"Thirty years of reform and opening up, school conditions changed greatly, dangerous school buildings into buildings, modern media classroom show. Thirty years of reform and opening up, the treatment of teachers a big change, monthly salary of dozens to several thousand, medical insurance all cheerful." This is Mao Juguan old teacher with the way of poetry, expressed 30 years of our country's educational development of the gratifying results, today, I use this to describe Tonghua education is not too much.
Remembering the past, 30 years ago, Tonghua education was slow development, struggling. Since the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906) has the first new school, 1949 Liaodong Province, the city's secondary school only 5 classes, the city's elementary school 54 classes **** 145 students and 72 staff of the simple conditions of operation, in 1977, the country resumed the college entrance examination. And 30 years ago, the city's education, that is 1978, just in time for the country's reform and opening up, the party's Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, is a great turnaround, the country re-established respect for knowledge, respect for talent, respect for the teacher's labor of the concept of the school system, teaching materials, teaching time have been arranged to straighten out the order of teaching and learning, restoration of teacher training colleges and universities, training and further training of in-service teachers, and restoration of the Young Pioneers Organization , secondary school **** Youth League organization. Since then, the city's education into the recovery, adjustment and development of track, all industries to flourish. In those years, the education experience "reorganization" and "thorny", all levels and types of education school scale and school buildings, teaching facilities, instruments and other conditions of schooling and the environment are in the outdated, weak stage, compared with the present is really the difference between heaven and earth.
Look at today, 30 years after the city's education can be said to be flourishing, fruitful! Various types of education at all levels of teaching and learning reforms continue to deepen, quality education to the deep development, the quality of education and teaching improved year by year, the cause of education presents a scientific and healthy development trend. At present, pre-school education and basic education competition, state-run education and private education go hand in hand, vocational education and adult education flourished. Various types of schools at all levels 1017, school students reached 304,177, teaching staff of 30,204 people of unprecedented scale, to achieve a great leap in history! As an educator how can we not be excited and cheered!
Tonghua education after 30 years, adhere to the education of people first, moral education first, comprehensively improve the popularization of nine years of compulsory education and comprehensively improve the quality of compulsory education, dropout control work is effective, the college entrance examination results improved year by year. 2004 autumn compulsory education at all levels of schools to enter the full range of new curriculum, the city's general high school in the fall of 2007, all enter the new curriculum. The city has attached great importance to scientific research in education, and has undertaken a large number of major scientific research projects at the national and provincial levels. Municipal secondary schools basically eliminated the "blind spot" of information technology and opened the Tonghua Education Information Network. The city's construction of campus network reached 143, the city's primary and secondary schools reached 18,778 microcomputers, machine-to-student ratio of 1:13, rural primary and secondary schools modern distance education project is basically completed, the coverage rate of 100%. Organize nearly 10,000 people to carry out the "Teacher Education Network Alliance Project" and various types of teacher training at all levels, the implementation of the "Three Project", highlighting the "dual-teacher" teacher training and teacher training for professional courses. Training, aimed at improving the quality of teachers and teacher ethics.
Tonghua education after 30 years, the development of vocational education momentum is good, the development of secondary vocational growth. Accelerate the adjustment and development of vocational education level and layout structure, deepen the reform of the school system, since 2005 the city's vocational education added 27,647 square meters of floor space, the end of 2007, the city became the first in the province's first all public secondary vocational schools to enter the province's top 100 schools in the region. Vocational enrollment and employment work to achieve a new breakthrough, the employment rate of graduates more than 90%, in 2006 the Municipal Bureau of Education was named the province's advanced collectives in vocational education. Increase the weak school, remote school renovation and reconstruction efforts, "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, the city **** invested 400 million yuan, renovation of 430 weak schools, renovation of school buildings 130,000 square meters, and gradually improve the overall level of schooling. Actively support and develop ethnic education. In recent years, has invested more than 20 million yuan, the construction of teaching buildings, comprehensive laboratory buildings, apartments for foreign students, student canteens, dormitory buildings, etc., school conditions to achieve fundamental improvements. Early childhood education and special education have also developed healthily.
Tonghua education after 30 years, pay attention to people's livelihood, and effectively solve the practical difficulties of students. Through the "Project Hope" and other projects to help students, seriously implement the "two exemptions and one subsidy" policy to ensure that every student in compulsory education is not out of school due to poverty. The municipal secondary vocational education state scholarship work, so that students from poor families can receive financial assistance. Strong measures have been taken to seriously address the problem of education for migrant workers and poor children. In 2005, it took the lead in the province in implementing the "sunshine" system of class allocation and "sunshine classroom". In 2005, the province took the lead in the implementation of "sunshine class, sunshine classroom" and other sunshine projects, widely praised by the community.
"Sunshine is always after the wind and rain", 30 years of education, the vicissitudes of change, the old look new face; 30 years of education honors constantly, a long way to go. Municipal Bureau of Education each year to obtain more than provincial and ministerial level commendations, awards and honors are more than 20 (times), was awarded the State Council, "the national national unity and progress model collective", was awarded by the Ministry of Education, the Central Institute of Education, "the national small and medium-sized children's modern science and technology education in the outstanding experimental zone "
Tonghua City was named by the Ministry of Education as the "National Advanced City in Comprehensive Reform of Urban Education".
Nowadays, Tonghua education will comprehensively push forward the process of sustained, healthy and coordinated development of education at all levels and all kinds of education, actively implement the strategy of "developing the country through science and education" and "strengthening the country through talents", and promote the close integration of education with scientific and technological innovation, economic construction, cultural prosperity and social progress, and contribute to the revitalization of Tonghua. The close integration of education and scientific and technological innovation, economic construction, cultural prosperity and social progress, for the revitalization of the old industrial base of Tonghua, accelerate the process of moderately prosperous society all the way forward, and then make a new chapter!
. What changes have occurred in China's compulsory education system and policy since the reform and opening up?
In May 1985, the Chinese government's "Decision on the Reform of the Education System" proposed that "the responsibility for the development of basic education should be given to the localities, and nine-year compulsory education should be implemented in a systematic manner. The principle that basic education is the responsibility of the localities and is managed on a graded basis is applied." With regard to the division of responsibilities at the local level, it was determined, in principle, that this should be decided by each province (city or autonomous region). In implementation, localities have basically adopted the practice of "county-run high schools, township-run junior high schools, and village-run elementary schools". This policy places the responsibility for compulsory education in rural areas in the hands of the township governments.
After the promulgation of the Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in April 1986, the provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) successively formulated local regulations for the implementation of the compulsory education law. With the gradual deepening of reform and opening-up, China's education investment system has undergone major changes, with funding for compulsory education transformed from the previous single source to a diversified one. Analyzing the actual situation, the sources of funding for compulsory education are irrational; during the period 1994-2001, 78% of China's funding for compulsory education was borne by townships, 9% by county finances, 11% by provincial finances, and very little, less than 2%, by the central government. The townships were basically "food" financiers, and the practical consequence of this was that some of the burden of compulsory education in rural areas was shifted onto the peasants. This is a prominent problem in rural compulsory education at that time.
In order to comprehensively solve the difficulties of compulsory education in rural areas, the State Council issued the "Decision on the Reform and Development of Basic Education" in 2001, and began to implement the "county-based" management system of compulsory education in rural areas, so that the situation of compulsory education in rural areas has improved. However, because the State has not divided up the specific input responsibilities of the central, provincial, municipal and county governments, the difficulty of funding compulsory education in rural areas has once again come to the fore, as shown by the 2003 National Audit Office statistical report, which showed that of the 50 counties surveyed, at the end of 2001, the liabilities for compulsory education amounted to 2.384 billion yuan, and at the end of June 2003 they had risen to 3.898 billion yuan. In some counties, more than 80 percent of primary and secondary schools were in debt.?
2005 was a year of important changes in China's compulsory education system. The State Ministry of Education put forward Several Opinions on Further Promoting the Balanced Development of Compulsory Education, followed by the State Council's Circular on Deepening the Reform of the Mechanism for Guaranteeing the Funding of Compulsory Education in Rural Areas, which called for a full understanding of the important role that promoting the balanced development of compulsory education plays in the construction of a harmonious society, and for an effective curbing of the momentum of the increasing education gap between urban and rural areas, regions and schools; focusing on the promotion of the region It also requires that priority be given to solving the problem of equalizing compulsory education within counties, and clearly sets forth measures to promote the balanced development of compulsory education: "clarifying responsibilities at all levels, central and local ****taking, increasing financial input, raising the level of protection, and organizing and implementing in a step-by-step manner", gradually bringing rural compulsory education fully into the scope of public ****financial protection, and establishing a system of central and local sharing in terms of projects and proportionality. local sub-item, proportionally share the rural compulsory education funding guarantee mechanism.?
In 2006, the Chinese Government exempted all rural primary and secondary school students in western China from paying miscellaneous school fees for compulsory education; the central financial administration also arranged public-funding subsidies for primary and secondary schools in rural areas in western China, raising the level of public-funding guarantees; and initiated a new mechanism for guaranteeing funding for the repair and renovation of primary and secondary school buildings in rural areas for compulsory education throughout the country.
In 2007, the central government decided to waive miscellaneous school fees at the compulsory education stage in rural areas nationwide; it also continued to provide textbooks free of charge and subsidize boarding and living expenses for students from poor rural families. It also decided to waive tuition and miscellaneous fees for compulsory education in urban areas from the spring semester of 2008.
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Review 30 years ago, the town of Jun Tang's education was lagging behind in development, struggling to move forward, the school building is simple, a type of bungalow, brick and tile structure, dilapidated; teaching equipment and facilities are backward, the school environment is poor, the conditions of schooling is very simple, in the outdated, weak stage.
Since the reform and opening up, all walks of life have undergone great changes, the cause of education should also move forward. "Reform and opening up thirty years, school conditions have changed greatly, dangerous school buildings into buildings, modern media classroom show. Thirty years of reform and opening up, the teacher's treatment has changed greatly, the monthly salary of dozens to more than a thousand, medical insurance all cheerful." This is a veteran teacher with poetry, expressed 30 years of China's educational development of the welcome changes and results.
With the development of production, scientific and technological progress, the masses of desire for knowledge is also followed by increasingly strong and urgent, see the old school building has been unable to adapt to the development of modern education. Riding on the east wind of reform and opening up, 22 primary and secondary schools in Juntang Township, with the help of the relevant departments at the higher level and the strong support of enthusiastic people from all walks of life and overseas Chinese, raised funds from various aspects, channels and levels, and set off the climax of running schools again and again. During the 30 years of reform and opening up, each school has built a new school site or a new school building, all the schools in the town covers a total area of 157,779 square meters, the school building construction area of 38,809 square meters, school equipment and facilities, the scale of the school is improving day by day, the face of the school is changing day by day.
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From the popularization of nine-year compulsory education to the popularization of high school education of high quality, Kunshan has built up an increasingly perfect national education system and quality education system. The city has built a total of 103 national, provincial and Suzhou-level quality schools, accounting for 91.15% of the total number of schools. The city's elementary school enrollment rate and junior high school enrollment rate have risen from about 90% in 1985 to the current 98.7% enrollment rate at the senior high school level. The admission rate of high school graduates to the college entrance examination is also increasing. in 1979, only 241 people were admitted to colleges and universities above the high school level, this year the city *** there are 3659 people were admitted to various colleges and universities, the college entrance examination rate of 95.71%, of which the admission rate of undergraduates is 65.08%, nearly one-third of the city's candidates were admitted to the colleges and universities above the first and second level, which is a new high in the history.
The teaching mode: from "one word" to quality education
Zhou Xiangdong is the language teacher of the city's northern middle school. 1988 to work in his teaching reform has too many feelings. "I remember when I first started to work, teaching is very simple, just pass on knowledge, the lesson is a little more detailed, the students mastered a little more can be. But now it can not, in addition to teaching basic knowledge, but also to cultivate and improve students' ability in all aspects." Zhou Xiangdong smiled and told reporters, "Now the language of the midterm exam questions, let a few years ago to study Chinese college students to test, not necessarily good."
In recent years, quality education has been raised to an increasingly important position. All schools have put forward the goal of student-oriented, student-themed work to promote the overall development of students by mobilizing their initiative and creativity. Focus on the overall development of students, respect for students' individual differences, respect for students' individuality has become the focus of the teacher's teaching. The reporter had the honor of listening to an elementary school language class, the classroom atmosphere is very active, the teacher lectures vivid, interesting, fully mobilize the children's enthusiasm for learning, the children in the classroom, there is more participation, interactivity.
Paolu Experimental Primary School's Zhang Fengliang, vice principal, told reporters that more and more teachers are now using heuristic education, on a text, the teacher first put forward the question, and then asked the students with the teacher to find the answer. After the lesson, the teacher has to do the same as the students, by searching on the Internet, library, colleagues to discuss the form, and finally in the classroom and the students through the discussion, to find the answer that we can all agree. Students' abilities are also practiced and enhanced in this series of participatory activities.
This kind of educational philosophy and teaching model is completely different from what it was 10 or 20 years ago. At that time, the classroom teaching, more is the teacher "one word" education, the whole class is listening to the teacher, the class is boring, boring, after class teacher will set up a pile of homework, so that the students to digest, a test of the students to drive the night car to memorize the content of the test phenomenon abounds. But now a new means of education completely replaced the past "one word" type of education, so that the teaching of vitality.
The transformation of classroom teaching methods at the same time, the school is also increasingly focusing on students' extracurricular activities. The study of coursework is no longer the only learning content, all kinds of activities to help students develop a comprehensive quality more and more, visits, inter-school exchanges, etc., are to a certain extent to enrich the knowledge of students. Physical education, music and art classes are becoming more and more diversified, and a variety of special interest classes provide students with the opportunity to develop their hobbies.
"As post-80s young people, we are a very happy generation. With the deepening of reform and opening up, the sound of reducing the burden on primary school students is getting louder and louder, and I have caught up with such a good time, the elementary school to junior high school entrance exams were canceled, and I went to the nearest middle school. In the meantime, in addition to participating in the then very popular OU, English and other subject classes of interest, I also participate in painting and other art classes of interest, more and more selective." Yang Xiaoling, who just joined the workforce last year, said.
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In the face of challenges brought about by education reform and modernization of education, the quality of Kunshan's teaching force has also been constantly upgraded, and the continuing education of primary and secondary school teachers has become a rigid indicator of the school's annual assessment.In 1987, 57.09 percent of the county's high school teachers had degrees of bachelor's degree or higher, and 65.35 percent of junior high school teachers had degrees of college degree or higher, while the number of elementary school teachers with degrees of middle school teacher, junior high school teacher and junior high school teacher was over 65.35 percent. In 1987, 57.09% of the county's high school teachers graduated with a bachelor's degree or higher, 65.35% of the junior high school teachers graduated with a specialist degree or higher, and 68.97% of the elementary school teachers graduated with a secondary school teacher or higher. By 2007, 79.56% of middle school teachers had a bachelor's degree or higher, and 84.65% of elementary school teachers had a college degree or higher.
Teaching facilities: from chalk and blackboard to modern multimedia
A piece of chalk, a blackboard and a textbook are the three main teaching aids that teachers have been following for decades. Even 10 years ago, there are still teachers with chalk writing on the blackboard, the entire blackboard full of writing with the blackboard eraser to erase and write again. After a class, it was not unusual to see a layer of white chalk dust in the mouth, hair and clothes. At that time, teachers dealt with chalk dust every day, and no one thought that one day chalk and blackboard would be replaced by slides, projectors and multimedia.
"Twenty years ago, we used a small blackboard to do application problems and small cards to do math problems; 10 years ago, we used slides for lessons; now we use computers for multimedia lessons. From chalk and blackboard to slides, to physical projectors, multimedia, 30 years, more and more modern teaching equipment began to enter the school, into the classroom." With nearly 20 years of teaching experience Su Jueqing told reporters.
"I remember when I was a student, every time I took a math class, the teacher would carry one or two small blackboards to the classroom. When it came to example problems, the teacher would hang up the little blackboards and sometimes cover up part of the content with white paper. The English teacher liked to use small cards with pre-written words and draw them one by one for the students to read. The scene is still fresh in my mind." It's been five years since Jiang Fengming graduated from college, but he still remembers what it was like when he was a student.
These seemingly rudimentary teaching tools were actually prepared by teachers to improve the efficiency of classroom teaching. Only in the 1990s, the small blackboard, small cards gradually replaced by slides. At that time, in some primary and secondary schools in urban areas, the classroom began to be equipped with slide projectors. Teachers to prepare the content of the lesson, practice problems are written on a thin slide, in order, with the content of the lecture one by one to put up. However, slide teaching was often disorganized when the teacher slightly adjusted the order of lectures. With the deepening of education reform, modern teaching tools gradually into the eyes of the students. "Teaching courseware" is a very strange word to the reporter, in the mouth of a less than 10-year-old elementary school student but seems so common.
September 9, the reporter came to Yufeng Experimental School. This is a municipal government in 2001 invested nearly 80 million yuan of new schools, but also the city's primary and secondary schools a microcosm. Spacious classrooms, turquoise lawns, staggered complexes ...... playground students are kicking a soccer ball, play, the entire campus modern and full of vitality. Inside the classroom, the students are attentively watching the LCD TV screen above the blackboard, where the teacher's lecture points are displayed. In the teachers' offices, many teachers are using laptops to prepare for their lessons. "In the past in order to get enough information, teachers everywhere to find teaching aids, now the computer has everything; before the need to prepare the content of the lesson bit by bit all written to the blackboard, now not only can use the computer to prepare lessons, make beautiful courseware, but also at any time in the classroom to pull out. The modernization of teaching work has brought great changes to classroom teaching." Teacher Wang Xufang, who teaches elementary school English, said.
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In the early days of reform and opening up, the vast majority of schools in Kunshan had very simple school buildings, with bungalows dominating the classrooms of that era. However, after three decades of development, especially in the past 15 years, Kunshan increased investment in education, according to the "city, town and school three-level linkage, regional overall promotion" approach, only from 1995 to 2007, the city's investment in education of about 2.5 billion yuan, of which about 2.05 billion yuan of school building construction funds, equipment purchasing funds of about 450 million yuan. Of this amount, about 2.05 billion yuan was spent on school building and about 450 million yuan on equipment. At present, the city's average 1.3 classrooms have a set of multimedia equipment.