1, mechanical disinfection general application of soap brushing, running water rinse, can eliminate most or even all of the bacteria on the hands, the use of multi-layer masks can prevent pathogens from the respiratory tract discharge or invasion. Application of ventilation device filters can make the operating room, laboratory and isolation of the air in the sick room, to protect the sterile state.
2, thermal disinfection including fire, boiling, flowing steam, high heat steam, dry heat sterilization. Can make the pathogen protein coagulation and denaturation, loss of normal metabolic function.
(1) burning Where the economic value of small pollutants, metal instruments and corpses can be used this method. Simple and economical, stable effect.
(2) boiling boil-resistant items and general metal instruments are used in this method, 100 ℃ 1 ~ 2 minutes to complete the disinfection, but the germ cells have to be a long time. Bacillus anthracis bud cells must be boiled for 30 minutes, tetanus bud cells need 3 hours, botulism bud cells need 6 hours. Disinfection of metal instruments, add 1 to 2% sodium carbonate or 0.5% soft soap and other alkaline agents, which can dissolve fat and enhance the bactericidal power. Cotton fabrics with 1% soapy water 15l/kg, have the effect of disinfection and decontamination. When items are boiled to disinfect, not more than 3/4 of the volume, should be immersed under the surface of the water. Pay attention to leave a gap to facilitate convection.
(3) flow steam disinfection Relative humidity 80 ~ 100%, the temperature of nearly 100 ℃, the use of water vapor condensation in things such as the surface, the release of heat energy, kill pathogens. And when the steam cohesion contraction produces negative pressure, promote the outer layer of hot steam into the complementary, penetrate into the depths of the items, accelerate the heat, promote disinfection.
(4) high-pressure steam sterilization (moist heat sterilization) Usually the pressure is 98.066kPa, the temperature 121 ~ 126 ℃, 15 ~ 20 minutes that can completely kill the bacterial germs, applicable to heat-resistant, damp items.
(5) dry heat sterilization dry heat air conduction is poor, small heat capacity, weak penetration, the object is heated slowly. Need 160 ~ 170 ℃, 1 ~ 2 hours to sterilize. Applicable to glass containers that can not take water, metal instruments and so on.
Expanded Information
Note
Because of the relationship between blood flow, usually the left hand and the right hand of the measured blood pressure will be a little different; usually the left hand of the value of the blood pressure will be slightly higher than the right hand, but the difference of 10 ~ 20mmHg are normal, however, the record should be based on the higher measurement data. If the difference between the two hands is more than 40-50mmHg, the blood vessels may be blocked, and it is best to consult a physician to find out why.
Measuring blood pressure should not be done just once, but several times a day, and should be recorded so that you know how your blood pressure changes throughout the day.
Most commercially available sphygmomanometers are electronic, and their measurements are usually slightly higher than those of traditional mercury sphygmomanometers. The electronic sphygmomanometers are divided into wrist-type and arm-type, although the wrist-type is more convenient to use, but usually far away from the heart, the greater the difference in measurement results; it is recommended to buy a test on the spot, if the arm-type, wrist-type measured results are not significant, both can be used; if the difference is greater, or choose the arm-type is better.
Before and after the use of mercury sphygmomanometer, medical personnel should always pay attention to check the blood pressure status, to maintain a clear scale, the tube column should be regularly cleaned with a through the bar, pressurized at about 200 mmgH should not have air bubbles, the pressurization process, such as air bubbles, you should stop pressurization for inspection and maintenance?
The best way to check the pressure is to stop the pressurization process.
It is best to measure blood pressure in your own home in a relaxed mood, because some people in the medical institution to measure blood pressure, will be due to the face of the health care workers wearing white clothes caused by the mood of nervousness, which makes the blood pressure rise, the medical term "white-coat hypertension", the measurement of blood pressure in the home to overcome the occurrence of the situation.
Traditional mercury sphygmomanometers are subject to thermal expansion and contraction, and should be calibrated and zeroed once every six months on average.
Electronic sphygmomanometers are affected by aging components and need to be calibrated on average every year.
Reference:
Reference: