p.s:
Excerpts of Safety Regulations
Chapter 1: Basics of Safety Regulations
I. Definition and purpose of safety regulations .
1. Definition: Safety regulations established by each country according to the scope of use of the equipment.
2. Purpose of applying for safety regulations: To protect the user's life and property. Such as from electric shock, fire and other dangers.
Two. General safety standards.
1. Basically, it is based on the IEC international standard, and each country develops its own standard according to the different needs of the country.
2. such as IEC60950 (Information Technology Equipment information products)
3. USA - UL60950
4. EU - EN60950
5. China - GB 4943
5. - GB 4943
6. Australia - AS3260
7. Japan - J60950
8. Korea - K60950
9. No special standard number, still IEC60950 -
9. Still IEC60950 -
10. Singapore, Argentina.
11. medical equipment - IEC60601
12. video products - IEC60065
13. home appliances - IEC60335
IEC Safety Standard General Name IEC60XXX
EMC standard General name IEC61000-
Three. General voltage.
1. North America - US, Canada 120V, 60Hz
2. Central and South America - 220V more, some countries also have 120V
3. European Union - 230V, 50Hz (because the UK originally 240V, other Western European countries 220V). EU - 230V, 50Hz (because UK is originally 240V, and other western European countries are 220V, so 220V is a compromise)
4. Eastern Europe - Generally 220V, 50Hz
5. Japan - 100V, 50 HZ Australia, New Zealand - 240V, 50 Hz
6. Other countries have 220V mostly, some have 120V
3. Other countries are mostly 220V. Such as: China, Korea, Southeast Asian countries.
4. Power supply form.
1. Adaptor - with plastic case
a. Class I with grounding pin
b. Class II without grounding pin (double insulated) Using Inlet Direct Plug-in Open Frame - without case and with iron case
5. p>V. CB Report
1. What is CB report .
2. CB - Certify Body.
3. NCB - National Certification Body .
4. The function of CB report.
5. -Save time and money
Chapter 2: Safety Design Considerations for Machines
I. Safety Parts Recognition Points
1. X-capacitor
X-capacitor square capacitance, the use of X-capacitor is to solve the EMI problem. X-capacitors usually have multi-country safety certification, certification standard IEC384-14 2nd edition, 1993. The larger the X-capacitance, the slower the discharge. To solve the discharge problem, a resistor is usually connected in series with the X-capacitor, this resistor is called the discharge resistor. When the X-capacitance > 0.1uF should be added to the drain resistor.
a). UL-FOKY2, FOWX2 and IEC384-14 X2 approval. No make and model control.
b). Other safety regulations: Control of make and model, change of make and model must be reported.
c). Rating: Reported as Max. and can only be changed to smaller but not larger, otherwise it must be reported.
d). Typical Flyer Brands:
OKAYA: PA, RE type
Arcotronics: R.46, formerly 1.40, 1.47 disabled
Hua June: MKP type
Roderstein: F1772 type
Evox. Rifa: PHE840M
e). Generally speaking, the maximum temperature limit of X-capacitor is 100℃
2. Y-capacitor
Y-capacitor is divided into Y1 and Y2 capacitors, Y1 capacitor is a single-insulation capacitor, and Y2 capacitor is a double-insulation capacitor. If the total value of Y capacitance is larger than 3300pF, it will fail. X, Y capacitance is a non-essential component, if the product design, layout OK, EMI is not a problem, then we can not use this kind of components (set as Optional). Generally, when applying for safety regulations, X and Y capacitors are listed as their maximum values. EC capacitors should pay attention to the use of temperature does not exceed its rated temperature, capacitance value is generally set to min, can only be changed to a larger not smaller.
a). UL- FOKY2, FOWX2 and IEC384-14 X2 approval. No control on make and model.
b). Other safety regulations: Controlled make and model, change of make and model must be reported.
c). Rating: Reported as Max. Otherwise, it should be reported.
d). Crossing one. The secondary side capacitance is called Bridging Capacitor. Generally more than 3300uF, the LCC test in the safety test may fail - please pay special attention.
e). Generally, Flying Hong uses the following brands:
TDK: CD (Y1), CS (Y2) type
Murata: KX ( Y1), KC ( Y2) type
Pan Overseas: AH (Y1), AC ( Y2) type
Success: SE ( Y1), SB ( Y1), SF ( Y2) type
Success: SE ( Y1), SB ( Y1), SF ( Y2) type
These are the most popular brands in the world. Y1), SF ( Y2 )
Roderstein: WKO ( Y2) type
Matsushita: NS-A type
f). Generally, the maximum temperature limit for X-capacitors is 85℃.
TDK CD type and Success SB, SE type safety recognize up to 125℃. g). The X, Y capacitors are generally labeled as Optional on the report.
3. Fuse / Thermal fuse (thermal cut off)
a). Fuse selection criteria - just be greater than the rated input current.
b). Please do not use T 2.5A for both small and large power adapters. CE's surge only measures 1KV (2 pin adapter), 2KV (3 pin adapter). Because sometimes the difference between the Fuse rating and the input current is too large, the fuse can not immediately broke, will cause the end user end of the danger.
c). Because fuse is an important safety part, the manufacturer / type of the report should be prepared samples.
d). When the safety requirements have been completed, the new fuse will need to be submitted for testing.
e). Ask the engineer to notify more than 2 vendors and types.
f). Thermal fuse can be applied as Optional if it does not work under any circumstances.
4. Storage Capacitor
a). Generally, the application is reported as min. If the rating gets bigger, you can leave it out of the report.
b). If the rating gets smaller, you need to report it and test it.
c). Storage capacitor - only controls rating, not manufacturer or type.
d). The maximum temperature is only 105?C, if the temperature is too high it may affect the max. ambient limit.
5. Heat shrink tubing:
a). UL, CSA approval is required. Generally, the manufacturer and model number are not indicated on the safety report.
b). Rating: Choose the appropriate voltage and temperature. Almost all Flyhomes use 600V, 125 ?C. (600V?)
6. Transformer
a). The most important part of the whole product, if the transformer changes, at least 50% of the test has to be redone.
b). Coil and wire diameter changes should be reported to the safety regulations.
c).UL Class B 130C insulation system.
d). UL Class B 130C insulation system.
d). If triple insulated wire is not used, then it is Dash 2 B-5 system.
This system is reported because Bakelite bobbin is in this system.e). If triple insulated wire is used - HIS-8A system.
This system is reported because Furukawa type TEX-E and totoku type TIW-E triple insulated wires are in this system. The only bobbin that can be used is the Hitachi CP-J-8800 type (Bakelite) f). The Insulation system must be labeled on the transformer label.
g). If the UL application does not use triple insulated wires, the materials used in Class A and Class B are the same, so the application is usually made directly to the Class B transformer.
h). Furukawa and Totoku triple insulated wires are only UL approved for 105°C, but because they are included in the Hitachi Chemical HIS-8A system, they can be used in Class B 130°C. However, if they are used alone, they are still UL approved for 105°C only.
j). Furukawa is only recognized by TUV for Class E 120°C. Totoku is recognized by TUV for 130°C.
k).
k).UL Class B system, all materials regardless of their individual recognized temperature, as long as the material listed in the system can be used. However, materials not listed in the system may not be used.
l). Other safety regulations are based on the recognized temperature of the material itself
m). Transformer class
Class A - Temperature rise <75 K
Class E - Temperature rise <90 K
Class B - Temperature rise <95 K
Other Class H, Class F
. * For UL application, if the transformer class > Class E, the insulation system should be applied.
n). Transformer Insulation System
(1) PH Transformer Insulation System UL file: E149666
Triple Insulated Wire System HIS-8A Non-Triple Insulated Wire System DASH 2 B-5(2) Transformer Insulation System Insulation Class B Materials to be noted
Bobbin Mylar tape, Margin tape Triple insulated wire (if any) Vanlisol.o). The surface of the transformer shall be printed with the insulation system to which the transformer belongs (HIS-8A or DASH 2 B-5), the model number of the transformer, e.g., for PSC05R-050, the surface of the transformer shall be labeled with C05R0501 PHIHONG E149666 HIS-8A, etc.
7.
7. Noise Filter (NF).
When recognizing the NF, check the CB report or UL report. Generally speaking, UL has no special requirements for Noise Filter materials and manufacturers, as long as its temperature resistance can withstand the maximum temperature rise of the transformer can be used, the materials used and manufacturers are not necessarily in line with Flying Hong's insulation system.
8. Plastic Enclose
a). If the product is a direct plug-in type, when applying for IEC950, the plug should be subjected to ball pressure, ball pressure test temperature 125?C min. 1hour, so the material of the plug should be considered.
b). For enclosure, plug (plastic part) because of the oven and Ball pressure test, if you want to apply for more than two materials, you need to provide samples of each material.
c). USA type Direct plug-in adapter, although UL1310 2000 edition reduced the distance to 5.2mm, but because the distance in Canada remains unchanged, so the application for UL, cUL is still based on 7.9mm min. This distance is the closest distance between the gold finger and the AC input blade after the adaptor is inserted into the socket.
9. Fans
a). When choosing a fan, the most important thing is the airflow rate.
b). If you want to report a new fan after the safety regulations have been completed, please try to find a fan with a larger CFM than the original fan. Otherwise, the temperature, abnormal ...have to be re-tested.
c). The fan was also replaced because customers often complained that the noises were too large.
d).
10. AC / DC Cord
a). Generally there is no AC cord attached to the application, but if you consider that the customer requires the AC cord to be attached to the product when it is shipped, then you can apply for the AC cord as optional.
b). If you don't apply for AC cord optional, you should pack it separately and not put it in the same carton.
c).DC cord is a safety part in UL will be written on UL report. It is not a safety part in other safety regulations.
d). If there is an application for UL, then at least VW-1. 80?C, but UL will generally indicate 300V. However, if there is a rating on the safety samples, then according to the sample on the type, rating, temperature is written directly in the UL report, Ex. 18AWG. 2464 type, VW-1. 80?C. Therefore, please ask the wire manufacturers to do the samples with special attention.
11. Ground yellow and green wires
a). The ground wire should be terminated.
b). If you are using a 3-pin inlet, one end of the ground wire should be soldered directly to the FG pin of the inlet, do not solder both ends to the PCB.
c). If the open frame type uses a 3-pin connector, there is no guarantee that the inlet will be grounded with an iron case. Therefore, grounding test should be done at all locations.
12. Other safety parts
a). Switch - control brand, model, rating.
b). Relay -- control brand, model, rating.
c). Varistor -- Controls brand, model, and rating.
d). Inlet / outlet - control brand, model, rating.
e). Optocoupler (PC) - Control label, model number, internal insulation distance, withstand voltage.
f). Insulator- kapton / mylar tape, insulating pad, insulating mylar sheet
(1). Generally insulating tape is not recognized by UL94, UL card only has the use temperature. Mylar / Kapton tape should pass AC3000 / Hi-pot test for each layer when used for insulation.l
(2). Insulating mats should be controlled by brand, model, temperature and combustion level.
(3). Although mylar sheet is 94V-0, the temperature is recognized to be only 60°C. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to whether the ambient temperature exceeds the operating temperature.
(4). Diode - Controls the rating.
(5). Resistor - Controls rating.
13. Plugs by Country
a) . US Type - Used in North America, Japan, Taiwan. EU Type - Used in Europe and other countries where 220V is the normal voltage. UK Type - Used in England, Ireland .... Australia Type - Used in Australia, New Zealand.
e) . Korea Type - Used in Korea, same shape as EU type but with Metal cap EU type 4.0 mm, Korea type 4.8 mm.
f) . Argentina type - similar to Australia plug but prints " N " near the Neutral pin.
14. plastic material.
a. Different plastics have different temperatures and combustion ratings .
Ex. PC+ ABS GE C2950 80C, V-0
PC GE 940 120C, V-0
Noryl GE SE1 105C, V-1
b. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the material according to its range of use.
c. Safety tests related to plastic materials.
d. Shell oven test min. 70C.
e. Standby section ball pressure test min. 125C.
f. Drop, Impact test (shell).
g. Insulation sheet part ( mylar sheet ).
h. For primary and secondary isolation, the min. thickness requirement is 0.4mm.
i. For primary and secondary isolation, the min. thickness requirement is in accordance with the UL card.
j. The minimum thickness requirement is sufficient.
k. Ex. FR1 min. 0.23 mm 94V-0, 110C.
l. Plastic materials are generally accepted in other countries as long as they are recognized by UL.
m. UL testing standard for plastic materials UL 94. PCB.
a). The rating of the fuse must be labeled near the body and must not be confused. The numbering of the parts must also be clearly identifiable.
b). Safety Distance:
No. Description Space Alongside
1 AC line-natural 2.0 2.5
2 AC line-FG 2.0 2.5
3 Primary -secondary (when <20W and >20W) 2.0 2.5
4.4 6.4
4 Primary-PE 2.0 2.5
5 Line-Ground None
6 Fuse 2.0 2.5
7 Secondary side None
8 Secondary-FG None
9 Primary before Fuse 2.0 2.5
c) The other PCB's backplane
(1). There should be a discontinuous surface in the range of copper berth, and the diameter of any one discontinuous surface is not larger than the size required by the safety regulations
Eg.: CHANYOU (Chanyou) Max. 25.4mm
YUE WAN (Yuhua) Max. 9.4mm
(2). If the base plate is secondary side or primary, it must be noted that the distance between primary side and secondary side should be not less than 5mm.
16. Model Label:
a). General Requirements:
General model label must be labeled: company name or trademark, model number, input voltage, input current, input frequency, output voltage, output current, AC and DC symbols, and the relevant safety symbols and descriptions. Regarding the input voltage, because the voltage of European Union (EU) countries is 230Vac, so the input voltage of the product must have 230Vac: such as 220-240Vac, 230Vac, 230-240Vac, 100-240Vac, a separate 220Vac or 240Vac is not acceptable.
Request the name of the species, i.e. type. For example: Switching power supply, AC Adapter, AC Power supply
b). Naming requirements for models.
Japan's safety certificate only specifies the range of suitability of a model with an output limit, which means that you can apply for PSE safety as a series.
China's safety can be applied as a series of models, but when we derive a series of models, we should pay attention to the model name on the model label to be consistent with the safety certificate.
Carbon dioxide safety regulations can only be applied as a single model without a series, so when drawing the model label, we must make sure that the model name on the model label is the same as the model name on the safety certificate applied for.
c). The request of trademark on the certifications and labels:
Except for UL safety which has no special requirement on the trademark drawn on the label, the safety of other countries requires that the trademark on the label must be the same as the trademark drawn on the certifications or CB certifications. certifications or CB certifications reported on the trademark consistent, otherwise it is necessary to re-report before printing a new trademark.
d). The safety mark is printed on the label as required by each country.
(1) China - CCC. model label in addition to the CCC (S&E), but also must be marked with the factory number of the manufacturer. In addition to the CCC (S&E) on the model label, the factory number of the manufacturer must also be marked. Before printing the CCC mark, the authorization to print the CCC mark must be applied to the CCC Marking Issuance Center of the China National Certification and Supervision Commission.
(2) Japan - PSE. To print the PSE mark on the label, the local company name in Japan should also be printed.
(3) Korea - KTL. To print Korea safety mark on the label, it should have the name of the manufacturer and the phone number of the local agent or company in addition to the certification No.
(4) Korea - KTL.
e). Some symbols and letters on the label indicate the meaning.
: Class II equipment, also known as double insulation.
LPS: limited power source.
ITE:
II. Safety mark General common mistakes
1. Double insulation mark, min. 5mm.
2. CE mark min. 5mm.
3. C-tick mark min. 5mm.
4. Mexico NOM mark Please do not draw only half of the mark, next to the arrows. Mexico NOM mark please don't just draw half of it, add the arrow mark next to it.
5. Caution: Basically, IEC60950 does not have a caution requirement, but if you want to put it on, please comply with the requirement of 3.2mm in height and put the factory number under the CCC mark.
Three. Safety parts special attention
1. At least two manufacturers to provide more than one, so as to avoid problems with the purchase of materials, or. The original manufacturer quality problems can not be immediately replaced.
2. Be careful in choosing a manufacturer - I have encountered fans, switches... and I have to report the failure of the manufacturer.
On the other hand, we have to be careful when choosing the right manufacturer for the job. Try to use your current vendor. Ex. X, Y capacitors. X, Y capacitors are generally recognized as a series, so if you use a new manufacturer alone, there may be only a few models in use. The applicant may not be aware of the need to report it. (UL - If there is only paper work, Min, USD 500. If there is a test, according to the test content of another fee
2. Other safety costs:
TUV report parts not used for testing also want to NT 7,000.0.
The more the application for safety, the higher the cost of reporting.
So please be careful engineers to choose the parts, and into the amount of all the Source a time to inform the safety regulations, and some of the parts involved in the electrical and institutional, such as inlet to be installed in the safety of the personnel may not be able to help find the second source. Chapter III Flying Macro model naming rules
For example, a model PSXYYZ-AAA .
1. X = A,M,C .
A - standard model Ex. PSA60W .
M - Customer model Ex. PSM4604C .
C - Low cost model Ex. PSC10A-050 .
2. YY - Output Wattage Ex. PSC10A-050 ( 10 Watt ) .
3. Z - Input Connection Method .
A - Direct wall plug USA type plug Ex. PSA10A- 050 . C - Direct Wall Plug China type plug ex. PSC10C-050 . E - Direct wall mount EU type plug ex. PSE10C-050 K - Direct wall mount UK type plug ex. PSE10K-050 S Direct wall mount Austra type plug ex. PSE10C-050. H Direct wall mount Korea type plug ex. PSE10H-050 . ex. PSE10H-050. N Direct Wall Plug Argentain type plug ex. PSE10N-050. W - 2 pin inlet ex. PSA60 W. U - 3 pin Inlet ex. PSA50U-1204. AAA - Output Voltage Voltage Ex. 12V for PSA60W-120 Therefore, if applying for a safety regulation, you have to decide which country's safety regulation is applicable according to its input connection method.
4 AAA- Output Voltage Volt Ex.