The Daguerreotype was invented by a French physicist named Daguerre, who in 1838 was researching ways to make an image remain on an object, but after many hours of research, he was still unable to figure it out. Suddenly, one day, he realized that an image remained on the object. He then moved the nearby chemicals away one by one to see what caused this phenomenon, and finally, he realized that the main culprit was the mercury left behind after a thermometer was broken. Photography technology has been born since then, it can be said that "the iron shoes without a place to find, get all the effort".
August 19, 1839, in the French Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Fine Arts on the joint ***, announced the French painter and physicist Daguerre's silver plate photography, France *** to give up the patent on this invention, and public. This date is often cited as the beginning of photography.
On the right is Daguerre's silverplate portrait.
In 1838, Daguerre wanted to publish and sell his photography, and after several attempts, he finally turned to the astronomer and member of parliament Arago, permanent secretary of the French Academy of Sciences, and received his praise as the first to see that the invention of photography would provide the greatest contribution to the progress of art and science, and the first to suggest and facilitate the acquisition of the rights to the invention by the French ***.
Niepce, who was also Daguerre's collaborator and four years older than Daguerre, died of an illness six years before Daguerre's silver-plate photography was published. France *** rewarded Daguerre with a 6,000 franc annuity at the same time as it awarded Niepce's heirs a 4,000 franc annuity.
The British inventor Calbot was the pioneer of the negative to positive film from the negative. 1835 began to try the drawing coated with silver chloride or silver nitrate as a light-sensitive material, photographed in the camera as a negative image, and then the use of daylight to print the image, and he named his method Carlo Photography. After the news of Daguerre's invention of silver plate photography was published, he raised the issue of priority of invention, but it was too late.
The Daguerreian silver-plate method uses a steel plate coated with silver iodide that is exposed in a dark box, then developed with mercury vapor, and then fixed with common salt to give what is actually a negative metal image, but one that is very clear and can be preserved forever. Since exposure takes about 20 to 30 minutes, early photography was mostly about still life, landscapes, portraits, and so on.
Because of the long exposure times, portraits were taken with the subject sitting on a special seat with a head support.
Although August 19, 1839, is recognized worldwide as the anniversary of the invention of photography, Daguerre's silverplate actually drew on a long history of exploration in this area. The world's first permanent photograph, the G?tzwald, was made 13 years earlier by Niepce of France, who applied light-sensitive white pitch to a tin alloy plate and exposed it for up to eight hours, an invention that failed to catch on because the light-sensitive time was too long and the image was blurred.
Photography was developed from the 16th century, when painters sketched the use of the dark box, which was used by painters to use the table-shaped dark box. The so-called invention of photography was actually the process of finding the most ideal way to record images.
2. History of Medical ImagingMedical imaging is an important part of medical science, and has a history of more than 100 years. It is closely related to clinical disciplines and is based on basic disciplines such as human anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, and physics. In addition, the integration of computer science has added vitality and enriched the content.
In recent years, the development of medical imaging has been very rapid, medical imaging equipment is constantly updated, and inspection techniques are constantly improved, so that the effect of medical imaging diagnosis and interventional therapy has been raised to a new level, and has strongly promoted the development of clinical medicine, becoming an important pillar of medical work. Therefore, medical imaging is also an important clinical medical science, is a compulsory course for medical school students.
3. History of PhotographyThe word photography is derived from the Greek words φω? phos (light) and γραφι? graphis (drawing, painting) or γραφη graphê, which together mean "to draw with light". It refers to the process of recording images using some kind of specialized equipment, usually a mechanical camera or a digital camera. Sometimes photography is also called photogrammetry, which is the process of exposing a light-sensitive medium by means of light reflected from an object. It has been said that the ability of the photographer is to transform the fleeting mundanity of everyday life into a monumental visual image.
The earliest surviving photograph in the world dates from 1827, by the Frenchman Joseph Niepce. Niepce.
In 1857, OG Ryland (1813-1875) created a Renaissance-style work of more than 30 negatives put together: Two Ways of Life, marking the artistic maturity of pictorialist photography.
4. Record the history of what kind of photographersOriginal article here on December 19th afternoon, Guangxi Provincial Art Museum on the first floor of the old site was packed, the city's many photographers gathered here to listen to Xinhua News Agency senior photo editor Chen Xiaobo interpretation of China's important contemporary photographers and their works.
He Yanguang, Yonghe, Lu Yuanmin, Zhu Xianmin, Xie Hailong, Wang Wenlan, Wang Qingsong and other people's works flowed through the projection screen, is a feast of images. Chen Xiaobo narrated from the sidelines, using a light tone to elaborate on the not-so-easy topic - what kind of photographer records history, and even threw out a question worth thinking about for Guilin photographers - -When we want to choose photos that reflect Guilin, where should we look? Many very good photographers have a quiet character Chen Xiaobo said there are two role models in Chinese photojournalism: He Yanguang, the photo director of China Youth Daily, and Wang Wenlan, the assistant to the editor-in-chief of China Daily.
He Yanguang has won many awards for Chinese photojournalism with works such as One Small Step for the Two Parties and One Big Step for the Nation and SARS Ward (group photo). Chen Xiaobo said: "There are some journalists who are concerned about fashion and impact do not like He Yanguang's work, think it is bland, but I do not think so.
The works that have been used countless times are very plain, and their shooters don't use weird lenses, they don't close in on people, and they don't take pictures with the urge to put the machine up to the tip of someone's nose or the door of their head." Chen Xiaobo told the audience that people who don't know much about photography often think that those with long hair, big boots, long lenses, and flamboyant behavior are photographers.
In fact, I have contacted good photographers, are very ordinary people, do not carry a big lens, *** printed with a lot of words on the big undershirt, just as good writers will not be in the chest don't have a lot of pens. Chen Xiaobo said, compared with He, Wang, a lot of later photographers may be in a certain report over them, but the whole is not over, because do anything to do later is not to do things itself, but to do people.
"He Yanguang is the man who faces life head on and cries out, and Wang Wenlan is much softer than he is, but equally recording history. Wang Wenlan's best-known works include bicycles in China, Beijing's hutongs, and a music-related subject; he was a classical music lover."
Wang Wenlan sometimes takes photos in the hutongs near Chen Xiaobo's workplace. Chen Xiaobo told listeners that Wang Wenlan doesn't use a very big camera.
Photographers in principle can not disturb the people, I have contacted a lot of very good domestic and foreign photographers, are very quiet and even a little introverted, shy, wearing clothes are not exaggerated, like I know Wang Wenlan likes to wear two colors of clothing, one is and the land is almost gray, and the other and the bark of the tree is almost dark green. They don't go anywhere loud and noisy, but a lot of photographers first make others afraid of themselves and their machines.
When we want to pick photos that reflect Guilin, where do we look? Chen Xiaobo believes that photographers work for history and must understand it. The reason why some young photographers' photos don't reflect the depth of history is because they don't know enough about it.
She illustrates this with a photo of a man-made landscape in a development taken by He Yanguang. "He Yanguang and I had our homes next to this development, and we thought about buying a house in it at the time.
There was a lake in the middle of the development with a few black swans, and He Yanguang took this shot with journalistic sensitivity. The caption reads: "On July 7, 2004, two artificially fed black swans were swimming in a man-made lake in a development outside the South Fifth Ring Road in the capital.
Here, because of the beautiful 'lake', commodity prices are as high as 7,500 yuan per square meter, and Beijing is an extremely water-scarce city." Chen Xiaobo said, many of us engaged in photojournalism as soon as we see this photo and photo caption will think, this is He Yanguang, only he will think of the problem and photographed.
As he predicted, a few months later, the black swans were nowhere to be seen, and the water in the lake was gone. Chen Xiaobo praised He Yanguang for his well-written captions, and similarly, Yong He, chief reporter of the New People's Evening News, is a photographer who can include a lot of information in his captions.
Yong has a photo of a college graduation, with a caption that reads, "On June 21, 2005, 3,500 students from Shanghai Jiaotong University cheered at the graduation ceremony. This year, there were 3.38 million university graduates nationwide, and according to the employment rate of the previous year, 4 million graduates would not be able to find a job".
During the lecture, Chen Xiaobo showed some of Yonghe's works from "Edge 2003-2006 Shanghai Images". Chen Xiaobo said, Yong and the lens of Shanghai may not be the same as others imagine Shanghai, but people who have stayed in Shanghai will feel that he shot the most authentic and ordinary life of the people of Shanghai.
Editors of foreign publications, when thinking of the city of Shanghai should go to who look for photos, the first thought is certainly Yong and. This is a kind of honor for photographers.
"When, many years later, we think of choosing a photo of Guilin, is there a person who has continued to record the city for 30 years, for 20 years, even for 10 years?" Chen Xiaobo raised this question, it is worth thinking about Guilin photographers. Just shoot the people around you to shoot your most familiar places Chen Xiaobo told the audience, we have been advocating that photographers do not go to far away places to shoot, you just shoot the people around you to shoot the most familiar places, but most photographers are not listening to persuasion, must go to Xinjiang, ***, Inner Mongolia, Paris, London, and other places, on the side of the thing then feel too familiar, do not want to shoot.
During the lecture, Chen Xiaobo showed the works of Shanghai documentary photographer Lu Yuanmin, the object is a very small range of things around. Chen Xiaobo said, Lu Yuanmin every day after work to recognize the people inside the house to shoot, in the small streets and alleys to shoot, shoot the painter in the rough house, shoot the old man in the Shikumen live in a very small house, but out of the suit and tie meticulously and so on.
Chen Xiaobo said that when he was planning a photography exhibition in Europe, he had been asked countless times by Europeans to provide some photos of the environment of Chinese people's homes. Chinese journalists seldom have the opportunity to go to other people's homes to take photographs, but Lu Yuanmin's photographs have these images. During the lecture, Chen Xiaobo also mentioned Zhu Xianmin, vice chairman of the Chinese Photographers Association.
"Zhu Xianmin lived in a basin on the border of Shandong and Henan until he was 17 years old, and when he was 17 he didn't know that there were bananas in the world, he had only ever eaten apples, and he didn't know that when he wore cotton pants he should wear an autumn trouser underneath, or that when he wore cotton shoes he should wear a sock underneath. Later he left his village for the Northeast.
5. History of Medical ImagingBasic Introduction
Medical imaging refers to the technology and process of obtaining images of internal tissues of the human body or a part of the human body in a non-invasive way for the purpose of medical treatment or medical research, and is a kind of inverse problematic deduction, i.e., the cause (the characteristics of the living tissues) is deduced inversely from the result (the observed image signals). As a science, medical imaging belongs to bioimaging and includes diagnostic imaging, radiology, endoscopy, thermal imaging for medical purposes, medical photography and microscopy. In addition, techniques such as brain wave mapping and magnetoencephalography, although focusing on measurement and recording without image presentation, can be regarded as another form of medical imaging due to the localization characteristics of the data generated (i.e., containing positional information). In terms of clinical application, it is also known as medical imaging, or imaging medicine. Some hospitals have imaging medicine centers, imaging medicine departments, or imaging medicine divisions, with relevant instruments and equipment, as well as specialized nurse practitioners, radiographers, and physicians responsible for the operation of the instruments and equipment, and the interpretation and diagnosis of the images (which must be handled by a physician in Taiwan), which is different from the radiology department responsible for radiation therapy. In medicine, medical engineering, medical physics, and biomedical informatics, medical imaging generally refers to the science of image composition, acquisition and storage techniques, and instrumentation research and development. The study of how medical images are read, interpreted and diagnosed belongs to the department of radiology, or to other areas of medicine (e.g., neurology, cardiovascular disease). The science of the ancillary.
Colleges and universities to open this type of specialization
At present, China's colleges and universities to open the medical imaging program is divided into four-year and five-year, the specific introduction can refer to the Baidu Encyclopedia "medical imaging technology" entry.
Edit this section of the history of development
In 1895, the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad R?ntgen discovered X-rays (generally known as X-rays) to the down, opened up a brand new page of medical imaging, before that, the physician wants to understand the patient's body inside the situation, in addition to direct dissection in addition to the only way to rely on the tactile diagnosis, but the two methods have a certain degree of risk.
Modern medical imaging
The development of medical imaging has led to the development of other imaging technologies in addition to X-rays, and the development of a variety of imaging applications.
In addition to X-ray, there are other imaging technologies and a variety of imaging applications that have been developed.
X-rays
Angiography (Angiography) Cardiac angiography (Cardiac angiography) Computerized tomography (CT, puterized tomography) Dental radiography (Dental radiography) Fluoroscopy (Fluoroscopy) *** Mammography Radiography
Gamma rays
Gamma camera PET, Positron emission tomography SPECT, Single photon emission puted tomography SPECT, Single photon emission puted tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
NMRI, Nuclear magic resonance imaging Imaging
Ultrasound
Medical ultrasonography
Optical photography
Endoscopy
Other
Fluorescein angiography Fluorescein angiography Microscope Photoacoustic imaging Thermography
Combined applications
PET/CT, Positron emission tomography with puterized tomography
Positron emission tomography, PET/CT with puterized tomography
Positron emission tomography with puterized tomography
Positron emission tomography, Positron emission tomography with puterized tomography