1 Overview
Environmental protection is a basic state policy in China, and marine environmental protection, as an important part of it, has been consistently attached great importance by the government. Since the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, the Environmental Protection Law and the Marine Environmental Protection Law have been enacted and implemented, and after the Rio de Janeiro Conference in 1992, our government has formulated the "China Environmental Protection Agenda 21". "After the Rio de Janeiro Conference in 1992, the Government also formulated China's Agenda 21 for environmental protection and a national action program aimed at protecting the oceans and seas from the impact of land-based activities. In the course of economic construction, the State has increased the legalization of marine environmental protection, and there are now more than 30 laws and regulations relating to marine environmental protection. Through the implementation of a series of pollution prevention and ecological protection measures, the environmental pressure brought about by coastal economic construction and the development of marine industries has been slowed down to a certain extent. The theme of this year's World Environment Day is "The survival of the oceans is everyone's responsibility", and United Nations Secretary-General Annan emphasized in his message that human society can no longer treat the world's oceans as a convenient dumping ground for garbage, or as an inexhaustible source of wealth. Governments, businesses and individuals were urged to show respect for the oceans once again and to do their utmost to ensure the protection and sustainable utilization of natural resources. My country has responded positively to fulfill its commitment to the oceans, and in the meantime has conducted a large-scale national joint law enforcement inspection of marine environmental protection and published a white paper on marine environmental protection. The actions show that China is constantly strengthening the protection of the marine environment, the trend of increasing environmental pollution has been initially controlled, and the environmental quality of local waters has improved.
2 Legal principles of marine environmental protection
2.1 China's legal framework for marine environmental protection
Marine environmental protection law is a general term for the laws, regulations, rules and standards to prevent pollution of the marine environment and ecological damage, and to protect and improve the marine environment. 1979 China's first comprehensive basic law of environmental protection " Chinese people's environmental protection law (for trial implementation)" on the protection of the marine environment, 1983 implementation of the "Chinese people's environmental protection law" to regulate China's jurisdiction over the sea area and coastal areas of marine environmental protection activities and behavior. 1999, according to the practice of marine environmental protection work on the law. In 1999, the Law was revised in the light of the practice of marine environmental protection, and new contents were added, such as the protection of marine ecology. The Law is one of the environmental resource laws promulgated and implemented earlier in China, and is of great significance to the effective protection of the marine ecological environment and the promotion of the rational exploitation and utilization of the sea as well as the sustainable development of the marine economy. In order to implement the Marine Environmental Protection Law, regulations on the prevention of marine pollution from ships, regulations on the prevention of environmental pollution from shipbreaking, regulations on the prevention of pollution and damage to the marine environment from coastal engineering construction projects, regulations on the prevention and control of pollution and damage to the marine environment from land-based sources of pollutants, regulations on the protection of the environment for the exploration and development of marine petroleum, regulations on the administration of oceanic dumping, and other supporting laws and regulations have been enacted and implemented successively. Some laws and regulations closely related to marine environmental protection, such as the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, the Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, the Law on the Prevention and Control of Solid Waste Pollution, the Law on Fisheries, the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment, and the Regulations on the Management of Nature Reserves, have also played an important role. At the same time, a series of standard systems have been formulated. For example, seawater quality standards, fishery water quality standards, standards for discharge of pollutants from ships, standards for discharge of oily sewage, standards for comprehensive discharge of sewage, standards for comprehensive discharge of sewage marine disposal works, as well as marine functional zoning, environmental functional zoning of near-shore sea areas, etc. These laws, regulations, standards, as well as some local regulations, constitute China's marine environmental protection legal framework system, providing legal protection for China's marine environmental protection work.
In addition, the international conventions to which China is a party also have an important binding effect on the work of marine environmental protection. For example: the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, the International Convention on MARPOL, the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, and so on.
2.2 The main principles of the Marine Environmental Protection Law
From the formulation in 1982 to the revision of the "Marine Environmental Protection Law" in 1999, reflecting the gradual improvement of China's marine environmental protection work and a change in thinking. In addition to retaining the principles of harmonization of environmental protection and economic development, prevention, prevention and control, comprehensive management, as well as the principles of polluter pays, developer protects and public participation, the revised Marine Environmental Protection Law focuses on the principles of adherence to environmental protection to promote the sustainable development of the economy and society, the principles of pollution prevention and control and ecological protection, and the principles of unification of the management of a division of labor and responsibility. It also embodies convergence with international conventions.
The principle of promoting sustainable economic and social development is reflected in the legislative aims and objectives. The ocean is a huge treasure trove of resources for mankind, marine environmental pollution, resource damage, destruction of ecosystems, will affect the ability of sustainable development of the economy and society; in order to effectively protect the ecosystem, it is clearly stated that people's governments at all levels should take effective measures to protect mangrove forests, coral reefs, coastal wetlands, islands, gulfs, estuaries, and important fishery waters, etc., which are typical and representative of the marine ecosystems, the natural concentrated distribution areas of rare and endangered marine organisms, the survival areas of marine organisms with important economic value, and marine natural historical sites and natural landscapes with significant scientific and cultural value. Marine ecosystems with important economic and social value that have been damaged shall be remediated and restored. Reflects the principle of adhering to both pollution prevention and ecological protection; as marine activities involve many aspects? The management of smoked marine environmental protection also involves many administrative departments. The management responsibilities of the various departments have been made clearer division of labor. That is, the formation of all levels of government is responsible for the implementation of the administrative department of environmental protection unified supervision and management, the relevant sea-related departments in accordance with the law supervision and management of the system, their respective duties, powers and obligations are relatively clear and specific division. Reflects the principle of unified management and division of labor.
2.3 The main legal system
In order to strengthen the management of the marine environment, the revised "Marine Environmental Protection Law" in addition to the original system of limited duration treatment, environmental impact assessment system, "three simultaneous" system and the marine environmental pollution civil damages system. In addition to the original deadline management system, environmental impact assessment system, the "three simultaneous" system and the civil damages system of marine environmental pollution, the content of the necessary enrichment, but also in accordance with the needs of the reality, the new provisions of a number of management systems. These include: marine functional zoning and marine environmental protection planning system, total pollutant control system for key areas, marine environmental standards system, sewage charging and dumping fee system, time-limited treatment system, elimination system for outdated technology and equipment that seriously pollute the marine environment, marine environmental monitoring and surveillance information management system, emergency response system for marine pollution accidents, on-site inspection system, oil pollution insurance for ships and oil pollution damage compensation fund system. Oil Pollution Damage Compensation Fund System, etc.
Preventing pollution from ships is an important part of marine environmental protection. Due to the special nature of the source of pollution from ships at sea, such as mobility, internationalization and the seriousness of the pollution consequences, a considerable part of the current main legal system is bound by the relevant international conventions to which it has acceded, and at the same time, the domestic legal system has also tried its best to be in line with the international conventions. For example, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) obliges each State Party to adopt "generally accepted international rules and standards" as the minimum requirements for the prevention, reduction and control of marine pollution caused by ships; MARPOL 73/78 requires that ship-owning, ship-operating and non-compliance States should take measures to prevent, reduce and control marine pollution from ships. MARPOL 73/78 requires the ship-owning state, the ship-operating state and the state in which the violation occurs to prohibit polluting behaviors and adopt corresponding sanctions in accordance with their national laws; the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC) provides for exemption of shipowners from liability, the scope of compensation, the limitation of liability of shipowners and the mandatory insurance system; and the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC) requires contracting parties to be prepared for major oil pollution incidents. The International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC) requires the contracting parties to make good emergency preparedness for major oil pollution accidents and to carry out regional and international cooperation. In order to meet the international standards, China has proposed to improve and implement the liability system for ship oil pollution damage, and to establish ship oil pollution insurance and oil pollution damage compensation fund system in accordance with the principle that shipowners and cargo owners should bear the risk of ship oil pollution damage liability together.
3 Current major policy measures for marine environmental protection
3.1 Prevention and control of marine pollution
1, the general principle. Adhere to the strategy of sustainable development, to restore and improve the water quality and ecological environment of near-shore waters as a foothold, to adjust the industrial structure, the implementation of cleaner production as the basic way to focus on the prevention and control of land-based pollution and ecological protection of the coastal zone, to the Sea Action as a carrier, river and sea co-ordination, the land and sea, efforts to curb the trend of pollution in near-shore waters, the implementation of the key areas of land-based pollutants and the sea pollutants discharged into the sea as the total control system and discharge licensing system, the basic basic control of land-based pollution and discharge licensing system. system and discharge permit system, basically improve the water quality of coastal waters and sea; strengthen the legal system, relying on science and technology, and strengthen supervision, focusing on coastal cities adjacent to the sea, the main estuarine sea marine environmental protection work.
2, the full implementation of the "Sea Action Plan". Approved by the State Council, "Bohai Sea Action Plan", the implementation of more than two years has achieved significant results. China is about to start the East China Sea and the South China Sea Sea Action Plan. The goal of the action plan is to reduce the pressure of socio-economic development on the ecological environment through the implementation of a circular economy strategy and the enforcement of the Cleaner Production Promotion Law, and the adjustment of the industrial structure. Specific measures include accelerating the construction of urban sewage treatment plants and garbage treatment plants, carrying out eco-agriculture, eco-breeding, small watershed management, coastal protection forests, the construction of ports and ship pollutant management projects, and the construction of representative and typical marine ecological protection zones, in order to initially curb the trend of the further deterioration of the marine environment.
In the implementation of the NAP, a mechanism has been set up for united pollution control under the guidance, coordination and supervision of SEPA, with comprehensive departments providing policies and funds, sea-related departments cooperating, and local governments carrying out concrete implementation. The key river basins and sea areas water pollution prevention and control plan being implemented, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) guides and supervises state-supported projects; the State Economic and Trade Commission (SETC) guides and inspects work related to industrial restructuring and cleaner production; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) is responsible for relevant scientific and technological researches and demonstration projects; the Ministry of Construction (MOC) guides and supervises the implementation of projects related to urban wastewater treatment plants and urban garbage disposal projects; the Ministry of Transportation (MOT), among others, guides and supervises the implementation of The Ministry of Transportation and other departments guide and supervise the implementation of pollution prevention and control plans for ships in ports and marine pollution emergency response plans; the Ministry of Water Resources guides and inspects the implementation of plans for soil and water conservation and watershed management; the Ministry of Agriculture, together with other relevant departments, guides and supervises the implementation of plans for eco-agriculture, eco-fisheries and eco-farming; the Forestry Bureau and other departments guide and supervise the implementation of projects related to coastal ecological isolation zones and greening projects; the Bureau of Oceanography guides and supervises the implementation of projects related to offshore oil platforms, ocean dumping, etc.; the military environmental protection department organizes and supervises pollution prevention and control of military ships and ports.
3, the full implementation of the total amount of discharge into the sea control system. China has been carrying out a pilot study of the capacity of the marine environment, on the basis of in-depth investigation and research, measuring the environmental capacity of the sea, the capacity to control the total amount of sewage discharged into the sea, and then put forward the total amount of abatement. Strictly controlling the discharge of pollutants from land-based sources, ships and aquaculture, increasing comprehensive remediation efforts, implementing clean production audits, adjusting the industrial structure, strengthening source control, standardizing the environmental management of construction projects, and other measures have resulted in better control of the total amount of pollutants discharged and a reduction in the total amount of pollutants entering the sea while the total amount of the economy and pollutant production have increased considerably. It has strengthened the management of key industrial pollution sources, promoted clean production, adopted high and new technologies to transform traditional industries, and reduced the amount of industrial waste generated. The reduction, harmlessness and resourcefulness of pollutants have been realized. We have shifted from end-of-pipe management to whole-process control, and are strictly enforcing emission standards for pollution sources. For new industrial enterprises, strictly implement the environmental assessment system and the three-simultaneous system. The total amount of pollutant discharges will be reduced in a planned manner. Accelerating the construction of urban sewage treatment plants and garbage disposal yards, improving the construction of pipeline networks, and increasing the capacity of sewage treatment plants to remove phosphorus and nitrogen, and requiring that the centralized sewage treatment rate in all coastal cities be no less than 70 per cent in 2010. Through the "city examination", "modeling" and other means to control and reduce the amount of urban sewage.
4, control of agricultural surface pollution and seawater breeding pollution. Through the creation of ecological provinces, cities and counties, actively develop ecological agriculture, reduce the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, standardize the construction of livestock and poultry farms, centralized treatment of pollutants, discharge standards. Promulgate standards for the discharge of pollutants from marine aquaculture, strictly control the scale of marine aquaculture, promote ecological aquaculture and three-dimensional aquaculture, and reduce the discharge of pollutants.
5, strict control of pollution from ships and ports. By strengthening the legalization of ship pollution prevention and control, the establishment of a new mechanism of "cooperation **** business, prevention and pre-control, integrity management" as the content of the work, to strengthen the construction of emergency response capacity of ship pollution accidents, strict law enforcement, standardized management and other initiatives, so as to make the pollution control of ships and ports year by year to improve the situation. Zero discharge of pollutants from ships' oil substances has been initiated, and the lead sealing system for ships' sewage equipment has been implemented. Large-scale port wastewater, waste oil and garbage recycling and treatment systems have been established to realize the centralized recycling of pollutants from ships and on-shore treatment. Various regions have strengthened the approval and on-site supervision and inspection of the transportation of dangerous goods by ships, carried out special inspections on anti-pollution of ships, actively promoted the formulation of emergency plans for pollution from ships at sea and the construction of emergency response systems, and urged ports and ships to be equipped with pollution emergency equipment, so as to improve the ability to defend against pollution accidents.
6. Preventing waste dumping at sea and oil pollution at sea.
Strictly managing and controlling the dumping of waste into the sea, scientifically selecting and designating dumping areas in accordance with the procedures, strictly enforcing the regulations on the dumping of waste into the sea and the environmental assessment system, and carrying out full justification. And strengthen the supervision of the dumping process and environmental monitoring. Require drilling, oil extraction and operating platforms to be equipped with appropriate oil and wastewater treatment facilities to meet the discharge standards.
3.2 Marine Ecological Protection
1. Construction of Marine Ecological Protection Zone. With the "National Ecological Environment Construction Plan" and "National Ecological Environment Protection Program" as the guidance, adhere to the principle of pollution prevention and ecological protection, and strengthen the construction of marine nature reserves to protect marine biodiversity and prevent the overall deterioration of the marine ecological environment. At present, China has built more than 80 marine nature reserves, of which 24 are at the national level. The construction of these reserves has played a good role in protecting various ecosystems such as typical coasts, shoals, estuaries, wetlands, islands, mangroves and coral reefs.
2. Protection of marine fishery resources. The competent fisheries department has formulated a "dual-control" system to control the increase in the number and power of marine fishing vessels, and has increased its efforts to control the number of new fishing vessels and compress the number of existing operating fishing vessels. The management of closed fishing lines, the construction of artificial reefs, stocking and releasing, the seasonal fishing moratorium system, and the "zero-growth" and "negative-growth" plans for marine fishing production have achieved remarkable results. Through a combination of special operations and daily law enforcement and management, illegal fishing operations such as electric, poisonous and deep-fried fish have been vigorously combated. These measures have promoted the optimization and adjustment of the operational structure, a certain degree of recovery of fishery resources, and an improvement in resource diversity.
3. Coastal protection forest construction. After more than ten years of construction, the "National Coastal Protection Forest System Construction Master Plan" has achieved good results. The first phase of the national coastal protection forest system project is over, the project area forest coverage from 24.5 percent to 35.5 percent. The second phase of the National Coastal Protection Forest System is now being implemented. The construction area extends from the mouth of the Yalu River in Liaoning in the north to the mouth of the Beilun River in Guangxi in the south, with a continental coastline of 18,340 kilometers long, including 11 coastal provinces, cities and districts, with a total area of 25,982,200 hectares. On the basis of consolidating the construction of the first phase of the project, focusing on the saline and alkaline areas along the mud bank and the areas with frequent typhoon landings, the construction of the coastal base forest belt and the construction of soil and water conservation forests on the hills and mountains is emphasized, so as to make the coastal base forest belt comprehensively close up, and the rare mangrove forest resources are restored and developed. In the coastal areas to form a stable protective forest system at the same time, to meet the needs of developed coastal areas to beautify and optimize the ecological environment.
3.3 Marine environmental monitoring
Marine environmental monitoring network as an important member of the national environmental monitoring network, since its establishment in the 80's has been continuously developed and improved, and has now built a satellite, airborne remote sensing and sea, land station network combining a full range of multi-element three-dimensional monitoring system, together with the land environmental monitoring network, formed from the watershed to the sea of an effective Environmental monitoring system. The ability to monitor key estuaries, harbors, key sea areas, important fishery waters and red tides has been significantly enhanced. It now includes a national marine environment monitoring network, an environment monitoring network for near-shore waters, a regional marine environment monitoring network and an industry-based marine environment monitoring network. Under unified monitoring standards and norms, they are managed and implemented by different competent authorities. It has formed an effective marine environment monitoring, evaluation and early warning capacity, which can effectively grasp the status of marine pollution and change trends, and provide a basis for marine environment management.
3.4 International cooperation on marine environmental protection
In recent years, China has become increasingly active in participating in and promoting international environmental cooperation and exchanges, expanding its influence and establishing the image of a responsible environmental power. China is one of the member countries of the Regional Seas Action Plan (RSP), the East Asian Seas Action Plan (EASAP) and the Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NWPAP), and actively participates in the Global Plan of Action for the Prevention of Marine Impacts from Land-based Activities (GPA) advocated by UNEP. At the same time, we are actively fulfilling international environmental conventions and international environmental obligations. In bilateral, multilateral and regional international cooperation, we have adhered to the principle of "promoting the internal from the external", and international marine environmental cooperation projects have provided important technical support for China, which has given a strong impetus to China's marine environmental protection work. Significant progress has been made in the protection of mangrove forests, seagrasses, coral reefs and wetlands, the prevention of marine pollution from land-based sources, and the comprehensive management of coastal zones.
4 Policy Recommendations
4.1 Establish and implement the scientific concept of development, and vigorously develop the circular economy.
Adhere to the people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable concept of development, and explore and realize the circular economy model from the links of production, consumption and recycling, and from the fields of industry, agriculture and service industry, and from the areas of cities and rural areas. Improve the efficiency of resource and energy utilization and minimize waste emissions. Begin to formulate policies and laws and regulations on green consumption, recycling and reutilization of resources, as well as on the recycling of resources in industries such as household appliances, construction materials and packaging items; establish a sound system for the recycling of various types of wastes, etc.; and set up a green national economic accounting system that will be incorporated into the national statistical system and cadre appraisal system. All policy measures for marine environmental protection must be in line with the requirements of the scientific concept of development.
4.2 Improve tax and fee policies and establish an ecological compensation mechanism.
Adjust the relevant fee policies such as sewage disposal fee and garbage disposal fee to adapt to the trend of marketization. Formulate the system of mandatory insurance for oil pollution of relevant ships and oil pollution compensation fund. In order to solve the current problem of low cost of violating the law and high cost of abiding by the law, corresponding economic policies and legal means are also needed. Establish an ecological compensation mechanism from the national, regional and industrial levels.
4.3 Development of scientific and technological policies to promote marine environmental protection.
Relying on scientific and technological progress to solve the core technical problems currently faced. It is imperative to develop technologies such as marine environmental capacity measurement, environmental monitoring, comprehensive planning for marine environmental protection, the formulation of the Blue Sea Action Plan, integrated management of coastal zones, and the restoration of typical marine ecosystems.
(The author is a doctor of State Environmental Protection Administration)
References
State Environmental Protection Administration. China's National Status Report on Protection of Marine Environment from Land-based Pollution. 2003.
State Environmental Protection Administration. Bulletin on the Environmental Quality of China's Nearshore Marine Areas. 1999-2003.
Zhang Haoruo, Bian Yaowu. Interpretation of the Marine Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China. Law Press, Beijing, 2000.
Wang Canfa. On the characteristics of the revised Marine Environmental Protection Law. Environmental Protection, 2000. 4?sm p5-7.
Wu Jingcheng. On the basic principles and legal system of the new Marine Environmental Protection Law. Journal of Suzhou City Construction and Environmental Protection College.
Selected Marine Laws of the People's Republic of China, Ocean Press, Beijing, 2001.
Comprehensive Planning, Rational Layout
Comprehensive Utilization, Turning Harms into Benefits
Relying on the Masses, Everyone's Hands
Protecting the Environment for the People
This is the first time that a new law on marine environmental protection has been published in China. p>
Full text: A current situation of marine environmental pollution in China
At present, in general, China's marine environment, basically still in a good state. However, in some coastal bays, estuaries and local waters, such as Dalian Bay, Liaohekou, Jinzhou Bay, Bohai Bay, Laizhou Bay and Jiaozhou Bay and other environmental pollution is more serious; certain marine aquatic resources decline, the catch is reduced, a few valuable seafood damage, the quality of some marine aquatic resources have been affected; some of the shoals are deserted, the coastal environment has been damaged. In terms of sea areas, the Bohai Sea coast is more seriously polluted, the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea, followed by the South China Sea is less polluted, basically still normal.
Currently, pollution and damage to China's marine environment are mainly the following factors:
(1) land-based pollutants. According to the statistics of the relevant departments, China's coastal areas annually discharged into the sea of industrial sewage and domestic sewage about 6 billion tons. In the domestic sewage, the East China Sea coast has the largest discharge, followed by the South China Sea coast and the Bohai Sea coast, and the Yellow Sea coast is the smallest. In the industrial sewage, also to the East China Sea coast of the largest emissions, accounting for 50% of the total; Bohai Sea coast and the South China Sea coast, followed by the Yellow Sea coast, the least.
(2) Pollutants discharged from ships. China has more than 100,000 motorized ships of all kinds, and tens of thousands of foreign ships enter China's ports and sail through the sea under our jurisdiction every year, and a large amount of oily sewage is discharged into the sea. For example, in 1979, a Brazilian oil tanker operated at the Qingdao oil terminal, running 380 tons of oil at a time.
(3) marine oil exploration and development of pollution. China's coastal distribution of several large oilfields and more than a dozen petrochemical enterprises, running, venting, dripping, leaking oil quantity is very considerable, more than 10 million tons of oil into the sea every year.
(4) artificial dumping of waste pollution. In the past, the ocean as a large "dumpster", arbitrary dumping of waste. Such as Dalian incense burner reef coast, Huludao, Qingdao, Wenzhou, Zhanjiang and other places, the garbage, slag, slag and other wastes piled up in the sea or directly into the sea.
(5) Unreasonable construction of marine engineering and ocean development have silted up some deep-water harbors and shipping channels, and the ecological balance of local seas has been damaged.
There are more than 200 major pollution sources of various types along China's coasts, more than 100 along the coasts of the Bohai and Yellow Seas, and about 100 along the coasts of the East and South Seas. The main pollutants discharged into the sea from these sources are petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metal pollutants and organic pollutants. River carry is the main way of pollutants into the sea.
Oil pollution in China's coastal oil pollution is more serious, oil is a variety of pollutants into the sea in the largest amount of one. Oil pollution on the marine biological resources is very harmful, oil on the water surface is easy to form a film, preventing the exchange of sea air, so that the dissolved oxygen in the sea water is reduced, so oil pollution can cause a large area of oxygen deficiency phenomenon. Oil film, oil block can stick to a large number of fish eggs and young fish, so that it suffocated and died; can make spawning young fish deformed, leading to fish, shellfish accumulation of certain carcinogenic substances.
China's coastal oil pollution covers an area of about 120,000 square kilometers. Relatively speaking, the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea oil pollution is more serious, respectively, accounting for 34% and 33% of the amount of oil discharged into the sea; the South China Sea accounted for 19%; the Yellow Sea is the least, accounting for 14%.
Bohai Sea oil pollution area of about 40,000 square kilometers, of which Liaodong Bay is 18,000 square kilometers, oil concentration (geometric mean) of 0.049 ppm; Bohai Bay is 0.9 million square kilometers, the oil concentration of 0.050 ppm; Laizhou Bay is 0.6 million square kilometers, the oil concentration of 0.059 ppm; Bohai Sea, the central sea is 0.7 million square kilometers, the oil concentration of 0.041 ppm. 0.041ppm. It can be seen that the oil pollution in Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay is relatively serious, while Liaodong Bay has the largest area of pollution.
The oil pollution area of the Yellow Sea is 26,000 square kilometers, the oil concentration in the North Yellow Sea is 0.059ppm; the oil concentration in the north of the South Yellow Sea is 0.052ppm; the oil concentration in the south of the South Yellow Sea is 0.026ppm; the oil concentration in the Dalian and Jiaozhou Bays are 0.085ppm and 0.062ppm respectively, which shows that the pollution degree of the North Yellow Sea is more severe, especially in the Dalian Bay, and the oil pollution degree in the Jiaozhou Bay is more prominent. Yellow Sea is more heavily polluted with oil in Jiaozhou Bay.
The oil pollution in the East China Sea covers an area of about 34,000 square kilometers, in which the oil concentration from the mouth of the Yangtze River to Hangzhou Bay is 0.059 ppm; and the oil concentration from the southern part of Zhejiang Province to the eastern part of Fujian Province is 0.078 ppm. The oil pollution in the East China Sea is heavier in the area of the southern part of Zhejiang Province to the eastern part of Fujian Province and the scope of the pollution is wider in the area from the mouth of the Yangtze River to Hangzhou Bay.
Oil pollution in the South China Sea covers an area of about 17,000 square kilometers. The oil concentration around the mouth of the Pearl River was 0.055 ppm, while that along the western coast of Guangdong was 0.052 ppm. Therefore, the oil pollution near the mouth of the Pearl River was slightly heavier than that along the western coast of Guangdong, which had a wider area of oil pollution.
Heavy metal pollution mainly refers to mercury, cadmium and lead. There are more than 60 main sources of mercury pollution along the coast of China, especially the Yangtze River, Pearl River, Yalu River, Wuli River and so on are the main sources of mercury pollution. The amount of mercury discharged into the East China Sea is the largest, followed by the South China Sea and the Yellow Sea, and the Bohai Sea is the least. However, the average concentration of mercury is highest in the East Sea, followed by the Bohai Sea and lowest in the South Sea. The Bohai Sea has the highest concentration of mercury in Liaodong Bay, with an average value of 0.05 mmb; the concentration of mercury in other areas of the Bohai Sea is about 0.01 ppb. Jinzhou Bay and the mouth of the Liaohe River are areas with high mercury concentrations in the Bohai Sea. The mercury concentrations in the North Yellow Sea and the North and South Yellow Sea were 0.04, 0.02 and 0.01 ppb, respectively; and in Dalian Bay and Jiaozhou Bay, 0.02 ppb. The Yellow Sea was characterized by higher mercury concentrations in the mouth of the Yalu River. The East China Sea mercury concentration of 0.01 to 0.23ppb, the Yangtze River mouth to Hangzhou Bay is 0.07ppb, South Zhejiang to the east of Fujian 0.04ppb. South China Sea mercury concentration of 0.02ppb.
China's coastal cadmium is also the main source of contamination in more than 60 places. Cadmium is also carried into the sea mainly by rivers, the Pearl River, Yangtze River, Luanhe River and Moyang River carried into the sea of cadmium accounted for 80% of the total. Cadmium discharged into the South China Sea is the largest amount. The whole of China's coastal cadmium concentration range of 0.02 ~ 0.45ppb, the average concentration of 0.10ppb, the highest in the South China Sea, the East China Sea is the lowest. In the Bohai Sea, the concentration was higher in Liaodong Bay and Bohai Bay, and in the Yellow Sea, it was higher in Dalian Bay.
There are more than 80 major sources of coastal lead pollution in China. The discharge into the South China Sea is the largest, accounting for about 60% of the total; the East China Sea and the Bohai Sea are the next largest; and the Yellow Sea is the smallest. The pathway of lead into the sea is also mainly carried by rivers. The concentration of lead in the surface water of China's offshore is 0.05-51.44ppb, with an average value of 1.60ppb. Among them, the average value of lead concentration in the Bohai Sea is 2.95ppb; the average value of lead concentration in the Yellow Sea is 1.34ppb; the average concentration of lead in the East China Sea is lower than the minimum detection limit of the analytical method, but it has been as high as 10-30ppb in south of Zhejiang Province; the average value of lead concentration in the South China Sea is 7.68ppb, and it is as high as 150ppb in the mouth of the Pearl River, which is the highest value of lead concentration in the offshore water of China. The average lead concentration in the South China Sea was 7.68ppb, with a high of 150ppb in the mouth of the Pearl River, the highest concentration of lead in China's coastal waters, and 4.85ppb along the western coast of Guangdong Province.
Organic pollution of seawater can usually be measured by the chemical oxygen consumption (COD) of the organic matter pollution. There are more than 150 major sources of organic matter pollution along the coast of China. More than 7 million tons of organic matter, measured in terms of COD, enter the sea each year. About 50% of it flows into the East China Sea, and the remaining half flows into the Bohai, Yellow and South China Seas respectively. Rivers are also the main way for organic matter to be discharged into the sea. The average value of COD in the Bohai Sea is high, 1.63 ppm, which is the highest in Laizhou Bay, up to 2.08 ppm; followed by Liaodong Bay; the lowest in the middle of the Bohai Sea. Laizhou Bay coast, northern Liaodong Bay and the mouth of the Luanhe River and other places COD has reached the "standard", some have exceeded the standard, such as the mouth of the Liaohe River up to 10 ppm. Yellow Sea COD value of an average of 1.10 ppm, of which the Dalian Bay is higher than the rest of the Yellow Sea, the mouth of the Yalujiang River, the northern Yellow Sea coast and Jiangsu offshore in localized areas have exceeded the standard phenomenon. The COD value of the East China Sea is lower, about 0.89ppm, and the area around the mouth of the Yangtze River - Hangzhou Bay is slightly higher than that of the coast from southern Zhejiang to eastern Fujian. None of the South China Sea COD exceeded the standard, the lowest average value of 0.45ppm.
In short, oil is the most important pollutant in China's offshore, the East China Sea offshore and the Bohai Sea are two serious areas of oil pollution. Heavy metal pollution is not serious from a general point of view, but in local waters such as the northern part of Liaodong Bay, the mouth of the Yalu River and the mouth of the Pearl River, the concentration is higher and should be noticed. As for organic pollution, it is clearly reflected in the Bohai Sea and certain bays in China, and the COD value has a tendency to increase from south to north.
II China's basic policy and main measures to protect the marine environment:
The marine environment is different from the land, once polluted, even if measures are taken, the harm is difficult to eliminate in a short period of time. Because the treatment of marine pollution than the treatment of land-based pollution to spend a long time, technically complex, difficult and high investment, but also not easy to receive good results. Therefore, to protect the marine environment, should be prevention-oriented, prevention and treatment, rational development, comprehensive utilization. This should be said to be the basic strategy to protect the marine environment. Protecting the marine environment not only requires a correct marine development policy and advanced science and technology, but also requires a set of scientific and strict management system and methods, especially to grasp the management of pollution sources, which is an important part of marine environmental protection. The self-purifying ability of the ocean is also a resource, we should make full use of the self-purifying ability of the sea, in order to help reduce the cost of management of the "three wastes", the development of production, and at the same time effectively control the amount of pollutants into the sea, we should avoid taking the detour of the first pollution after treatment.
Many years, China in the vigorous development of industry and agriculture at the same time, and actively manage the industrial "three wastes", the great technological innovation, widely carried out comprehensive utilization, for the elimination of pollution, protection and improvement of the environment, to protect the people's health, and promote the construction of socialism, and made a great deal of progress. On the basis of extensive research and the accumulation of many valuable experiences, the basic policy of environmental protection in China has been formulated as follows: "Comprehensive planning, rational layout, comprehensive utilization, turning harm into benefit, relying on the masses, taking action to protect the environment for the benefit of the people". Practice has proved that this is also the correct approach to marine environmental protection.
"Comprehensive planning, rational layout", is to protect the environment, prevention is extremely important measures, but also the implementation of the prevention-oriented, prevention and treatment of the embodiment of the policy. In arranging the national economic plan and the development of industrial and agricultural production, we must take into account the overall situation, comprehensive planning, and correctly deal with the relationship between industry and agriculture, heavy industry and light industry, coastal industry and inland industry, urban and rural areas, production and life, economic development and protection of the environment. It is necessary to combine the protection of natural resources with the rational utilization of natural resources, strengthen planning, science and foresight, and avoid blindness and one-sidedness. It is necessary to combine immediate and long-term interests, and strive to avoid or minimize the damage to natural resources and the impact on the environment after development. In the layout of industry, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, salt, by-products, aquaculture and other marine resources development, in addition to paying attention to the raw materials, power, water, transportation and other conditions, but also need to take into account the geology, topography, marine hydrological and meteorological conditions, as well as the characteristics of biological resources, should be a comprehensive study, weighing the pros and cons of the harmonization of the opposition to the various lines of work, can not only focus on the production of the environmental protection is ignored, not only to pay attention to short-term benefits, and to fully estimate the future may bring It is necessary to pay attention to both short-term benefits and fully estimate the long-term impacts that may be brought about in the future. Can not just focus on utilization, without regard to the protection of resources and the environment.
"Comprehensive utilization, turning harm into benefit" is an effective way to develop socialist enterprises and eliminate environmental pollution. "Harm" and "benefit" are opposites and unity of contradictions, they can be transformed into each other under certain conditions. "Harm" is caused by "waste" in the production, "waste" and "treasure" is a unity of contradictions, under certain conditions, they can also be transformed into each other. Under certain conditions, they can also be transformed into each other. Promote the conditions of this transformation, is the comprehensive utilization. Comprehensive utilization of a wide range of content, on the one hand, refers to the comprehensive utilization of resources itself, on the other hand, to establish an economic, reasonable joint venture. Only by combining the management of industrial "three wastes" with the technological transformation of enterprises and the comprehensive utilization of resources, we can try to "three wastes" in the elimination of hazardous substances in the production process, and many of the original abandoned for the harm of "three wastes", to make it the "three wastes", to make it the "three wastes", to make it the "three wastes", to make it the "three wastes". Three wastes", to make full use of it, to carry out technological reform and technological innovation, can be changed