Shoushan stone is one of the four most famous stones in China. Shoushan is located in the village of Shoushan on the northern outskirts of Fuzhou, Fujian, at an altitude of about 1,000 meters. The formation of Shoushan stone is about 150 million years ago, the composition of the ore is mainly chlorite, geodes, kaolinite, etc., the special conditions of the generation of Shoushan stone with crystalline nourishing quality and colorful colors, Tianhuang stone, hibiscus stone, lychee jelly, etc. is representative. Pure white color, slightly containing other components of the colorful. Slightly transparent to translucent, very few transparent. Pearl luster, grease luster, glass luster, the vast majority of slippery feeling. Shoushan stone is divided into three categories: Tiankeng, Shuikeng, and Shankeng. According to the relevant data, Shoushan stone varieties have been discovered and exploited continuously, and there are about 160 kinds of them. Tiankeng stone referred to as "Tianshi", produced in Shoushan streams next to the paddy fields in the ancient sand layer, the appearance of different, more red skin, red rib into the grid, texture carrot pattern. The texture is moist and gentle. It is collected by digging deep into the soil, among which the yellow color is the most precious. ShuiKeng stone produced in shoushan township 3 kilometers southeast of the pits occupy the foothills, because the vein is very steep, long-term impregnated by groundwater, easy to produce crystal jelly class treasures, there are pits hole, crystal hole and other famous mining hole, along with its extension to the creeks, so more transparent, glossy, fine texture, is the best of shoushan stone. Mountain pit stone production Shoushan, Yueyang two townships. Mining cloth more than 10 square kilometers, the product is very much, the texture varies greatly, the changes are also complex.
Huang Binhong, a master of Chinese painting, said: "Shoushan stone invented in the Yuan and Ming Dynasty, initially a temple monk saw the stone has five colors, crystal like jade, cut for the Muni beads string, attracting touring the four directions. Good thing it can be engraved can be engraved, used to make seals." This said "invented in the yuan and Ming" should be the time of the Ming system seal. The earliest existing Shoushan stone seal stone Ming Dynasty "Emperor's treasure", Ming Xiaozong Zhu You Tang, Ming Guangzong Zhu Changluo and others have many Shoushan stone seal. Qing dynasty emperors on shoushan stone chapter is also very favored, sealing master Yang Yuxuan and Zhou Shangjun, but also called into the palace full-time, openwork carving shoushan stone sealing. Visible Shoushan stone chapter at that time is particularly valued. Thus established the extraordinary status of shoushan stone chapter, and promote the development of shoushan stone chapter carving art.
The Qing Dynasty folk also prevails in the Shoushan stone chapter of the wind, the famous seal carver Zhao Zhichen, Wu let Zhi, Xu Sangeng, Zhao Zhiqian, Qian Song, Wu Changshuo, Wang Fu'an, etc. have carved Shoushan stone chapter, and now scattered in the folk and collected in the museum.
After a long history of refinement, Shoushan stone, whether it is a seal, the system button, thin meaning or carving, have been perfected, with very valuable practical value, ornamental value and collection value. Qingtian stone is one of the four famous stones in China. Produced in Qingtian County, Zhejiang Province, Shankou Town, so called "Qingtian stone", belongs to the leaf wax stone in a kind of. Mr. Qigong's poem, "Qingtian stone has a reputation for a thousand years", speaks of the high status of Qingtian stone. A beautiful stone with backbone changed an era, and set off a fresh and energetic literati seal-carving craze in Chinese culture. As Mr. Han Tianheng said: "stone instead of copper, print the decline of eight generations, in the brilliant history of Chinese seals, Qingtian stone has its own indelible epoch-making contribution."
Qingtian stone is not only as green as jade Fengmenqing, there are a variety of colors, texture odd frozen stone, wearing red and green, without powder, such as Jiangnan Jade, very pleasing to the eye, which is a significant feature of the Qingtian stone. According to the color and name can be divided into ten categories of more than 100 kinds. Ten categories are cyan, yellow, brown, white, red, blue, green, brown, black, multicolor. Varieties of names both the literati, the seal taken by the rich calligraphy of the elegant name, but also the local quarry workers, carving artists with the local flavor of the common name, and part of the stone quality, color, origin and get called, the name of a variety of different colors. Among them, there is a unique stone in China, "Blue Star, Blue Ribbon" stone; there is full of spirit, stone in the gentleman's name of the "Fengmenqing"; there are natural stone "Dragon Egg Stone"; and in the dragon egg stone in the "bamboo leaf green" more favorite.
Qingtian stone mining and utilization has a long history of more than 1,700 years, at first only as a practical craftsmanship small pieces. As a seal, to the Song Dynasty, there is a "system for the elegance of the literary room and the literati use of the seal" records, such as the recent discovery of the "Li Wei book" long seal type double-sided seal is the Song Dynasty pit Qingtian rosewood jelly, which is so far the earliest discovery of the Qingtian stone seals. Yuan dynasty "Zhao Zi Ang began to my township lighting stone for prints, to the Ming dynasty and the prevalence of stone seals". Yuan Dynasty, there is a famous literati Wang Coronation, "no one in the beginning to flower milk stone engraved seals, since the beginning of the Shan Nong also ......," he carved flower milk stone is Qintian stone. Since then, the era of copper seal which has been inherited for many centuries has ended, and replaced by a new era of literati seal carving, which has promoted the transformation of Chinese seal carving from being mainly practical to being mainly artistic and ornamental, and greatly contributed to the prosperity and development of the art of seal carving.
Qingtian stone mining age of about 140 million years ago in the late Jurassic century to the Cretaceous period, the scientific name of chlorite, hardness of about 2.8 degrees, the texture of the brittle and soft and warm, the stone chapter with the knife can be engraved as much as possible to get the rhythm of the brush, born for the printer was born. In addition to the seal carving works of Wen Peng, He Zhen, Wu Changshuo and other seal carving masters, there are also the tribute to Emperor Qianlong's 80th birthday in the Palace Museum, a full set of 60 "BaoDianFuShu", and the tripartite seal of the anti-British national hero Lin Zexu, which is now in the Nanjing Museum, and other seal works of the Qingtian stone. Collections through the ages show that Qingtian stone is not only the treasures of the Imperial Palace, the favorite of the literati, but also won the favor of successive courtiers and generals, and in modern times, Qingtian stone, with its excellent natural qualities, carries an international sealing society, the Xiling Seal Society. In the "Xiling after four family seal spectrum" see seal 344 square, 216 square of Qingtian stone, accounting for 70%; Xiling seal society centennial anniversary, a hundred Xiling celebrities for the Qingtian seal stone engraved 100 chants, the achievement of a section of the seal world of the good news of the bond of Qingtian. Changhua stone is one of the four most famous stones in China. Produced in the Lin'an City, Zhejiang Province, more than 50 kilometers west of Changhua Town, West Zhejiang Grand Canyon, the source of more than 1,300 meters above sea level in the Jade Rock Mountain. Changhua stone is greasy and glossy, slightly transparent to translucent, and rarely transparent. There are many varieties, most of them are dull in color, tough and astringent, obviously with a group of flaky fine white powder points. According to the color of white jelly (transparent, or fish brain jelly), yellow jelly, peach blossom jelly, cow horn jelly, sand jelly, lotus root powder jelly, etc., are excellent varieties. Pure color without miscellaneous rare and expensive, the texture is delicate, tough and astringent knife, less sand and impurities.
Changhua jelly stone in the "blood" for the top grade "chicken blood stone", the so-called "chicken blood" is cinnabar, that is, a special kind of mercury ore, adamantine luster, uneven distribution! The most valuable "big red robe square chapter", the seal stone six red or four red, bright red, pure, high gloss brightness, dense and tough, almost no "ground". Of course, most of the chicken blood stone is the ground. The more translucent and pure the better. Such as peach blossom chicken blood red, all over the body as bright as peach blossom, bright and colorful; white jade chicken blood red, texture white as vegetation, no miscellaneous colors, blood dripping; "Liu Guanzhang chicken blood stone", red, white, black color, very rich in characteristics; bean green chicken blood red, the ground is like a pea green, slightly transparent, blood color bright; water chestnut cake chicken blood red, its characteristics as follows Transparency is quite strong, the blood was red spots, pieces of attractive eyes; cow horn ground chicken blood red, texture black pure, blood color, was streaming, a strong sense of movement; lotus root powder ground chicken blood red, texture if brewed into the West Lake Lotus root powder, pink, chicken blood eye-catching; meat paste ground chicken blood red, production is more, the texture of the transparent and opaque points, and its red like chicken blood dripping into the stone for the best. Chicken blood stone as a representative of Changhua stone, known as the "rare treasure", one is precious, because it has a high appreciation value and collection value, long preservation and does not fade; Second is rare, the top quality products are produced only in Lin'an Changhua a place.
The main craft use of Changhua stone is the production of seals and craft carvings, it shows the oriental characteristics of culture, unique in the world culture and art forest. Baolin stone is one of the four famous stones in China. Produced in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Chifeng City, Bahrain Right Banner Daban Town, northwest of the Maya Spit Mountain, north of the size of the fossilized stone mountain area. Bahrain stone colorful, peculiar texture, warm texture, bell spirit, suitable for knife carving, suitable for expressing the mood. As early as more than a thousand years ago has been found, and as a tribute to the imperial court, was a generation of pride Genghis Khan called "heavenly stone". The cultural connotation of Baolin stone is very rich, and its development has gone through several important historical periods, such as Xinglongwa culture, Hongshan culture, Qidan-Liao culture and Mongol-Yuan culture, and it was born, developed and flourished in the long history of more than 8,000 years ago. In the progress of civilization of the peoples of northern China continue to be complete, rich and sublimation, it is the soul of the grassland, is the work of the nation, is the wealth of the world.
Balin stone is divided into Bahrain chicken blood stone, Bahrain Fotan stone, Bahrain frozen stone, Bahrain colored stone, Bahrain pattern stone and other five categories, and named hundreds of varieties. In recent years, in the majority of Bahrain stone enthusiasts *** with the help and support, the status of Bahrain stone has also been the former all for the improvement, so that the appreciation of stone, printing stone sector colleagues as well as the majority of Bahrain stone enthusiasts for the exhilaration and encouragement, and is known as the unique gift of the transfer of emotions between governments. 2001 October Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation was held in Shanghai, the 21 countries gathered in Shanghai heads of state, the Bahrain stone seals were selected as a The 21 Bahraini stone seals were made from a single stone, with a texture pattern like rolling waves, known as the surging Pacific Ocean, implying that the economies of the APEC countries are as vibrant as the surging Pacific Ocean, riding the waves. Seal engraved with the Chinese names of the heads of state, by the vice president of the Xiling Seal Society, the famous seal engraver Han Tianheng, the seal. 2008 Beijing Olympic Games was successfully held, the Xiling Seal Society hundred members of the Olympic seal engraved with a hundred Bahraini stone, the development of Bahraini stone on a new chapter.