●"Hygiene", in terms of composition, is a verb-object phrase. Sheng" is a noun, i.e. "life" or "body"; "卫" is a verb, i.e. "to guard". "to guard". The combination of the words "guard" and "life" means "to preserve life" or "to protect the body". When "hygiene" is regarded as a noun, its meaning changes to the act of "preserving life or protecting the body" or "all measures taken to preserve life or protect the body", including the prevention and treatment of diseases. In modern Chinese, "hygiene" is also used as an adjective meaning "cleanliness, cleanliness", which is one of the measures taken to maintain health.
●Academic research on "hygiene" has achieved important results, but the shortcoming is that most of them treat it as a modern neologism, focusing on the generation of the modern term "hygiene" and the process of its introduction into China, but not on the process of "hygiene" in traditional Chinese society. In fact, the meaning of "hygiene" in traditional Chinese culture has not been comprehensively examined. As a matter of fact, "hygiene" in traditional culture is the basis for the concept of "hygiene" in modern times and even in modern times.
●The authors of this paper believe that in the context of traditional Chinese culture, "hygiene" is broadly defined as "health maintenance", "medicine (medical care)", "health to preserve life" and "to help the world and save the people".
The study of the term "health" has had some important results. During the Republic of China period, there are works such as Peng Wenzu's New Terms for the Blind and Chen Fangzhi's Hygiene and Health Administration, etc. In recent years, there are works such as Shen Guowei's History of Modern Sino-Japanese Contextual Exchanges: The Generation and Accommodation of the New Chinese Language and Feng Tianyu's Exploring the Source of the New Language: Sino-Western-Japanese Cultural Interaction and the Generation of Modern Chinese Terminology, etc.; and there are also works on the term "sanitation", which has been widely recognized by the public. There are also some thematic papers on "hygiene", such as Taiwan scholar Liu Shiyong's "Cleanliness to Hygiene: The Colonial Government's Impact on Taiwan's Society in the Concept of Cleanliness" ("清洁 "到 "卫生"). The Colonial Government's Transformation of Taiwan's Society in the Concept of Cleanliness" by Liu Shiyong, and "Why Hygiene Is Not Defense of Life: Alternative Hygiene, Self, and Disease in the Republican Era" by Lei Xianglin; there are also scholars from abroad who have studied "hygiene", such as Lee Jong- Chan: Modernity of Hygiene. Chan: Modernity of Hygiene in the Meiji Era, 1868-1905, Ruth Rogaski: Hygi enic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Dis-ease in Treaty-port China, Tsuyoshi Fujinami's The History of Health in Japan", Kawahara Pan's "Compendium of Hygiene", etc. Recently, Dr. Yu Xinzhong, who has just returned from his studies in Japan, wrote a paper entitled "An Exploration of the Evolution of the Concept of "Health" in the Late Qing Dynasty", which is an important research result on "health", after reading a large number of works in Japanese. The above results are mostly based on the recent history of health. Taking an overview of the above results, most of them focus on the generation of the modern term "hygiene" and the process of its introduction into China, without a more comprehensive examination of the meaning of "hygiene" in traditional Chinese society. In fact, "hygiene" in traditional culture is the basis for the concept of "hygiene" in modern times and even in the modern era. Therefore, a more in-depth examination of the concept of "hygiene" in traditional culture is of great significance to the study of the evolution of the concept of "hygiene".
According to the Advanced Chinese Dictionary, "卫", a verb, is used in the traditional form as "卫", and in the oracle-bone inscriptions, "卫、韦" is the same character, which means It means "to stand guard on the main road (line) to defend (Wei)", so its original meaning is "to defend, to protect". "Sheng" is a verb, the oracle bone character shape is the first born grass and trees above, and the ground or soil below, so its original meaning is "grass and trees grow out of the soil", "to grow". When the word "生" is changed into a noun, its meaning is "生 "的表象 "生命", or "生 "的载体 "身体", or "生", or "生", or "生", or "生". or the carrier of "life", "body". Obviously, "hygiene" as a phrase is a verb-object construction, in which "birth" is a noun, i.e., "life" or "body". ". Therefore, the literal meaning of "hygiene" is "to preserve life" or "to protect the body". However, when "hygiene" is regarded as a noun, its meaning changes to the act of "preserving life or protecting the body" or "all measures taken to preserve life or protect the body". This includes all measures taken to prevent and treat disease and to maintain and promote health. In modern Chinese, "hygiene" is also used as an adjective meaning "cleanliness, cleanliness", and this is precisely one of the measures for the maintenance of health. This is the literal and derived meaning of "hygiene". As a matter of fact, the meaning of "hygiene" varies greatly at different stages of history and in different contexts. Here we will only briefly analyze the meaning of "hygiene" in traditional Chinese culture.
The word "hygiene" is derived from Zhuangzi Gengsangchu (庄子-庚桑楚). Zhuangzi - Gengsang Chu" has "hygiene of the scripture" description:
趎 would like to hear the hygiene of the scripture just carry on. Lao Zi said: health of the scripture can hold one? Can not lose? Can no divination and know good or bad luck? Can stop? Can have been? Can you give up all others and seek your own? Can you hastiness? Can we hasten to the truth? Can we have sons? The son of the day howl and quarrel not quarrel and the most, all day hold and hand not hastiness *** its virtue, all day see and eye not hastiness bias not outside also, line do not know where, living do not know what, and things with the snake and with its wave, is the hygiene of the already.
Jin Dynasty Li Yi in the "Zhuangzi Jiejie" in the "health" is understood as "defense of their lives, so that the road also". Guo Xiang of the Jin Dynasty and Lu Deming of the Tang Dynasty quoted Li Yi's meaning. In the Song Dynasty, Wang Chuan pointed out in the New Biography of Nan Hua Zhen Jing - Geng Sang Chu Chuan: "Hygiene is to safeguard its life, and if it can safeguard its life, then it is the reason why life always exists, so it is said that the scripture of hygiene. ...... and things Qi Harmonization and the same flow, this so-called full of life of the road, so that with the things and the same wave, is the health of the scripture." Whether the "hygiene" is understood as "defense of its life, so that the road", or understood as "guarding the whole of its life", "life so that the everlasting "All of these meanings of "hygiene" in the traditional Chinese context of "defense of life and maintenance of health". The Dictionary of Chinese Medicine, first published in the 1920s and known as the "Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine", interprets "hygiene" as "defending one's life", which once again illustrates the meaning of "hygiene" in traditional Chinese culture. The meaning of "hygiene" in traditional Chinese culture has not changed significantly over the millennia.
Specifically, in the context of traditional Chinese culture, "hygiene" has the following meanings:
1, "health maintenance". That is to say, "to keep the truth and embrace the essence", through food, medicine, clothing, exercise, abstinence, meditation, nourishment and other ways to prevent disease, maintain health and prolong life. For example, "this medicine is clear and not cool, warm and not congested ...... spring often served free of plague disease, summer often served without heat and hot drinks, fall served without malaria and dysentery disease, winter served without cold poison, the real fairy health of the wonderful medicine, the merits can not be fully described." "Life is a joyful life, and if you are joyful, your heart will be free, and if your heart is not in use, you will have peace of mind, and your face will be nourished, and if you have this wonderful health, you will be able to delete the rest of the things." "Ancient details of the mourning service, why? The system of the former kings, funeral rites, one to mourn the death, a health also." "Hygiene to prevent future problems, cut sex to explain the previous doubt, the exhibition of that into a dream, moaning and when the poem, because the heart of the people's distress, out of the position of sighing body low, want to six seven years of disease, when the teacher from a hundred generations, to protect the body will be to protect the morality of not abolish the rules of the Proverbs."
When "hygiene" as "health", often appear in the following contexts: (1) and "injury to life" as opposed to "hygiene is to defend life, not to harm it. (2) The opposite of "injuring life", i.e. hygiene is to defend life, not to harm it. For example, "so hygiene does not harm life"; (2) opposite to "medical", i.e. "hygiene" often refers to the prevention of disease, while "medical" refers to the treatment of disease. The term "health" is often used to refer to the prevention of disease, while "medicine" refers to the treatment of disease. For example, "the former generation of celebrities often can medical not only health carry on", that is, the former generation of celebrities often mastered the medical technology, can treat the disease, not only can prevent disease; (3) in some cases refers to the physiological maintenance, often with the "nourishing nature" or "Nurturing the heart". For example: "between the Jin and Song dynasties, the high priests late to get the official, not the intention to advance, build a nunnery Xixi, called Yunmao, to health and nourishment as a matter of poetry and writing XiongShenYaJian." Another example is: "More dry and hot medicine, also make people blood and Qi bias, not peace, not only not so health, also not so nourish the heart."
2, "medicine", "medical". That is, "the disease of the people, the death of the people", through medicine and stone and other means of "curing the sick and living". For example, "Yu's teachings, like a good doctor's book, not only show the art of hygiene, but also warn the cause of disease", "treating the spleen first for wind, and treating the qi first for disease, both of which are essential to hygiene". "The rich, ignorant of the reason for health, do not ask the health of the formula, the poor, anxious to maintain the body of the policy, how to know the way to protect the body."
When "hygiene" is used as "medicine" or "medical treatment", it often appears in the following contexts: (1) as opposed to "health care". (1) Relative to "nourish". (1) As opposed to "nourishment". For example, "Beans, beans, millet, and the like are attributed to nourishment, and medicines and stones and the like are attributed to hygiene". (2) Often used as the name of medicine and books. For example, it is the name of the book in the book "Sanitary Easy Simple Formula", "Sanitary Treasure Collection", "Sanitary Family Treasure Formula", etc.; it is the name of the medicine in the saying of Sanitary Soup, Nine Keys Sanitary Pills, Longhu Sanitary Poultice. (3) Sometimes it is also used as the name of a medical place, such as "Dafu Zhonghou, who is good at medicine, opens the Hygiene Hall and administers medicines to help the sick".
3. "Hygiene protects life". When "health" as "defend their lives", the concept is abstract and broad, almost including "health", "disease prevention", "free from disease", "health", "health", "health", "health", "health", "health", "health", "health", "health", "health" and "health". The concept is abstract and broad, almost including "nourishing life", "preventing disease", "preventing harm", "preserving life", "longevity", and "prolonging age", "curing the sick and living" and other aspects. This usage is the most widely used in traditional China. To cite a few examples: "roughly taste to nourish the essence of the person also, the grain to nourish the form of the person also, medicine and stone to cure disease also, nourish the essence of this, nourish the form of the second, the cure of the disease for the next ...... cover tasted to talk about the hygiene of the scripture carry on." "Knowing that Jun can take medicine after the disease, not as sick before the disease can be self-defense, Guo Kang Bo met the gods to teach a health preservation and hygiene techniques." "People's very important, life is also, the health of the capital of the very urgent, medicine is also, the medicine of the examination of the book so that there is no B chaotic C misuse of delusional casting of the loss of the Shennong family book also." "Parents and wife of the idea, or from it, want to see and can not get, worry and anger knot, there can not be in the bosom of the person, and can not be easy to disease and health is also difficult."
4, "help the world save the people", "defense of life". The so-called "medical practice, then live, Confucianism, then live the world", so "not for the good prime minister is willing to be a good doctor" has become the pursuit of Confucianism and medicine since Fan Zhongyan after generations. Historically, doctors have been "treating the sick to save people", "hanging pots to help the world" of the mission, the king has been "help the world to save the people", "defend the living souls The king has the mission of "curing the sick to save the people" and "defending the living"; the king has the mission of "curing the sick to save the people" and "defending the living"; the king often uses "medicine" to help the world, and the doctor often uses "technology" to save the people. Therefore, "health" is also often manifested as "saving the world and the people". To cite a few examples: "I told my children and grandchildren to be happy, the beehives and households, feeding the birds and crows, mingling in the city dust, hanging my pot of medicine, the benevolence of health in the state of the capital." "My ancestor set up a hospital within, outside the prefectures and counties of medicine, medicine and to learn the name, the cover wants to gather their people to learn, both successful and try, and then awarded to a party of the health of the appointment, by which into the as a national doctor, its favor to the subjects of the world is also to the carry forward ...... then the people of the world are free of premature blockage of the disease, and among the realm of benevolence of the life of the carries on, is also one of the ends of the king's benevolent government also The king's benevolence is also one of the ends." "If the epidemic epidemic, do not ask the old and young good and low, each drink a cup, then the time gas hundred diseases do not arise, the real health of the world's treasure also." "And health and compassion for the sick, cut in the time, to give benefit to love in people, Mo doctor's if also, therefore, the ancient great man, not tried in the time, then would like to be a good doctor, in order to do its will."
(The information cited in this article is based on the Wen Yuan Ge "Siku Quanshu")
Modern concepts of public **** health
With the development of socio-economic and medical paradigm shifts, there have been many developments in the concept and connotation of public **** health.
Modern public health is most simply defined as the "3Ps", i.e. Promotion, Prevention and Protection. Many countries still subscribe to Acheson's (1988) definition of public health as the science and art of preventing disease, promoting health and prolonging life through the organized efforts of society.
The new medical model and the national health policy have clearly stated that health work requires extensive social participation, and that it is necessary to engage in big health and strengthen inter-sectoral cooperation and participation, i.e., to incorporate the relevant sectors into the public **** health system, such as family planning, drug and food inspection, environmental protection, etc., so as to form an organic whole.
The narrow definition of the public **** health system that the system's institutions, manpower, equipment, budgets are planned and configured to achieve their health functions and and health goals. Specifically, the public **** health system includes all levels of health administrative agencies, disease control agencies, health supervision agencies, maternal and child health care agencies. Community health service organizations and public **** health research institutions.
The function of public **** health is to enhance the health of the population, prevent disease, control infections, prolong life, provide a safe lifestyle provide a safe and healthy living environment. It can be said that people's food, clothing, housing, transportation, birth, old age, disease and death, all in the scope of public **** health response.