Ground cultivation of black fungus production with "one year of production two years to prepare" characteristics, must be prepared in advance for a variety of raw materials and production tools.
1, according to the yield, in advance of the purchase of the appropriate amount of wood chips, wheat bran and other raw materials, and storage to the rain ventilated place to prevent pollution, mold and other phenomena.
2, culture room should have the general conditions are: ① can maintain the appropriate temperature of mycelium development, winter heating equipment, summer ventilation cooling. ② dry indoor air is appropriate, the relative humidity is maintained at 60% or less, high humidity is easy to produce stray bacteria. ③ Indoor darkness, avoid direct sunlight culture frame. ④ indoor walls, the ground should be smooth, keep the indoor air clean, and have a vent.
3, the selection of species: ① primary strains, should be selected to climb the wall of strong, white mycelium, growth uniformity, vitality, no shrinkage of the medium, mycelium robust, non-degenerate, non-spotting, non-polluting test-tube bacteria as a production strain. ② secondary bacteria, should be selected transparent glass bottles, feel good, no cracks in the bottle, cotton plug tight, material and bottle not off the wall, no water in the bottle, no shrinkage on the cap, no pollution, the age of the bacteria is appropriate, generally not more than 4 months, the bacteria as a whole is good, elastic, break the block of more, no loose, the bacteria in the block of mycelium flavor, no odor, or sour bread flavor. Mycelium white secondary bacteria as the expansion of production strains.
4, the second level of bacteria in the selection of bottles, selection of materials: ① selection of bottles should be chosen to use colorless, unbroken glass bottles for the second level of bacteria production bottles, can also choose 15x30 polypropylene bags. ② Selection of materials should be selected to shrubs, quercus, birch, color wood-based hard mixed fresh wood chips as raw materials for the second level of bacteria, there must be no impurities, pollution, mold and other phenomena, auxiliary materials, wheat bran must be fresh, no deterioration, no clumping, no contamination, no preservatives, sugar can be used as ordinary sugar can be, gypsum must not be clumping, deterioration, and other phenomena. You can also choose corn, wheat and other food strains.
5, the three fungi selection bag, material selection: ① Selection of bags: for the three fungi production bags must be genuine product bags, bag size should be consistent. Regardless of what kind of bag, the bottom of the mouth to no air permeability, water permeability phenomenon, can withstand high temperature and high pressure. I now generally choose "summer green", "Qing Shou", "North Green" and other manufacturers of bags. ② Selection: Quercus, color wood birch, etc., mainly hard mixed fresh wood chips to do the production of materials. Rice chaff choose the new chaff of the year, can't have pollution, mold, caking and used preservatives instead of old chaff. The coarse and fine mixed chaff is good. Soybean flour now used now crushed, or use bean powder, the finer the better. White ash without water immersion, no lumps, knot white delicate is good. Plug cover available cotton or no cotton cover body.
Two, production equipment
The main equipment for the production of fungus production of fungus culture room, sterilizing pot, pick up the room, pick up the box, bagging machine, pick up the fungus with tools, aseptic ultra-clean table, infrared lamps, ultraviolet light, and so on.
1, culture room: more brick and tile structure, summer can also be used to build a temporary fermentation room plastic film. Cultivation room must be strong, good fire prevention measures, to be away from the chicken factory, soy sauce factory, farms and polluting chemical plants, the room should be clean, airtight, easy to disinfect, sterilization, ventilation holes, not only to maintain the indoor circulation of fresh air, but also play a role in cooling.
2, sterilization pot: sterilization pot can be divided into atmospheric pressure sterilization pot and autoclave. ① atmospheric sterilization pot: at present, most of our workers use self-built earthen steamer, it is low cost, easy to take materials, the size of the pot can be developed according to their own production volume. Note: the pot built with bricks must be strong, crack-proof, to ensure that the pot is airtight, to install a good thermometer, with inlet and outlet pipes. ② autoclave: check before use of the pressure gauge, bleeder valve, safety valve, rubber sleeve, etc. is normal.
Autoclave sterilization process should pay attention to the following points: ① sterilizing pot cold air must be exhausted. ② sterilizer bags placed in the pot should not be too close to prevent the formation of temperature "dead zone", not completely sterilized. ③ After the end of sterilization should be natural cooling, when the pressure drops to 0, open the exhaust valve, so as not to decompression process inside and outside the bag pressure difference, the plastic bag broken. When sterilizing, the cotton plug should be covered with a high temperature resistant plastic sheet to avoid condensation above the pot to the cotton plug, the end of sterilization, the door should be opened in advance to let the residual heat inside the pot to dry the bag on the cotton plug. ⑤ Plastic bags should be selected polypropylene material, otherwise the bag will be broken.
How to arrange the cultivation season of black fungus
The growth of fungus seasonal strong, a year can be arranged in spring and fall two crops of ear production. In the production of operational arrangements to achieve the spring crop to grab early, fall crop in time.
Cultivation of black fungus, the first cultivation bag, the time required 40-60 days, the transfer to the ear period to 50-60 days, therefore, the arrangement of the season, to take care of two aspects, to take care of the bag during the cultivation of the optimal temperature and not allowed to go beyond the scope of the staggered ambrosia, avoid high temperature, so as not to high temperature, high humidity cause The contamination of stray bacteria and flow ear.
The production season of fungus, is a key technology for high yield and quality of fungus, many cultivators due to production season errors caused by yield reduction, for this reason, must attach great importance to. The lower the temperature of the fungus, the slower the growth rate, but the stronger the mycelium, the stronger the thick white resistance to disease, black fungus color, the inner thickness of the folding dry rate is high, the quality is good, so in the cultivation season of fungus, to grasp the natural temperature, the arrangement of the inoculation period and the ear period. That is, the fungus in the ground in early May, countdown 60-80 days for the production period of the three fungi.
In order to avoid the phenomenon of high-temperature rotten ears or high temperature, high humidity conditions infected with fungi, Jilin region should be out of the first crop in mid-June, the beginning of July to pick up the fungus, so that the higher the commercial value of the fungus.
Autumn ear can be produced in May tertiary fungus, placed in the ground in mid-August, the end of September to pick the first crop of fungus.
Three, production technology
At present, few of our growers make first-class strains, mainly relying on outside into. For this reason, the main introduction to the production of secondary strains.
The selection of secondary strains has been introduced earlier, but in the production process, we should pay attention to the following matters:
①The moisture of the ingredients must be mastered quasi, not too large or too small, bottling should be moderate, do not be too full of bacteria resulting in difficult to pick up bacteria or cotton plugs touching the strains of bacteria to the strains of bacteria can not be viable, the ventilation room is small infection rate is high, the survival rate of bacteria seedlings is low, and other phenomena. Grain strains should be boiled in water before sterilization until cooked without white heart or have a small white heart, but not broken bags, and rub the cotton plug when bottling.
②Sterilization should be thorough, atmospheric sterilization must be maintained at 100 ℃ for more than 6 hours, to be cooled so as not to scald the strains, receiving room, box must be kept sterile.
3 general 20 × 200mm specification test tubes of strains connected to 500ml bottles can be connected to 6-10 bottles, not too much, so as not to cause low viability, and bacterial wetting.
4 fermentation temperature: the fermentation room temperature of the secondary bacteria should be controlled between 24 ℃ and 28 ℃, to avoid prolonged low-temperature germs or prolonged high-temperature germs, 30-50 days can be full of full bottles, at this time, such as the production of tertiary bacteria, the secondary bacteria can be moved to the environment of a clean, dry, protected from the light, the temperature of 0 ℃-10 ℃ between the indoor storage, but the time is not too long. Indoor storage, but the time is not too long.
Cultivation bag production
1, culture material formulations: the region's resources and the actual situation, the medium of the broadleaf tree wood chips-based, we commonly used formulas are: ① sawdust 86.5%, 10% wheat bran, soybean cake powder 2%, 0.5% quicklime, gypsum powder 1%. ② Sawdust 78%, rice bran 18.5%, soybean meal 2%, lime 0.5%, gypsum powder 1%.
2, the preparation of culture material: according to the proportion of formula weighing a variety of raw materials, first of all, gypsum, lime crushing mix, and then with soybean cake powder, bran or rice bran and other concentrate mix evenly, and finally with the sawdust mix, mix well according to the proportion of 1:1.2 water, mix 2-3 times, and then simmering heap 0.5-1 hours, so that the water content of 60%, can be bagged, with water, and the water is added, and then the water content of the heap of 0.5%, and then the water content of 60%, can be bagged. 60%, can be bagged, the amount of water can be measured by water meter or holding the culture material by hand, generally the culture material is suitable to be held into a ball by hand and fall to the ground that is dispersed.
3, bagging sterilization: now use mechanical bagging, to choose high-quality bags bagging, bagging should be done tightly under the loose, the material surface is flat, no loose material, the bag surface is smooth and no wrinkles, after the bagging of the material surface height of 17-18cm, each bag weighs about 1.1kg, loaded with the material should be placed into the cultivation of the bag 55 × 44 × 30cm iron basket for sterilization, generally used atmospheric steam sterilization and steam sterilization. Most of the normal pressure steam sterilization and autoclave sterilization. ① atmospheric pot temperature can generally reach 100-108 ℃ or so, the first fire to warm up, exhaust the cold air, 2-3 hours to warm up to 100 ℃ when the clock began to keep 5-6 hours and then simmer for 1-2 hours, ② high-pressure cooker temperature of up to 120 -130 ℃, when the pressure rises to 0.5kg/cm2, open the exhaust valve to exhaust the cold air, when the needle drops to 0, close the valve to heat, the needle to 1.5kg/cm2 can be maintained after 1-2 hours.
4, what are the reasons why the mycelium can not sprout after receiving bacteria?
The quality of the strain is not good, in the cultivation process has been more than 30 degrees of high temperature damage to the resulting mycelium loss of vitality.
The medium is too dry, or the water content is too high
The speed is too slow when catching the bacteria with the sprinkling light or the three-stage bag is not dried below 28 degrees, which leads to the burning of the strains.
The medium is acidic or too alkaline.
5, inoculation culture: sterilized cultivation bag moved indoors to cool, when the bag temperature to 30 ℃ or so, to grab the temperature inoculation in a timely manner, the quality of inoculation is directly related to the production and quality of fungus, inoculation should be carried out in a strict aseptic operation. ① disinfection of inoculation room: inoculation room is fumigated with potassium permanganate, formaldehyde or other smoke disinfectant 2 days before use. ② The cultivation bag to be inoculated into the inoculation room, the original seed and inoculation tools and so on on the workbench, with the mushroom treasure and so on another disinfection and turn on the ultraviolet light for half an hour after entering the room inoculation. ③ Generally a bottle of secondary bacteria can be connected with 25-30 bags of tertiary bacteria, immediately after inoculation recovery cover, and strive for aseptic operation. ④ bacteria to keep culture indoor air fresh, clean environment, must pay attention to the firmness of the bacteria frame body, so as not to collapse causing casualties and the bag of broken bacteria, after the bacteria bag put in 25 ℃ to 28 ℃ outside the culture room, cultivate for about a week, after all the mycelium cover, reduce the temperature to 20 ℃ to 25 ℃, when the bacterium grows to 2/3, you can pick out some of the stray bacteria. And up, down, inside, outside on the fungus bag to swap positions, so that the germination is uniform, usually be diligent in checking the temperature of the room, the bag, determined not to appear high temperature, otherwise it will have a direct impact on the production of fungus. Cultivation process should pay attention to the pre-low-temperature, high-temperature prevention in the late stage.
Four, the main management of black fungus high-yield technology
(a), choose a strong resistance to heterogeneity, high yield, suitable for the local climate of high-quality strains. In my bureau in recent years in the process of cultivation of fungus, found that the "Huan Yu 8", "a product of black", "Huifeng F1" and other strains of good growth. For a long time, some workers choose strains too traditional, too strong dependence on certain strains, resulting in strain degradation, the production of fungus from the shape, color, quality and nutritional content can not be improved, the product lags behind the market and consumer requirements, resulting in product prices are not high.
(ii), the best selection of hardwood chips, fresh and non-polluting, no moldy various main and auxiliary materials. Control the rate of finished products to do fungus, the rate of breakage and pollution rate to the lowest point. After investigation and analysis, in recent years, one of the main reasons affecting the yield and quality of fungus is that the amount of mother fungus is too small when catching fungus. Mother mushroom dosage is small, directly leading to mycelium and stray bacteria at the same time compete to eat the medium phenomenon, although the surface looks fermentation is very good, but a pendulum to the ground for cultivation, it is obvious lack of strength, that is, what we call strains of fungus no strength. The main reason for the appearance of yellow ears, the indoor temperature is too low, or the bag is placed in the ground frozen, or the bag for a long time without ear, ear time is too long, increase the age of the fungus, can cause yellow ears. After drying, the natural color of the fungus is not seen, affecting the price. (The outer side of the normal fungus should be slightly white furry mouse skin color, the inner side is positive black).
(3) Strictly control the temperature in the fermentation room, avoid prolonged high or low temperature germination. Pay attention to the ventilation of the room, because the mycelium growth to breathe a lot of oxygen, such as lack of oxygen can lead to slow growth of mycelium or no growth. The age of the fermenting bacteria should not be too long, and the fermented bag should not be stored for a long time to prevent its own nutritional consumption, affecting the yield.
Must grasp the black fungus is a medium-temperature fungus this key, mycelium growth optimal temperature of 22-30 degrees, when the temperature is lower than 14 degrees, the mycelium growth is slow, the time dragged too long and easy to aging, higher than 30 degrees, the mycelium growth is too fast, but weak and easy to decline, the line of the optimal temperature of 20-27 degrees, lower than 15 degrees is not easy to produce ears. Below 15 degrees is not easy to out of ear, higher than 28 degrees of fungus open ear fast, piece of thin color light, more than 30 degrees, after the fungus grows out, appear autolysis caused by serious reduction in yield impact yield.
(4), the scratch mouth link
V-shaped mouth is the best, the advantages of a small mouth shape, less contact with the space to avoid exposure, nutrient loss. Secondly, the mouth shape on the large and small, due to the formation of fungus warping, the culture stage of water spraying to play the role of umbrella, to avoid spraying water directly through to the mouth, resulting in contamination of stray bacteria. Third, the V-shaped mouth under the speech triangle tip part is small, just so that the water to retain a small point in the tip of the mouth, is conducive to the cave mouth moisturizing ear. Fourth, when the fungus is formed, the two remaining corners of the scratch at the mouth are connected, and the fungus tops the plastic film, so that it naturally upward. The fungus itself sealed the bag mouth, water can not be poured into the bag, the formation of fungus bags within the dry long mycelium, outside the wet long fungus good conditions, five is the mouth is small, the ear is concentrated out of the ear molding beautiful. Therefore, the V-shaped mouth is the most ideal. There is no mycelium part of the fungus. ② bag material separation serious place. ③ weak mycelium. The original base is too much.
Drawing angle
Drawing angle of 45-55 degrees, the angle of the residual line length of 1.8-2 cm, the residual line length is too long or too short, have a direct impact on the yield, the residual line is too long, one is the dispersion of nutrients, and the second is to make the hole is too large, the medium is exposed to the large area of the outside world moisture is easy to infiltrate the bag, giving the opportunity for the infection of stray bacteria. Gives the opportunity to the stray bacteria infection.
Depth of scratching:
Depth of scratching is the ear sooner or later, the ear root size of the key, scratching is too shallow or not to the medium to scratch, the fungus grows doodle small, bag mycelium nutrient delivery does not come up, long ear slow, and the ear root did not reach into the bag, a touch on the drop. Row too deep, the fungus formation is late, the ear root is too thick to prolong the formation of fungus, the appropriate depth of the row of mouth for 0.5-0.8 cm.
Location of the mouth: the mouth can be zigzag arrangement, specifications for the 17x33 bag can be opened 12-15.
(E), avoid high temperature exposure. In recent years, some of my bureau and staff household cultivation of fungus, there is a bag of yellow, bag fungus detached, ear piece growth is slow and yield phenomenon, an important reason is that no shade measures, bags of fungus for a long time in the scorching sun, easy to cause the upper part of the bag of fungus sun out of the hard cover, the bag above the opening of the two fungus grow not up. Easy to cause the aging of the bag, bag and column separation, fungus can not grow out of the bag in a timely manner, resulting in the root of the big impact on the quality of the fungus, easy to appear fungus, and slow growth of the ear piece. Should be taken to artificially shorten the growth cycle of the fungus to improve the picking period, in order to put an end to the ambient temperature is too high, the growth of fungus is too sexual, fungus quality light, color is ugly, the problem of selling price. Specific method is: fungus in the ground, covered with straw, but pay attention to the straw is not too thick, in order to still see the bottle as appropriate, thick and thin to be consistent. On the pressure frame strip to prevent the wind from blowing away, so that you can avoid too much sunlight caused by the phenomenon of the bag with the fungus detached from the fungus, the age of the fungus is too long, resulting in a yellow ear. 7-8 June or so to remove the straw, watering, 7-10 days can be picked, in advance of the picking period. Remember to pick this ear when it grows to 8-9 points, never over sex. Just want to grow up a little bit before picking, the result is the opposite.
(F), germination: 1, most of the growers now open the bag directly into the culture room germination, the benefit is to save time and effort. Should pay attention to the following points: ① to timely ventilation, such as poor ventilation, indoor humidity is too high, resulting in a lack of indoor nutrition, easy to cause contamination of stray bacteria. The temperature can not be too high. ② Fungus bags can not be placed too dense, keep a certain distance between the bags. Indoor keep clean, humidity at about 60%.
2, another way of germination, the open mouth of the fungus bag directly into the germination bed, the bed can be lime, metribuzin, grams of fog, etc., sterilization, bags on the bed to be upright, and between the bags to leave a distance of one inch, is conducive to the emergence of buds ventilated for oxygen during the day with a straw curtain, the night does not have to cover, pay attention to the observation of the temperature in the bed, such as more than 30 degrees, it should be taken in a timely manner, such as watering to lower the temperature. Measures. There are in stable and high yield. In the morning you can give the ground for watering once, so keep about ten days, can be sprouted, the advantage is sprouting early, flush, fast.
3, ventilation and nourishment
Long ear stage ear piece respiration is strong, often to keep the air fresh, especially high temperatures, high humidity, pay more attention to ventilation, promote the ear and ear piece differentiation.
(7), choose the land: black fungus growth environment, like dark and humid, so choose the land to avoid drought of the wind mouth, to choose the wind and sunny flat land, good drainage, pollution-free arable land to do for the planting of black fungus production land. According to the experience of some growers, choose to cultivate in the half-sun and half-shade of the woods is quite good, high yield, it is best not to choose a heavy crop of land, water can be used to choose a clear and pollution-free mountain streams or deep wells can be watered directly.
Do bed: the production of ear beds, according to our local ground planting black fungus of the actual experience and climatic conditions, are to take the ground flat bed or ground on the bed in the form of better. Selection, clean up, ear bed length, width can be determined according to their own needs, the bed should be dug around the drainage ditch, to avoid stagnant water. After making the bed, before placing the bag should be timely to play a fungicide (such as metribuzin, gramicidin) and insecticide (such as fungus sheet net), in the fungus bag can be used before the placement of the closed drug on the fungus bed, so as not to grow grass, resulting in the later generation of stray ears. In order to improve the purity of the fungus, the region mainly uses mulch or leaves to cover the bed. The method is to lay a layer of film with holes on the flat bed, avoid long time water or moss growth when placing bags, the disadvantage of using film is: isolation of the ground air, the fungus can only rely on rain and watering growth, so slow growth. Leaves cover the bed: with no mold and pollution-free Quercus serrata leaves to bed, the method is to spread the leaves evenly on the bed, the leaves and then use 0.1% potassium permanganate solution or sprinkle quicklime disinfection and pest control, the advantages of its no cost, ear bags can accept the ground moisture, shorten the growth cycle, the ear piece of fast growth.
(H), beds: when the ear buds out of the beds, beds, gently take and put, upside down, per square meter placed 20-25 bags or so, not too much, the ideal distance should be 20 bags per square meter. The disadvantage of high density is that the ear piece growth to the middle of the two bags of ear piece began to joint, adhesion, resulting in ground air circulation, the bottom of the ear piece of oxygen, slow growth, resulting in a serious reduction in yield, and easy to produce "white hair?
(ix), water spray management: there are many growers of water spray has not been clear, lack of understanding. In different periods of time should master different methods of spraying water: ① child entity differentiation period: at this time like coral ear buds have just formed, quite tender, both need water, but can not be watered, so as not to be tender small ear base absorbs too much water caused by rotting ear or fall off, water is too small to cause ear buds shrinkage affect growth. This period should do less spraying and spraying. ② Sub-entity growth period: at this time, the ear piece differentiation to the outward extension, the scratch thoroughly sealed, should increase the amount of watering. If the temperature is below 20 ℃, can be sprayed in the morning between 10:00 to 4:00, the temperature is above 20 ℃, to spray in the morning and evening, to avoid hot weather watering, so as to avoid the formation of high temperatures and high humidity, the temperature is 28 ℃ or more, the fungus above the bed must be covered with a sunshade, and increase the ventilation, so as not to affect the yield of the bacterial body fever.
Spraying water should generally grasp the "dry wet wet" principle, that is, according to the weather conditions, in continuous watering 5-7 days, should be arranged for 2-3 days of sunshine bag, dry when the mycelium rest, further accumulation of nutrients, wet when the accumulation of nutrients can be released, into the ear, prompting rapid growth.
(10), harvesting: has grown mature fungus, should be taken in a timely manner to do hard picking, fine picking, in order to achieve the purpose of high yield and quality. The best harvesting period is the ear piece should be 8-9 minutes ripe, this time the ear piece of good quality, and weight, the ear maturity standard is the color to light, ear root from large to small, ear piece upright. When the fungus is fully expanded, the edge of the folds become book, ear root contraction, the back of the ear shows light white, spores are about to be ejected before harvesting, harvesting should be stopped before watering. The principle of ear harvesting is timely harvesting, picking big and leaving small, ear piece is not unfolding no commercial value is not picked, can be left for the next crop harvesting. Harvesting methods: available blade in the ear base cut down do not take saw foam, to maintain the cleanliness of the ear piece, you can also hold the ear piece sticking to the root base of the screw down. From several years of production experience, the ear is generally half dry on the bag when harvesting quality is better, so that the fungus is easy to dry, good ear shape, high commodity prices.
(xi), drying: before harvesting should be set up a good drying rack, racks from the ground 0.8-1.0m high, the top of the small poles placed on the top and then paved with screens, shade nets, etc., in order to ventilate the upper and lower. In recent years, the fungus cultivators are using this natural light ventilation cool sun way, both to improve the quality of drying, but also to solve the rainy day fungus rot problem. Before drying with scissors to cut off the root of the fungus culture medium, drying must be leaves on the top, the root in the bottom, and was a large dolorous fungus must be torn into a single slice of sunshine before the drying, drying in the middle of the drying can not be flipped, a one-time sun-drying, for the first class, such as encountered in cloudy and rainy days to cover the rain things, rain things should be covered with the top of the drying rack, leaving a certain amount of space, will be with the air circulation, do not cover the ear directly on the ear piece, to prevent the ear piece was pressed deformation, affecting the quality of the fungus. The quality of the fungus is affected by this.