Han Dynasty, but the content has been developed, that is, the causes of various types of diseases are summarized in a more specific manner, and its scope is also more comprehensive, more in line with the clinical application. The principle of three-cause classification has been followed by later generations of doctors.
91, acupuncture map: Wang Weiyi study the previous writings, combined with their own experience, the location of the meridian points in detail, compiled into the "Acupuncture Map", the five years of Tian Sheng (1027), he was ordered to cast acupuncture on this basis of the bronze two, the teaching of acupuncture, clinical and examination is extremely convenient, he will also be his own work renamed "bronze acupuncture acupuncture acupuncture points acupuncture map Jing".
92, "pediatric pharmacological evidence straight secret": known as "the originator of the young science", the formation and development of pediatric medicine is quite influential.
93, "Women's Complete Recipes": Chen Ziming of the Southern Song Dynasty, gynecology, obstetrics and gynecology, five discussed the clinical and theoretical problems of obstetrics and gynecology, the most systematic and comprehensive gynecology in the history of traditional Chinese medicine monographs.
94, "General Records of Shengji": Song Huizong compiled during the period, known as an encyclopedia of the history of medicine, bringing together the previous generation and the Song Dynasty diagnosis, prescription, medication, acupuncture and other aspects of a large number of theoretical and practical results, which contains nearly 20,000 prescriptions, the most for all times.
95, District Xifan five viscera map: the earliest local anatomical map of the human body.
96, "Cleansing": the Southern Song Song Ci by the world's first systematic forensic science monograph, Song Ci is honored as the father of forensic science.
97, jinshi science: modern archaeology before the introduction of China to the ancient bronze and stone carvings as the main object of study. Close to the European inscription, is regarded as the predecessor of Chinese archaeology. Formed in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty formally named "the science of gold and stone".
98, Taizu Changquan: Song Taizu Changquan, the ancient name of "Song Taizu thirty-two potential long fist", also known as "Taizu boxing", one of the six famous Chinese martial arts.
99, Maze Boxing: formerly known as Yan Qing Quan. From Cangxian migrated to Hebei Province, Jinghai County, the Huo family, said the fist for the Mizong art, the children and grandchildren from generation to generation, after the famous Huo Yuanjia, the Mizong art is then renowned.
100, express: a high-speed military mail system for military purposes - rapid foot delivery, came into being at this time. This urgent foot delivery, there are step delivery, horse delivery, there are urgent foot delivery. The fastest way was to travel 400 miles a day. The distance between stores varied from 10 to 20 miles.)
Thank you for your comments.