Acceleration, a measure of a change in the speed or velocity of an object, usually measured in meters per second in F1.
Active suspension
Active suspension, a hydraulically or air-controlled suspension that can be commanded by an on-board computer to change the height of the car, a technology banned in F1.
Aerial
Antenna, a communications device mounted on the front of the cockpit for two-way radio communication and telemetry.
Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics, the study of the force characteristics, gas flow patterns, and accompanying physicochemical changes that occur when an object is in relative motion with a gas. According to the speed level of relative motion, it can be roughly categorized into low-speed aerodynamics and high-speed aerodynamics, and F1 car belongs to the former, and the research subject is mainly downforce, air resistance and disturbance flow.
Aerodynamic drag
Aerodynamic drag is the force that impedes the relative motion of an object in relation to a gas, which is determined by the shape of the object, and the two commonly used measures are the wind resistance coefficient and the cross-sectional area.
Airbag
Airbag, a passive safety device that inflates quickly in the event of an accident and is used to protect occupants
Air box
Air box, a device used to introduce fresh air from the outside to the engine, the air box in a Formula One car is located on the top edge of the driver's head
Anti lock brake system
Anti-lock braking system, commonly known as ABS, is a device used to keep a vehicle controllable under braking. The specific working principle is that, when the vehicle is braking, the electronic control unit to adjust the driver's braking force, to prevent the wheels from being locked. It should be emphasized that ABS was not designed to reduce braking distances; moreover, in F1, ABS is prohibited.
Apex
The apex, or center of the corner, is the place where the ideal driving line must be.
Back pressure
Exhaust back pressure, the resistance of the engine exhaust gases as they exit the engine. This can be the result of mufflers or catalytic devices installed to control engine noise or exhaust emissions, or it can be the result of the requirements of the engine itself, which requires exhaust back pressure. This can be minimized if the exhaust gases are vented directly into the air, as is the case with F1 engines.
Balaclava
Fire retardant balaclava, a mask placed over the head of a driver before he puts on his helmet to prevent his head from being burned by a fire.
Ball joint
Ball joint, a mechanical structure commonly used in racing suspensions that ensures that the structure can rotate freely despite the forces applied to it.
Ballast
Ballast, a counterweight added to a vehicle to meet the vehicle's minimum weight limit and to optimize mass distribution.
Bar
Bar, unit of pressure, one bar equals 100 kPa.
Bargeboard
Side-box deflector, a wing mounted vertically between the front wheels and the side-box, used to channel governing airflow.
Blistering
Tire delamination, a condition in which the rubber comes off the carcass of a tire due to overheating. It can be caused by using a tire that is too soft for the heat, by setting the tire pressure too high, or by tuning the car incorrectly.
Bearings
Bearings, a structure used to support rotating parts, usually made of high-strength steel.
Brake Duct
Brake cooling airflow ventilation duct. A device used to provide cooling airflow to the braking system, located on the inside of the wheel, usually made of carbon fiber and changing shape as the braking load on the track changes.
Brake master cylinder
Brake master cylinder, part of the hydraulic brake system, used to store brake fluid.
Bodywork
Bodywork, everything mounted on the monocoque shell, such as the hood, nose cone etc.
Bottoming
Bottoming, the scraping of the underside of a vehicle against the ground as it travels.
Brake balance
Brake balance, a control switch located in the driver's compartment that allows the driver to freely adjust the amount of braking force distributed to the front and rear wheels.
CAD
Computer Aided Design (Computer Aided Design) abbreviation, the use of this technology, not only can improve the efficiency of the design work, but also greatly reduce the difficulty of the work, the F1 has been bidding farewell to the age of drawings for many years.
Caliper
Caliper. Part of the braking system, a support member for the brake shoes. When the driver gives the command to brake, the caliper presses the brake shoe against the disc, preventing the wheel from spinning.
Camber
Camber.
Carbon Fibres
Carbon fiber, the material used in the construction of Formula One cars, such as the monocoque shell, is made of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin. The main characteristics of carbon fiber are high strength and low mass.
Centrifugal force
Centrifugal force, also known as G-force, describes the acceleration of gravity. Both the driver and the car will be subjected to centrifugal force when the car is in a corner, plus the car will be subjected to similar forces when starting and braking.
CFD
An acronym for Computational Fluid Dynamics, a technology that continues to influence the course of Formula One racing. With CFD, the airflow around the car can be displayed by computer and the interactions between the car's components can be visualized. So engineers can simulate these effects without having to be the first to build the components. It leads to significant savings in time and money.
CFRP
CFRT Abbreviation for carbon-fiber reinforced plastic, characterized by high strength and low mass, which is used for many parts of Formula 1 cars, such as the monocoque.
Chassis
The chassis, the centerpiece of an F1 car, is dominated by the monocoque. All other parts are connected to the strong, lightweight monocoque, which is made of carbon fiber and polyethylene composite.
Chicanes
Deceleration turns, tight corners designed to break up the long straights. Deceleration turns force drivers to reduce their speed.
Cockpit
The cockpit, where the driver works, the cockpit must be designed so that the driver can easily get out in less than five seconds. The width must be 45 centimeters at the steering wheel, while the pedals must not be less than 35 centimeters. There must be no fuel, oil or water hoses running through the driving compartment.
Concorde Agreement
The Concorde Agreement, an agreement detailing the rights and obligations of the teams and the FIA.
Contact pressure
Contact pressure, which describes the strength of aerodynamic components, such as the front wing and rear wing, that hold the car down on the track. Contact pressure has a direct effect on a car's top speed and cornering speed.
Crash barrier
Crash barrier, a safety feature on an F1 track, generally used where there is no room for a buffer zone.
Crash test
Crash test, a mandatory stress test required by the FIA for bodywork components such as roll bars and monocoques. First introduced in 1985, the crash test must be conducted under the supervision of the FIA, usually at the Cranfield Impact Center in Bedfordshire, England.
Cylinder
Cylinder, the part of an engine where combustion power is generated. The fuel mixture is burned in the cylinder, pushing the piston back and forth through the cylinder.
Differential
Differential, a differential used to compensate for the difference in speed between the wheels that are on the inside and outside of the vehicle when cornering.
Diffuser
The diffuser, an outlet for airflow located at the bottom of the rear of the car, is an important part of the aerodynamics of a Formula One car. Downforce is gained by creating a low-pressure area at the bottom of the bodywork, and is the main source of downforce for the car in high-speed corners.
Down force
Downforce, the force that holds an F1 car down on the road. It is obtained through the low-pressure areas created at the bottom of the bodywork, as well as the front and rear wings, which have been designed to ensure sufficient grip. Especially in low-speed corners for higher cornering speeds.
ECU
An abbreviation for Electronic Control Unit, this control unit is used to control and record all the electronic programs of an F1 car and is installed in the black box of the car.
Electric blanket
Electronic heating blanket, because the optimal working problem of tires is 100 degrees Celsius, in order to reach this temperature as quickly as possible, it is necessary to use a special electronic heating blanket to advance the tire temperature to 60 to 80 degrees Celsius. Low temperature tires have no grip, on the contrary, the tire temperature is too high will accelerate the wear.
Electronic brake
Electronic brakes, a system currently being discussed by the FIA, are intended to be used in place of the safety car, so that race directors can control the brakes directly from the controls.
End plate
End plate, the small vertical winglets at the ends of racing airfoils, used to improve the aerodynamic efficiency of the bodywork.
Engine
Engine, the 2.4-liter V8 currently used in F1, which is required to weigh no less than 95 kilograms.
Fading
Brake fade, the technical term for the decline in braking ability of a braking system after prolonged, strenuous use. Brake fade is mainly for traditional steel discs, and the carbon fiber discs now used in F1 have very low brake fade.
Fédération Internationale de l′Automobile
The Fédération Internationale de l′Automobile (FIA), or FIA for short, is responsible for setting the technical and sporting rules of Formula One, and was founded in 1904, with its current president, Max Mosley, from the United Kingdom.
Fire extinguisher
Fire extinguishers, which every F1 car must have, are required to spray extinguishing agent around the chassis and into the engine when the car catches fire, and must be able to be triggered by both the driver and an outsider.
Formula 1
Formula 1, the term F1 was introduced after World War II to define the highest level of automobile racing. The first F1 World Championship was the British Grand Prix, held at Silverstone on May 13, 1950, under the direction of the FIA.
Formula 1 Commission
The Formula 1 Commission, the F1 Commission is made up of representatives from the teams, race organizers, engine manufacturers, sponsors, wheelers and the FIA. The F1 Commission is tasked with deciding whether or not there is a need to change the rules, and it is the FIA Technical Committee that makes the recommendations.
Formula One Administration (FOA)
Formula One Administration (FOA) is the organization responsible for managing the economic affairs of Formula One (advertising rights, prize money, marketing, etc.) FOA's current leader is Bernie Ecclestone from the U.K. FOA has evolved from the FOCA, which is the FIA technical committee. FOCA, a manufacturers' union founded in 1971.
Four-wheel drive
Four-wheel drive, which is now used in F1 cars, was banned by the FIA in 1971.
Free practice
Free practice, a test session held prior to a grand prix, in which a team's practice results are officially recorded but have no bearing on starting positions or race results. Teams use this opportunity to tune their cars in the field and select the correct tires for an unlimited number of laps in free practice.
Front wing
The front wing, the component that creates downforce for the front of the bodywork, is therefore an important part of Formula One aerodynamics. At each race, teams refine the details of the front wing to suit the different downforce requirements of a particular circuit. In addition, drivers can make adjustments to the front wing during the car's tuning process, which consists mainly of changing the angle of the attached wing.
Fuel
Fuel, F1 cars use super unleaded gasoline, the composition of which must comply with FIA rules and must meet strict EU emissions standards. To ensure the legality of the teams' fuel, the FIA checks a random sample at each race. Prior to the season, manufacturers must provide samples to the FIA to be used as samples for their records.
Gear
The gearbox, which transmits power at a certain speed or reduction ratio, is prohibited in F1 and must be mandated to have a reverse gear. The current number of gears in an F1 gearbox ranges from four to six.
Gloves
Gloves, like other race work wear, are made of the fire-resistant material NOMEX, and are designed to be very tight and secured with straps in order to prevent heat from traveling inside during a fire.
Graining
Tire granulation, which occurs when tires show signs of corrosion in the form of rubber bubbles due to overuse, is called tire granulation. When tires become grained, they lose grip.
Grand Prix Drivers' Association
The Grand Prix Drivers' Association, which represents the interests of Formula One drivers, with current spokesmen Michael Schumacher, Kuthard and Trulli.
Gravel Trap
Gravel buffer, a safety cushion area of a track that allows cars that run off the track to reduce their speed quickly.
Grip
Grip, a term used to describe how well a car adheres to the ground and how that affects cornering speed. High grip means high cornering speeds, and the main factors affecting grip are aerodynamics, downforce created by the bodywork, and the tires. Lacking grip, the body will slide or spin.
Ground clearance
Ground clearance, the distance between the bottom of the car and the surface of the ground.
Ground effect
Ground effect, a technology developed by Formula One in the 1970s. To achieve the ground effect, the side skirts of the car are almost in contact with the ground. The low-pressure zone formed by the airflow at the bottom of the car allowed the car to be pressed against the road surface, and the huge grip gained by the bodywork allowed the car to take corners at very high speeds. The FIA later banned the technology because of safety concerns.
Hairpin
Hairpin
Hairpin, a 180-degree turn, the most famous of which is the Loews hairpin at the Monaco Circuit, now the Grand Hotel hairpin
Head and Neck Support (HANS)
Head and Neck Support (HANS)
Head and Neck Support (HANS)
Head and Neck Protection System, introduced since 2003. HANS prevents the rider's spine from being pulled back and prevents the rider's head from being thrown forward and hitting the steering wheel.
Head support
The head support, the padding that sits on the rider's head in the cockpit, is designed to absorb any potential impact energy, and must be at least 75 millimeters thick for the head and neck supports.
Helmet
Helmets, F1's helmets are made from carbon fiber, polyethylene and Kevlar, and weigh around 1,300 grams. To minimize air resistance, F1 helmets are designed with a strong focus on aerodynamic shapes. Helmets also need to meet extreme deformation and shattering tests, and only helmets that have been tested and certified by the FIA can be used in competition.
Intermediate
A tire that sits between a dry tire and a rain tire, an intermediate tire has more grooves than a dry tire and a larger grounding area than a rain tire. It is used in mixed weather conditions or in light rain.
International Court of Appeal
International District Court, the FIA's international district court is made up of professional lawyers, whose 15 members serve three-year terms
International Sporting Code
International Sporting Codes, the FIA's codes contain the rules of rules of all international tournament governing bodies.
Jump start
A jump start, also known as a sneak start, is when a driver's car begins to move before all the signals go out. This behavior is detected by sensors buried under the starting line.
Kerbs
Shoulders, the raised edging stones on the corners of a race track, which serve as an additional safety feature since drivers must reduce their speed when driving over them.
Kevlar
Kevlar, a high-strength synthetic fiber used in the manufacture of surface layers; combined with a ring-itch resin to form a compound, it is very strong but very light.
Launch control
Launch control, an electronic program used at the start of Formula One cars, banned in 2004.
Logistics
Logistics, the experienced logistical services needed to move F1 races around the world. For each F1 Grand Prix, the list of items to be shipped is 20 pages long and takes 120 boxes of varying sizes to fill. These consist mainly of two race cars, a spare car plus spare parts and tools, tires and pit equipment, plus five to six engines, computers and laptops, more than 100 walkie-talkies, more than 1,500 napkins with the team's logo, all the team's basic equipment, and so on. All told, a team needs to ship about 10,000 parts in a grand prix weekend.
Lollipop
Lollipop, a signaling stick that says 'Go' on one side and 'Brake' on the other. A mechanic stands in front of the car when it pits and uses the signal stick to tell the driver when he needs to brake and when he needs to put it in gear to start.
Manufacturers
Manufacturers, any manufacturer trying to get into F1, have to prove to the FIA that they have the ability to design and build racing chassis. All teams will also need to prove that they have the technical and financial resources to compete throughout the year. Except for very special circumstances, any manufacturer must compete throughout the year.
Marshals
Track workers, the official attendants along the track, whose job it is to wave flags and prevent any possible accidents, are also responsible for rescuing any cars that go down.
Medical car
The medical car, which is in charge of the race physician and, like the safety car, must always be on standby at the exit of the pits during practice, qualifying and the main event of each race.
Medical Center
The Medical Center, every F1 race and test track, must have an state-of-the-art emergency services facility staffed by experienced doctors. A rescue helicopter must be on standby at all times ready for action, and if this is not guaranteed, such as in the event of fog, the race will not go ahead.
Monocoque
The monocoque shell, a safety compartment made of carbon-fiber composites, the rider's life is assured; around it surrounds a deformable structure for absorbing the energy of impact in an accident.
NACA
Gill holes, slit-like outlets for airflow located on the surface of the bodywork to provide better cooling.
Nomex
Nomex, a man-made fiber, is tested in the lab for heat resistance. It must be able to withstand an open flame at a distance of 3 centimeters and 300 to 400 degrees Celsius if it doesn't ignite within 10 seconds before it can be used to make race suits. Underwear, hoods, socks and gloves for drivers and team personnel are made from Nomex.
Nose
The nose, the front half of a Formula One car, must meet frontal and side impact tests for safety requirements. The nose cone also functions to protect the monocoque shell in an impact.