The following is a little information I have at hand. Please copy and read slowly. I hope it helps you.
ADB is a multilateral development bank with 67 members, including 48 in the region and 19 in other regions. The main ways that ADB provides assistance to its developing members include policy dialogue, loans, equity investment, guarantees, grants and technical assistance. ADB's annual loan amount is generally around 6 billion US dollars, and the total annual technical assistance is usually around 654.38+0.8 billion US dollars. In 2006, ADB's total loans were US$ 7.4 billion, and its total technical assistance was US$ 24160,000.
Loan is the main business activity of ADB. Since its establishment more than 20 years ago, ADB's loan business has developed very rapidly. According to the loan conditions, ADB loans can be divided into three categories: hard loans, soft loans and grants. Hard loans are loans provided by ADB's ordinary funds, and the loan interest rate fluctuates and is adjusted once every six months. The loan term is 10-30 years, with a grace period of 2-7 years. Soft loans, that is, concessional loans, are loans provided by the Asian Development Fund. It is only available to ADB members whose per capita national income is less than $670 (1.983 price) and whose solvency is limited. The loan term is 40 years, of which the grace period is 65,438+00 years. No interest, only a handling fee of 1%. The grant is used for technical assistance, and the funds are provided by the special fund for technical assistance, but the amount is limited.
Since 1986 joined the ADB, China has used the ADB loan179.5 billion USD. China is the second largest borrower of ADB's public sector loans and the second largest customer of private sector financing business. China has always been one of ADB's most important customers. In 2006, ADB approved assistance to China, including loans of US$ 65.438+52.2 million (excluding non-sovereign loans of US$ 50 million), equity investment of US$ 55 million and supplementary loans of US$ 75 million. In addition, China received a grant of about US$ 654.38 million to finance 27 technical assistance projects. In 2007-2008, ADB plans to provide China with a total loan of about US$ 3 billion, of which 4 1% will be used for transportation infrastructure construction; 22.5% of the loan will be used to promote urban development and improve water supply and sewage sanitation; The remaining 1 1.3% loan will be invested in the energy industry. The distribution of these planned loans in various departments will be more balanced, which will provide important support for the overall development strategy of the government. About 85% of the loan projects will be invested in the poorer central and western provinces. According to the new direction of the 11th Five-Year Plan, it is possible for ADB to strengthen cooperation with China in new areas of dialogue. These new areas include social development, new rural construction, agricultural development and regional cooperation. In addition, ADB will continue to support infrastructure construction, environmental protection, natural resources and energy efficiency.
For projects funded by ADB, borrowers, suppliers and contractors generally conduct procurement bidding in the form of goods and services. Generally speaking, the loan procurement of ADB's general funds and special funds is conducted in the form of competitive bidding. Procurement is an important link in the implementation of ADB loan projects, and the quality of procurement affects the progress, quality, cost and benefit of the projects. To this end, ADB has formulated a series of procurement bidding procedures.
Three basic principles of procurement
1. Ensure the interests of ADB members in procurement;
2. Require the borrower to purchase through international competitive bidding;
3. Provide opportunities for all ADB members to participate in relevant procurement bidding, so that all eligible bidders have full fair and equal opportunities, and at the same time, extensive international competitive bidding provides borrowers with opportunities for comprehensive selection.
Procurement bidding method:
1, international competitive bidding procurement.
2. Other procurement methods
(1) international inquiry procurement
Applicable to the procurement of not more than US$ 300,000 (purchased goods) and US$ 500,000 (contracted civil works), and a reasonable number of suppliers should be invited from more than one ADB member.
(2) Domestic competitive bidding
Places with complete facilities for local production or construction; Places where foreign contractors and suppliers will not bid; The procedure adopted is satisfactory.
(3) Direct procurement/negotiation or exclusive bidding
This method can be used when standardization is important; When expanding the required spare parts; Suitable equipment; As a key project; Used to extend previous or existing workflows.
(4) Limited bidding or repeated procurement
Limited bidding or repeated ordering refers to the additional purchase of the same project with the money saved by the loan, which is limited to the bidders who submit the qualified tender in the first order, or the lowest five bidders who meet the requirements, or the winning bidder. Repeated orders must be kept, and there must be a more favorable quotation, and the price will not be higher than the previous order.
(5) Self-operated projects
Self-operated projects include using the borrower's engineering team, equipment and other resources.
(7) Equipment procurement of small private subprime borrowers.
Procurement based on agricultural credit provided to intermediary lending institutions.
(8) Loan procurement by financial development institutions
Develop credit procurement of financial institutions.
Although ADB is one of China's major development partners, its annual loan is less than 0. 1 5% of the total investment in fixed assets in China that exceeds1trillion yuan every year. As a separate region among ADB member countries, China has fulfilled its due responsibilities for the operation and development of ADB, attending the board of directors on time, helping to decide major issues of ADB, and sending people to work in ADB. Pay the share capital payable on schedule and repay the borrowed loan on schedule. China has a good reputation, which is recognized by all countries. After China joined ADB, as a big developing country, it has a great demand for its capital. With the vigorous development of China's economic construction, the relationship between China and ADB will be closer.
There is no unified model for international bidding project management, only common practices, successful experiences and failed lessons. Bidding is the preliminary work of project procurement, which can generally be considered as pre-project design, procurement plan, contract subcontracting, entrusting a bidding agency (except for the owner's own bidding), compiling bidding documents, issuing bidding announcements, pre-qualification of bidders (except for post-qualification), on-site inspection of bidders, pre-bid meeting, clarification, addendum, submission of bids, bid opening, bid evaluation and issuance of bid-winning notices. Bidder submits performance bond. After signing the contract, it will enter the next procurement stage, that is, the contract execution and management stage. In a narrow sense, procurement lasts until the contract is signed, while in a broad sense, procurement includes the whole process from project implementation to completion.
Bidding is the product of market economy, which is mainly managed and regulated by the laws and means of free competition and survival of the fittest in market economy. The government only supervises and guides. The government sets an official price index for long-term contracts in order to adjust the contract price when the market price fluctuates. The government does not examine the qualifications of consultants, bidding agents, supervisors, contractors and suppliers, and does not issue various qualification certificates. The examination of bidders' qualifications pays attention to the experience of similar projects that have been completed, so as to avoid the situation of counterfeit substitution and borrowing funds to bid. Only by relying on honesty can bidders gain a foothold and develop for a long time in the market. Industry associations or some social organizations can make statistics and ranking of bidders' bidding performance, such as the annual statistics of the 225 largest contractors in the world by engineering news-record, but it has no legal effect.
In the international bidding of projects and goods, the lowest bid evaluation method is mainly used to evaluate bids, which transforms non-price factors into quotation evaluation, avoids experts' artificial judgment in scoring and voting, and does not set upper and lower limits for invalid bids. Under the condition of market economy, if a bidder bids many times at a cost lower than its own and wins the bid, its financial situation cannot meet the qualification requirements, and it will inevitably be eliminated by the market. The government does not establish and maintain the expert database of bid evaluation, and the bid evaluation is mainly conducted by the owners and experts who prepare the bidding documents.
It is also a common practice in the world to use the bidding agency to manage the contractor (the so-called agent system in China) to manage the project construction on behalf of the owner. The World Bank's guide to the procurement of consulting services provides the definition of how to select procurement agents and manage contractors. United Nations specialized procurement agencies also purchase for other United Nations agencies or government agencies. However, the bidding agency is never required to purchase and manage the contractor's construction, which is determined by the owner according to his own bidding and construction management ability.
Procurement can be divided into two categories: public procurement and private sector procurement. The Agreement on Government Procurement of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the procurement of MDB loan projects of multilateral development banks, the procurement conducted by United Nations agencies themselves and the government procurement funded by governments of various countries all belong to the category of public procurement. The purpose of WTO government procurement agreement is to open the government procurement market and eliminate trade barriers. In some countries, government procurement laws limit the priority of purchasing domestic products. The procurement of state-owned enterprises using their own funds also belongs to public procurement. Bidding is one of the most important, widely used and standardized procurement methods in international and domestic public procurement. Procurement in the private sector is more flexible, and procurement can be conducted through bidding or other simple methods.
The procurement of United Nations agencies is carried out by the United Nations agencies themselves, and bidders must register as potential suppliers of the United Nations in advance before they can obtain orders for United Nations procurement. United Nations agencies can also serve customers as procurement agents. The procurement of loan projects by international financial organizations is implemented and completed by borrowers, and international financial organizations supervise and guide them. Bidders can bid at any time without prior registration. The procurement of international financial organizations for their office needs is similar to that of the United Nations, and bidders need to register in advance.
Most capital construction investment projects adopt one-time bidding, and contractors and suppliers are generally selected by public bidding. Government procurement of office supplies, enterprises procurement of raw materials and semi-finished products, mostly repetitive, repetitive procurement. After selecting suppliers through competition, long-term customer relationships can be established. Repeated procurement within a certain period of time does not require re-tendering, and suppliers can be registered in advance with reference to United Nations procurement.
International organizations such as the European Union, multilateral and bilateral development agencies and governments have clearly stipulated the requirements for bidding through laws. Multilateral development banks incorporate the bidding requirements into the legal documents of loans in the form of procurement plans and procurement guidelines.
International financial organizations adopt the project manager responsibility system in loan project management. The project manager is fully responsible for the project, but also responsible for the selection of procurement professionals and project procurement. The procurement supervision of World Bank loan projects is mainly carried out by professional procurement personnel. The professionals of the World Bank who supervise the bidding and procurement management have set up three-level professional procurement management institutions across regions, regions and borrowing countries. Cross-regional procurement management agencies are responsible for formulating procurement policies, procurement guidelines and standard bidding documents, and reviewing large contracts with more than $25 million. The regional procurement agencies review the civil engineering contracts of $654.38+05 million and the goods contracts of $7.5 million, and the procurement professionals in the borrowing countries are responsible for reviewing and approving the procurement activities of borrowers below the quota.
International financial organizations adopt a combination of pre-examination and post-examination in the supervision of procurement and bidding. Large contracts above designated size are purchased through international competitive bidding and accepted in advance by international financial organizations, while small contracts below designated size are purchased through domestic competitive bidding or other means. International financial organizations conduct random sampling and ex post review in project inspection, which not only improves the efficiency of review, but also ensures that the procurement of their loan projects can basically be implemented in accordance with established objectives and policies.
International financial organizations have formulated a complete set of standard bidding documents, requiring their borrowers to use them compulsorily, which not only ensures the standardization and institutionalization of bidding, but also facilitates bidders to prepare bidding documents, bidders to prepare bids, and bidders to review and evaluate bidding documents.
International financial organizations emphasize the importance of procurement planning. When evaluating each loan project, a detailed procurement plan should be made to determine the contract packaging and procurement methods and procurement time. It needs to be updated every year during the implementation process.
Relevant international organizations hold regular meetings to study new problems in the process of bidding and purchasing, adjust and formulate new purchasing policies in time, and often hold various forms of seminars and training courses to enhance the purchasing ability of purchasing personnel to manage bidding and tendering.
When evaluating a project, international financial organizations should assess the purchasing ability of borrowers and project implementing agencies, discuss with the project implementing agencies and formulate an action plan to strengthen the purchasing ability, and determine the risk that the project implementing agencies cannot bid according to the established purchasing policy according to the purchasing ability of the project implementing agencies. The high-risk pre-trial limit is low and the high-risk pre-trial limit is high. International financial organizations regularly evaluate the national procurement system of borrowing countries, and if it meets the requirements of lending institutions, they can adopt the national system of borrowing countries for bidding and procurement.