The concept of industrial design: the widely used definition is the revised definition of industrial design given by the International Confederation of Societies of Industrial Design (ICSID) at its annual meeting in Paris in 1980: "In the case of mass-produced industrial products, the new qualities and qualifications given to the materials, structures, forms, colors, surface finishes, and decorations by virtue of training, technical knowledge, experience, and visual perception are called industrial design. called industrial design."
1. Traditional Industrial Design
Industrial design was really recognized and played a role in the outbreak of the Industrial Revolution, and was developed under the condition of industrialized mass production. At that time, a large number of industrial products are shoddy, has seriously affected people's daily life, industrial design as a necessary means to change the situation on the stage of history. Traditionally, industrial design refers to the planning and design of products produced by industrial means, so as to make the best match between them and the people who use them. Analyze the nature of industrial design from this concept: first, the purpose of industrial design is to achieve the best match between products and people. This match, not only to meet the needs of people's use, but also with people's physiological, psychological and other aspects of the needs of the appropriate match, which precisely reflects the human-centered design thinking. Secondly, industrial design must be a?quot;creative activity". The nature of industrial design determines that it is a wide coverage of the cross-fertilization of science, involved in a number of disciplines in the field of research, such as the glue of industrial society, so that the original isolated disciplines, such as: physics, chemistry, biology, marketing, aesthetics, ergonomics, sociology, psychology, philosophy, etc., linked to each other, intertwined with each other, and formed an organic unity. Realize the objective revelation of the laws of nature of science and subjective, dynamic creative activities in the art of joining forces again.
2. Modern industrial design
The core of traditional industrial design is product design. Along with the development of history, the development of design connotation also tends to be more extensive and in-depth. Now, the development of human society has entered the modern industrial society, the design of the material achievements and its impact on the state of human existence and way of life is incomparable to any era in the past, the concept of modern industrial design also came into being. Modern industrial design can be divided into two levels: broad industrial design and narrow industrial design.
Generalized Industrial Design (Generalized Industrial Design)
It refers to a series of actions from conception to the establishment of a practical implementation plan, and expressed in clear means, in order to achieve a specific purpose. It encompasses all design processes that use modern means of production and service.
Narrow industrial design (Narrow lndustrial Design)
Simply refers to the design of products, i.e., in response to the need for tools and equipment arising from the association of man and nature. This includes the design of material equipment such as tools, instruments, and products that are needed to sustain and develop survival and life. The centerpiece of product design is a product that is compatible with the user's body and mind.
The narrow definition of industrial design is consistent with the traditional definition of industrial design. Since industrial design has always been based on product design since its creation, product design is often referred to as industrial design. Classification of industrial design
With the increasing broadening of the field of industrial design, different fields have their own characteristics, we can divide the field of industrial design from different perspectives:
1. Classification according to the form of existence of art:
One-dimensional design, referring to the design of the single time as a variable; two-dimensional design, also known as graphic design, is aimed at changing the object in the plane, such as graphics, text, and so on. variable objects, such as the design of graphics, text, trademarks, and advertisements. Three-dimensional design, also known as three-dimensional design, such as products, packaging, architecture and the environment, etc.; four-dimensional design, three-dimensional space accompanied by a one-dimensional time (i.e., the form of 3 + 1) design, such as stage design.
2. From the corresponding relationship between man, nature and society, according to the essential meaning of the formation of the discipline on the classification:
Man, nature and society form the most basic circle of relationships, its classification of the corresponding relationship is roughly:
◆ Product design: equivalent to the narrow sense of the industrial design, is based on the three-dimensional design;
◆ Environmental design: including the design of various types of buildings, urban and regional planning, urban and regional planning, environmental design, and so on. According to the different media can be categorized into two categories: text and graphics as the medium of visual communication; language and. Audio as the medium of auditory communication.
3. According to the concept and definition of industrial design to classify:
With the development of science and technology and the use of modern technology, industrial design and arts and crafts design boundaries are becoming more and more fuzzy, some of the original belong to the field of arts and crafts design design activities with the characteristics of industrial design, such as furniture design and clothing design. As a bridge connecting technology and market, industrial design is rapidly expanding to all aspects of the commercial field:
◆ Advertising design: including newspapers, magazines, posters, brochures, trademarks, etc.
◆ Display design: including storefronts, windows, display stands, signboards, exhibitions, advertising towers, etc.
◆ Packaging design: including wrapping paper, containers, labels, product
◆ Packaging design: including wrapping paper, containers, labels, merchandise packaging, etc.;
◆ Framing design: including magazines, books, illustrations, cartoons and layout design.
Even in the self-contained field of architecture, industrial design plays an increasingly important role.
Contents of industrial design
Industrial design has a wide range of applications in enterprises. Therefore, analyzing the content of industrial design from the perspective of the hierarchy of enterprise demand for industrial design will provide great convenience for enterprises to better use industrial design and create greater value.
1. Product design
Product design is the core of industrial design, is the key link for enterprises to use design, which realizes the change of the form of raw materials into a more valuable form. Industrial designers through the cognition of human physiology, psychology, living habits and all about the natural and social attributes of people, product function, performance, form, price, the use of environmental positioning, combined with materials, technology, structure, technology, form, color, surface treatment, decoration, cost and other factors, from the social, economic and technical point of view of the creative design, in the production management of enterprises to ensure that the Under the premise of realizing the design quality, the products are not only the products of the enterprise, the commodities in the market, but also the supplies for the common people, so as to achieve the perfect unity of the customers' demand and the enterprise's benefit.
2. Corporate image design (Corporate ldenlti-fication System, referred to as CIS)
Corporate identification system consists of a unified corporate philosophy, standardized corporate behavior and a consistent visual image. That is, through the CIS design, the enterprise has a visual impact, can clearly show the personality of the enterprise, is the embodiment of the strength and confidence. A successful enterprise must be cohesive internally, externally can make consumers have a sense of trust and identity, so as to improve the visibility of the enterprise, to achieve the enterprise's business objectives and development goals.
3. Environmental design (interface design between human and hardware)
Industrial design is as the interface language between human and the environment (building, transportation, living room, shopping mall, street ......) to intervene in environmental design. Through the cognition of different human behaviors, purposes and needs, to give the design object - a kind of language, so that people and the environment into a body, giving people a friendly and convenient, comfortable feeling. Environmental design focuses on solving all the problems of the interface between people and buildings in the city, such as: information, signaling systems, environmental protection programs, etc., so as to also participate in solving the major problems of social life.
4. Design Management (Des;8n Mana8ement, DM for short)
That is to say, the design activity as an important part of the enterprise operation, in the project management, interface management, design system management and other management of the product series development, the good use of design means to implement the design-oriented thinking and behavior, and will be with the strategic or technological achievements into products or services. or service process. Design management is an indispensable element for the success of an enterprise, and the enterprise should follow the principles and strategies of design to guide each department in the development, production, and operation activities of the enterprise in order to realize the design goals and add value to the products. Successful use of design management, can make the enterprise in the strategic planning stage contains a business strategy, at the same time, the strategic advantage for the product and the enterprise in the competition Mo Ding good foundation.
The ultimate goal of industrial design is to satisfy the greatest needs of human physiology and psychology. Industrial products are to meet the needs of people's production and life when crafts, undoubtedly industrial design is to serve modern people, it has to meet the requirements of modern people. So it should firstly meet people's physiological needs - product function. A cup must be able to be used for drinking, a pen must be able to be used for writing, a bicycle must be able to be used for transportation, a truck must be able to be used for carrying goods and so on. The first purpose of industrial design is to make it easier for people to use products and make them more effective through rational planning. In the study of product performance, based on industrial design, but also through the reasonable means of modeling, so that the product can have the spirit of the times, in line with the product performance, and environmental coordination of the product form, so that people get the enjoyment of beauty.
Industrial design is the inevitable product of industrial modernization and market competition, its design object is to industrialize the method of mass production of products, industrial design has a huge impact on modern human life, but also subject to the reality of the level of production and life.
The status and role of industrial design in the enterprise:
6?1 Design is a bridge between the enterprise and the market: on the one hand, the production and technology into products suitable for market demand, on the one hand, the market information feedback to the enterprise to promote the development of enterprises. 6?1?6?1 Design is a means of value-added products: the greatest effect on the enterprise is to improve the added value of the product. This added value is not tangible material existence, more in the intangible. Appearance, product image, etc. 6.1.6.1 design is an important resource for enterprises: good design will make the enterprise has a better reputation, making the enterprise more dynamic, and become the company's development tools 6.1.6.1 design is the establishment of a complete visual image of the enterprise's means: the enterprise's visual image is the company to establish the best appearance of the brand image, that is, the company's a unique style.Industrial design creativity is the most important prerequisite for a good product design, simplicity is an important symbol of good design, applicability is to measure the product design another important criterion, man-machine relationship is reasonable, the human-computer interface is harmonious, the product's own language should be good at self-explanatory, carefully deal with each detail, pay attention to regional and national characteristics, implies cultural characteristics, pay attention to the ecological balance, and is conducive to the protection of the environment, the timelessness of product design. The timelessness of product design.
Industrial design should pay attention to follow the following principles: the principle of creativity; the principle of market demand; the principle of user priority; the principle of corporate goals; the principle of easy to grasp; the principle of aesthetics; the principle of protection of the ecological environment.
Industrial design involves psychology, sociology, aesthetics, ergonomics, mechanical construction, photography, color, methodology, and the three major compositional foundations of design
＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝
Summary of the United States, Europe, Japan and other industrial design Developed countries for industrial design definition and development process
American industrial design in the information age
The United States is the earliest to enter the information age of the country, but also the most developed information technology country. Whether in computer hardware and software, or in the application of computer technology are in the world's leading position. Especially the popularization of the Internet, the United States society into a comprehensive information industry as the leader of the new era. In the new economic and cultural background, the United States industrial design from the end of the 20th century 80 years, has undergone great changes.
At the same time, the American design pioneers represented by Rowe resigned one after another, and although some of the design firms named after them still exist, the positions of these masters were replaced by a group of new independent design firms. These new design firms whether in the knowledge structure, service areas or design means with the traditional obvious firms are very different, because they grasp the pulse of the information age, the design business rapidly expanding in the industrial world has established a good reputation, by the U.S. Business Weekly called the new generation of heroes of the U.S. industry. These new design consulting firms are no longer famous designers for the signboard, but with the word "design" name to name, emphasizing the design is a team activity rather than personal work, such as New York's Smart Design, Chicago's Design Logic California's Lunar Design Logic in Chicago, Lunar Design in California, and so on. In many cases, the principals of these companies are first or second generation European immigrants, and the famous Forgdesign was originally a German company. These new generation of designers have brought more European concepts to the United States, thus closely combining the advanced technology of the United States with the deep historical and cultural traditions of Europe, and making American design take another giant leap in the information age. This situation is especially prominent in California, especially in Silicon Valley, partly because many Europeans have settled here, and partly because the new high-tech industry here has little connection with the American design predecessors of the previous machine age. A number of new design firms have been working here for high-tech companies such as Apple.
With the traditional industrial design firms to provide the appearance of industrial products is mainly different, the new design firms can provide more comprehensive services to enterprises, they can not only provide the appearance of the product design and engineering design, but also to provide market research, consumer surveys, ergonomics research, public relations planning, and even corporate Web site design and maintenance of all aspects of the service, and has the global activities. Ability to do global activities. In fact, some new design companies have already established a global service network to cope with the trend of increasing globalization of the world economy. This change in industrial design reflects the change in enterprise management, as more and more enterprises will cut down the research institutes located within the enterprise and turn to social cooperation, which not only reduces expenses, but also seeks for the cooperation of professional resources in the society in a wider scope. In addition, many enterprises take design as a strategic management tool to improve business quality and stimulate creativity, rather than limiting design to individual product development activities, thus greatly expanding the scope of application of industrial design. Due to the broader needs of enterprises for design, the composition of design companies is not only limited to designers, but also to the cooperation of multi-disciplinary personnel. In addition, the design company's design means also due to a large number of computer-aided design and revolutionary changes, SGI (Silicon Graphic) graphic workstations and Alias, Pro-Designer and other design software to make industrial design more flexible, fast, industrial design itself is therefore high-tech.
Another major change in U.S. industrial design in the 1990s is that high-tech products, including computers, modern office equipment, medical equipment, communications equipment, etc., have become the main areas of industrial design. Industrial design has played an important role in bridging the gap between humanizing and commercializing high technology. It is the efforts of designers, previously daunting high technology has become an indispensable partner in people's daily work and life.
Headquartered in Portland, Oregon, the United States of America, Chiba (ZIBA) design company is considered to be one of the best international design companies. ZIBA's design philosophy is to win with simplicity, and emphasize the human-machine characteristics of the product, so the company's product design is very much focused on the details of the processing, "God is in the details". At the same time, Qiba also pursues the fun and harmony of design, through the color, shape, details and graphic design to make the product friendly and lovely and humorous, to achieve elegance and vulgarity **** appreciation. In recent years, Ziebar has cooperated with Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, Fujitsu, Intel and other companies to design a number of excellent products, including the "Natural" curve keyboard developed by the company for Microsoft, which has been welcomed by users for its ease of use, comfortable human-machine interface, and novel and unique styling. Ziebar also designed a large number of high-technology medical devices, which were designed with simple, clean, blocky shapes for ease of operation and cleaning, and sought to make previously complex and intimidating medical procedures simple and easy. Kiba's hemodialysis machine replaces the previously complex controls and switches with a clear and simple touch screen and installs automated control software that makes it easy for medical staff to operate the machine, and can be easily disassembled and reassembled thanks to a modular design that facilitates on-site service.
IDEO Design is also one of the leading international design firms,*** with a staff of 320 and 1998 design fee income of 30 million dollars. The company's product design puts great emphasis on the interactive relationship between man and machine so that people can realize the transmission of information between man and machine in a natural and convenient way, which can be visual, tactile, auditory, gustatory and even olfactory, thus making the relationship between man and machine richer and more diversified. Interactive design is formed by the synthesis of hardware and software, and represents the trend of product development in the information age, and IDEO has carried out fruitful exploration in this regard.
In addition to the aforementioned design firms, Palo Alto is a major player in the design industry. Alto (Palo Alto) Design, Fitch (Fitch) Design, etc. have made great achievements in product design for the IT industry. Palo Alto Design, Fitch Design, and others have made great achievements in product design for the IT industry. Aalto company for the pyramid technology company designed a large computer system, the appearance of the shape reflects the modular structure of the system, each module can be stacked and can be hot-plugged, without having to stop. Fitch designed a multifunctional home communication device for Panasonic to explore future product design directions. Since the device combines 10 functions, the designers tried to simplify it by dividing it into two "layers" according to the frequency of use of the different functions, which is a clever solution to the problem. In order to explore the future of personal information device design, Fitch proposed a miniature personal computer concept called Digital MoCCA, in which this small and flexible computer device adopts voice as the medium of interaction, and has a variety of functions such as voicemail, visual conferencing, diagnostics, navigation systems, etc., which can be worn, handheld or desktop use. The design won the 1998 Gold Medal of the American Industrial Design Excellence Awards.
Industrial Design in the Information Age in Europe and Japan
On the whole, information technology in the United States is more advanced than that in Europe, but in some areas, such as digital communication technology, European countries have their own unique advantages. As far as industrial design is concerned, European countries also have their own unique advantages. Europe's long and splendid cultural heritage enables designers to fully display their talents in the information age, so that high technology can be expressed in a form that is full of humanistic and artistic sentiments and sometimes even exciting. It is for this reason that Europe, while importing advanced technology from the United States, also exported excellent industrial design to the United States. Just as the 1940s Bauhaus as the representative of the European modernist design thinking profoundly affected the design community in the United States, today's European design is also in the U.S. design community, especially in the design of high-tech products to produce an important impact.
The most prestigious European design firm in the international design community is Germany's Frog Design. As a large, comprehensive international design firm, Frog Design creates innovative, quirky, and fun products in an avant-garde, even futuristic, style. The company operates worldwide, including multinational companies such as AEG, Apple, Kodak, Sony, Olympus, AT&T and many others. Frog's design range is very wide, including furniture, transportation, toys, household appliances, exhibitions, advertising, etc., but since the 1990s the company's most important area is computers and related electronic products, and has achieved great success, especially frog's U.S. office into the United States of America's high-tech product design the most influential design organizations.
Frog's founder, Hartmut Esslinger, established his own design office in Hesse, Germany, in 1969, which became the forerunner of Frog Design. Esslinger studied electrical engineering at the University of Stuttgart and later specialized in industrial design at another university. This experience enabled him to combine technology and aesthetics, and in 1982, Eislinger designed a bright green television set for Wega, named Frog, which was a great success. As a result, Eislinger adopted "Frog" as the logo and name of his own design company. It is perhaps not coincidental that the word frog is an abbreviation of the Federal Republic of Germany. Frog design, like Braun's, has become an outstanding representative of German industrial design in the information age.
Frog's designs maintained the rigor and simplicity of the Ulm School of Design and Braun, but also featured the novelty, whimsy, flamboyance, and even playfulness of postmodernism, making them unique in the design world and changing the design trends of the late twentieth century to a great extent. Frog's design philosophy "Form follows emotion" (Form follows emotion), so many of frog's designs have a cheerful, humorous mood, it is funny. The frog company designed a children's mouse, looks like a real mouse, gray harmonic fun, amusing, so that children have a sense of affinity.
Aislinger believes that the 50s is the age of production, the 60s is the age of R&D, the 70s is the age of marketing, the 80s is the age of finance, and the 90s is the age of synthesis. As a result, frog's internal and external structures have been reorganized to bring together experts in previously traditionally separate fields to work in concert with the goal of creating the most integrated results possible. To achieve this goal, the company utilized an integrated strategic design process, with the three departments of corporate identity, industrial design, and engineering working together at various stages of the development process. This process includes an in-depth understanding of the product's operating environment, user needs, and market opportunities, as well as full consideration of the feasibility of all aspects of the product's production process to ensure consistent, high-quality design. In addition, product design must also be harmonized with corporate image, packaging and advertising, so that the message conveyed to the user has continuity and consistency.
Frog's design principles transcend the limits of technology and aesthetics, defining products by culture, passion, and utility. Eslinger has said, "The purpose of design is to create more humane environments, and my goal has always been to design mainstream products as art." The ability of frog designers to meet any unprecedented design challenge and to work on a wide variety of design projects has greatly enhanced the social status of the industrial design profession, showing the world that industrial designers are among the most fundamentally important members of industry and creators of contemporary cultural life. Esslinger was honored on the cover of Business Week in 1990, the only distinction for a designer since Lowe was on the cover of Time in 1947.
For Frog Design, the success of a design depends as much on the designer as it does on the owner." Nothing is more important to us than finding the right owner." Mutual respect, a high degree of responsibility and a genuine need for each other are of paramount importance, and this is the basis for the success of frog's work with many international firms.
Frog's globalization strategy began in 1982 with the opening of a U.S. office in Campbell, Calif. and in 1986 with the opening of an office in Tokyo to develop business in Asia. Frog's U.S. office provided design services for many high-tech companies, with special emphasis on the relationship between the machine and the user. Frog was a long-time partner of Apple, exploring "user-friendly" computers and achieving great success through the use of simple shapes, subtle colors, and simplified operating systems, and in 1984 Frog's design for Apple's Apple II computer appeared on the cover of Time Magazine as the "Design of the Year". Since then, Frog has worked successfully with nearly every major U.S. high-tech company, and its designs have been exhibited, published, and won one of the most awards for excellence in industrial design in the U.S. Frog's designs have been recognized as one of the best in the U.S., compared to other similar companies. Frog Design has more experience than other similar firms, and is therefore able to recognize and anticipate new technologies, new social trends, and new business opportunities. Because of this, frog design can successfully interpret the meaning of industrial design in the information age.
Some large electrical companies in Europe are very concerned about the development and design of new high-tech products, Philips of the Netherlands, Italy's Olivetti, Germany's Siemens and AEG have made remarkable achievements in this regard. In order to explore the characteristics of the digital office environment, Philips and Olivetti design department of the two companies to cooperate, designed a series of future product concepts, and open to the user, the media, experts and the general public exhibition, in order to seek valuable feedback. They designed the computer called "Magic Carpet", using a soft and foldable desktop, spread out to provide a multimedia office environment. Philips also designed a series of home digital devices, so that technology and home life into one. Philips' new Solace, a portable device that remotely connects to a home's network to check on ongoing activities at home and residential phone calls, looks like a wallet. An Internet interface for the kitchen designed by the company borrows the shape of a traditional chopping board, a concept that is activated by voice or touch, and which downloads the appropriate cooking method and displays it on the screen after the food has been ordered.
Sweden's Ericsson and Finland's Nokia are two communication technology companies that have made a name for themselves in high-tech humanization, combining the simplicity, practicality and naturalness unique to Scandinavian design with advanced information technology to create a multitude of products that are full of human touch and personality. With the design concept of "people-oriented technology", Nokia took the lead in launching the curved body sliding call design, which meets the need for users to hold the phone more comfortably. 1998, Nokia's highly distinctive 5110 "change as you wish" cell phone provides a variety of colorful shells for the pursuit of personalization of modern people, which can be easily and quickly changed at any time, so that highly sophisticated technology becomes a kind of popular fashion, which is similar to that of colorful iMacs. iMac.
Although Japan still has a gap in some basic information technology, such as CPU chips, system software and network technology, due to a lack of basic theoretical research, it has a unique advantage in consumer electronics, which is to win the mass market through attractive appearance, well-designed details, and relatively low prices. Japan produces digital video cameras, video game consoles, color printers, liquid crystal displays, etc. in the international are very competitive. In the information age, the small, clever, light and thin features of traditional Japanese design have been further developed and have become important features of Japanese high-tech products. In this regard, Sony is still leading the way. The U.S. Popular Science evaluated the world's best 100 scientific and technological achievements in 1999, Sony's products accounted for five of the most selected products, these products are reflected in Sony's advanced technology into consumer goods extraordinary ability. Sony's products are known for their compactness and elegance, and are exceptionally thin and light, whether they are desktop computers or notebook computers. Sony's Picture Book mini-notebook is not only a powerful computer at less than one kilogram, but also the first notebook with a digital camera and the ability to quickly send e-mails. Sony is very good at applying high technology to enrich people's daily lives, and its Palystation game console has been a huge success comparable to the Walkman
.