How did the plague form in the earthquake?

Plague is an epidemic disease! The story of plague and atypical pneumonia has once again focused the world's attention on a word that has long been abandoned by human beings-epidemic disease-a word that has shocked people for many years, turbulent history and life and death. Whether it's the global plague in18th century, or the flu in1918th century, whether it's smallpox that has plagued the world for many years, or cholera that has been raging with the war ... it's not hard to find that the struggle between human beings and epidemics always ends in human victory. This is undoubtedly history, but behind these victories, perhaps the accumulated sweat, tears and even blood are the true meaning of history. History tells us again and again that when human sweat flows together, when human eyes are intertwined, and when human hands are tightly held together, this medicine will cure all the terrible death viruses in the world. After all, it is wisdom and life that write history, never viruses. When the first-class scientists from all over the world work around the clock in the front line of SARS prevention and control, we believe that this contest with the virus will also end in victory. For thousands of years, all kinds of pathogenic microorganisms have never left the human world for a moment. On the contrary, they are constantly changing with the evolution of human beings, seeking suitable ways of existence in our bodies. When these microorganisms mutate enough to break through our immune defense lines, diseases will appear and spread ... The cruelty of the virus is shocking, and human beings are struggling because of their tenacity. In this way, people regained the strength of life after repeated disasters. The plague in Athens-nightmares make medical ethics ■ Until today, no one knows where the plague that occurred more than 2,400 years ago came from, but what is certain is that the disease almost destroyed the whole of Athens. For more than a year, the citizens of Athens have lived in nightmares. Strong and healthy young people around them will suddenly have a high fever, and their throats and tongues will be congested, giving off an abnormal stench. Unfortunately, the patient sneezed, his voice was hoarse, and he had chest pain because of a severe cough. The disease swept the whole city like a demon, and any medicine taken orally or externally was of no help. Finally, the doctor was infected and fell ill. In the face of panic, people begin to choose an indulgent life, and nothing can make them escape from the real fear more than the enjoyment of the present. As a result, Athens fell apart because of people's despair. ■ People dare not avoid the human struggle against this deadly disease. But at this time, a physician from the kingdom of Macedonia in northern Greece risked his life to go to Athens for treatment. While investigating the epidemic situation, he explored the cause and rescue methods. Soon, he found that there was only one person in the city who was not infected with the plague, and that was the blacksmith who dealt with fire every day. He thought that maybe fire could prevent epidemics, so he lit fires all over the city to put out the plague. This physician was Hippocrates (about 460 BC-377 BC), a famous doctor in ancient Greece, the founder of European medicine, and was praised as the "father of medicine" by the west. ■ The Harvest of Human Beings Ancient western medicine must read an oath about medical ethics when it started business: "I will keep my oath and be loyal to my duties. I should respect the teacher who taught me medical skills as I respect my parents. For my son, the teacher's son and my disciple, I will teach medical knowledge seriously. I will try my best to take medical measures that I think are beneficial to patients and can't bring pain and harm to patients. I will not give poison to anyone, nor will I instruct others to use it. I want to practice medicine and live honestly. No matter who you enter, you just want to cure the disease, don't do whatever you want, don't take bribes, and don't seduce the opposite sex. I will never reveal my private life that I shouldn't tell anyone. " The maker of this medical code is Hippocrates. In the mid-20th century, the General Assembly of the World Medical Association formulated the International Code of Ethics for Medical Staff. Plague Terror-Health Revolution ■ Yersinia pestis mainly passed the first plague epidemic in history, which occurred in the 6th century A.D., originated in the Middle East, and its epidemic center was in the Mediterranean coast of the Near East. The epidemic lasted for 50 or 60 years, and 10,000 people died every day during the extreme epidemic period, with a total death toll of nearly 654.38+0 billion. The second epidemic occurred in the14th century and lasted for nearly 300 years, covering Eurasia and the north coast of Africa, especially Europe. 25 million people died in Europe, accounting for 1/4 of the European population at that time. The third epidemic started at the end of 19 (1894) and broke out suddenly, reaching its peak in 1930s. It has always spread to more than 60 countries in Asia, Europe, America and Africa, killing10 million people. ■ When the plague spread all over Europe, people came up with various methods to cure or alleviate this frightening symptom according to different cultures, such as using laxatives, emetics, bloodletting therapy, smoking rooms, burning lymph nodes, even putting dried toads on them, or taking a bath with urine. In the face of the plague, the Archbishop of Milan stumbled upon an effective way to stop the spread of the plague: isolation. When the plague was about to spread to Milan, the archbishop ordered the isolation of the three houses where the plague was first discovered and built a wall around them. No one is allowed to take a step, so that the plague does not spread to Milan. In the following hundreds of years, the isolation of the Mediterranean coast became commonplace. The harvest of mankind The prevention and treatment of infectious diseases such as plague is called the "first health revolution" internationally. /kloc-Around the 8th century, European countries actively strengthened the construction of basic sanitation facilities, such as the improvement of upper and lower sewers, attached importance to garbage disposal, and extensive pest control and disinfection, effectively controlled infectious diseases that once seriously endangered human life, such as plague. At present, infectious diseases such as plague have basically disappeared in developed countries, but they still occur from time to time in poor areas of Africa. It can be said that the first health revolution won. Vaccination against smallpox-an epoch-making medical experiment ■ After 846 AD, smallpox suddenly broke out among the Normans who invaded France. The epidemic of smallpox forced Norman leaders to order the killing of all patients and their caregivers. 15 19, Spanish troops invaded Mexico and brought smallpox, a deadly disease, to the American continent without realizing it. Smallpox was unprecedented in Mexico at that time, and local residents had no chance to enhance their resistance to smallpox. In the next three years, smallpox spread all over the country, killing two or three million Mexican Indians. When the Spanish attacked the Inca Empire, smallpox was introduced to South America ...16-18th century, the number of people who died of smallpox in Europe was 500,000, and that in Asia was 800,000. It is estimated that10.5 billion people died of smallpox in the18th century. ■ Human Struggle 1796 May17 is a very memorable day in the history of human medicine. A famous doctor successfully carried out an epoch-making medical experiment-smallpox vaccination. The success of this experiment indicates that smallpox, which has plagued mankind for more than 1000 years and claimed countless lives, has been called "an accomplice to death" by medical historians and has since been subdued by human beings. The person who presided over the experiment was edward Cenna, a famous British doctor. ■ Human harvest: Medical history shows that in the early stage of industrialization, the defense measures against infectious diseases basically came from technologically advanced countries. At that time, in Europe and other places, cities were dense, population density was very high, and there was no public health system, which was easy to cause large-scale infectious diseases and spread very fast. From 17 to 18, serious plagues occurred in London and Ireland, and then their governments made great efforts to gradually develop the public health system. "Prevention is better than cure" began with smallpox vaccine and became the policy of many European countries at that time. This policy has greatly promoted their economic development and military expansion, which is one of the main reasons for the growth of European strength. Napoleon's army first popularized smallpox vaccination, which was also crucial for his army's long-term campaign. Tuberculosis killer-global emergency interception ■ Mycobacterium virus ■ Since tuberculosis was discovered in Koho in 1882, the death toll from tuberculosis has reached 200 million so far. Today, the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis is mentioned again because the latest data show that the annual death toll of tuberculosis patients in the world has increased from 654.38+2.5 million in 1990 to 3.5 million in 2000. 75% of TB deaths occur in the most productive age group (15-45 years old), and 2 billion people worldwide have been infected with TB, with an annual infection rate of 1%. The fight against tuberculosis was once an incurable disease, but since the advent of streptomycin, remifentanil, rifampicin and ethambutol, tuberculosis has become a treatable disease. In the early1980s, the United States even thought that tuberculosis could be eliminated by the end of this century. However, in recent 20 years, policy negligence in many parts of the world has destroyed the TB prevention and control system. The vicious link between tuberculosis and AIDS has caused tuberculosis to soar; In recent ten years, in areas with high birth rate, children have reached the age of high mortality of tuberculosis; Due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains, tuberculosis has increased from 1984 to 10% every year, which has become a serious public health problem. The World Health Organization 1993 put forward the Global Tuberculosis Emergency Declaration in London on April 22-23. There are 6 million cases of tuberculosis in China, and 230,000 people die every year. ■ Harvest of Human Beings The World Health Organization put forward TB control strategies in 1995, including: ① controlling the source of infection; ② Direct supervision and treatment; ③ Short-term chemotherapy. If a case of tuberculosis is not found, it may infect 10 people a year. Therefore, once a case is found, people who have contact with this person must be followed up. The key goal of treatment is to kill bacteria completely before they develop drug resistance. Fear of cholera-the first theoretical study of the disease ■ Virus Vibrio cholerae ■ Cholera is a severe intestinal infectious disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, an international quarantine infectious disease and one of the Class A infectious diseases managed according to law in China. The Ganges Delta in India has been an epidemic area of classical biological cholera since ancient times and is known as the "hometown of human cholera". During the hundred years from 18 17 to 1923, there have been six world pandemics in * * *, and each epidemic has spread to China. The first time in 18 17- 1823, it spread to the European border; The second time was in 1826- 1837, crossing Russia in three ways, reaching Germany, and then bringing it from Germany to Britain. 1832 was spread to Canada and the United States by Irish expatriates; It took a very long time for the third epidemic to reach North America at1846-1863 and 1848, and spread throughout the northern hemisphere. The fourth world epidemic from 1865 to 1875 was spread from Egypt to Britain by a ship. The fifth and sixth times occurred in 1883- 1896 and 19 10- 1926 respectively. From 196 1, cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae biotype in Eirto began to spread from Sulawesi to neighboring countries and regions. So far, it has spread to five continents 140 countries and regions, with more than 3.5 million reported cases, which is called the seventh cholera epidemic worldwide. 1992 10 A new type of cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae O 139 swept through parts of India and Bangladesh. By April 1993, more than100000 patients had been reported, and now it has spread to many countries and regions including China, and may replace the Eirto biotype. Some people call it the eighth worldwide cholera epidemic. ■ Harvest of human beings For the treatment of cholera, people realize that strict isolation treatment is necessary, and the key to treatment is fluid replacement, including intravenous fluid replacement and oral fluid replacement. Cholera lets people know the importance of developing good eating hygiene habits. "If you don't eat clean and get sick" was replaced by "Wash your hands before and after meals". Measures to prevent cholera: 1. Control the source of infection; 2. cut off the route of transmission; 3. Enhance people's immunity; 4. Strictly deal with epidemic areas. The death of the flu-never stops ■ Virus flu virus ■ You will be surprised to find that in 19 17, the average life expectancy of Americans was about 5 1 year, while in 19 19, the average life expectancy was only 39 years. Influenza virus 1908 in may, the epidemic began to spread among soldiers who participated in the first world war in Europe. The disease soon spread in crowded trenches and barracks. By July, it had spread to many civilians on the European continent. 19 18 flu, more than 25% of the population in the United States is infected. Today, we don't think the flu is a fatal disease unless the elderly or people who are already sick are infected with the flu. However, the flu that started at 19 18 killed 2 1 10,000 people worldwide. Since the 20th century, five world pandemics have been recorded, which occurred in 1900, 19 18, 1957, 1968 and 1977 respectively. The flu in 19 18 was the most serious, and the death toll reached 2 1 10,000. From 1953 to 1976, there were 12 moderate or above influenza outbreaks in China, each of which was caused by influenza A virus. After entering the 1980 s, the epidemic situation of influenza is mainly sporadic and small outbreaks, and there is no obvious worldwide epidemic. The last time was in June 5438 +2003 10. In Equateur Province, Bandundu Province and Kinshasa, more than 500,000 people have been infected with the flu, and more than 2,000 of them have died. Influenza will spread around the world every few years, but its risk has been reduced due to the development of drugs. At present, some types of influenza can be prevented by using vaccines, and the harm of diseases can be alleviated by using antibiotics. ■ There are three kinds of influenza viruses: A, B and C. The antigen structures of the three viruses are different, so there is no cross-immunity. Clinical symptoms such as fever, fatigue, general aches, weakness and other poisoning symptoms are more serious, while respiratory symptoms such as runny nose and cough are not too serious. Most of the inducements are getting wet in the rain, catching cold, fatigue or weakness. When the respiratory defense function is low, it is easy to be attacked by influenza virus and get sick. Although Chinese medicine does not have the name flu. But as early as 2000 years ago, there were detailed records in China medical literature, such as the treatment of fever and its symptoms in Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Many folk remedies for influenza have been accumulated over the years. In recent 20 years, the research of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine in China has confirmed that some Chinese herbal medicines, such as honeysuckle, isatis root, dandelion and chrysanthemum indicum, have the function of inhibiting and killing viruses. During the 1968 influenza epidemic, the experience of boiling soup in the army, factories, schools and rural areas also fully demonstrated the unparalleled power of Chinese herbal medicine in preventing and treating influenza. HIV- accelerating the spread ■ AIDS data The number of people who died of AIDS worldwide has reached 22 million, and 27 million people around the world do not know that they are infected with HIV; More than 33 million adults and children around the world will be infected with AIDS; Every day, 16000 people around the world are infected with AIDS; It spreads at the rate of infecting 1000 children every day; 1985 the first case of AIDS was found in China, and AIDS patients were reported nationwide1170, including 338 AIDS patients. ■ The regulations on the management of human and AIDS struggle clearly stipulate that anyone who conceals his illness and does not declare it and evades inspection; Known to be an AIDS patient or an AIDS-infected person who has spread AIDS; Whoever conceals blood and blood products, strains, biological tissues, animals and their products that are contaminated by HIV or may cause the spread of AIDS shall be fined by the administrative department of health, and compulsory preventive, therapeutic and disinfection measures shall be taken. Those who violate AIDS management laws and regulations and cause AIDS transmission, or have serious danger of AIDS transmission, shall be investigated for criminal responsibility by the judicial department according to law. ■ Human harvest advocates scientific living habits-don't use razors, toothbrushes, etc. With people; Do not use syringes with others; Strictly sterilized syringes and examination and treatment instruments are used in medical treatment. People susceptible to AIDS-women who have sex with many men; Unemployed and teenagers in a state of mobility. The culprit of Ebola-the devil in the mythical world ■ Ebola virus ■ mainly passed1967 In August, the staff of a laboratory in Marburg, Germany suddenly developed symptoms such as high fever, diarrhea, vomiting, massive bleeding, shock and circulatory failure. According to the investigation, the reason is that the laboratory used monkeys from Uganda for polio vaccine and other research. * * * There were 37 people infected with this disease, 9 of whom died. Three months later, German experts found the culprit: a dangerous new virus, shaped like a snake stick, was transmitted from monkeys to humans, which is "Marburg virus". By 1976, Ebola, a close relative of the virus, had set off a new terror in the Democratic Republic of Congo, killing 280 people. Since then, "Ebola, Marburg" and other deadly "hemorrhagic fever viruses" have almost become demons in the mythical world. 1995, Ebola broke out in the same place in Congo (DRC), 3 15 people became sick and 255 people died. Subsequently, two large-scale Ebola outbreaks occurred in Malidi 1976 and 1979, resulting in nearly 200 deaths. In 2000, 428 people fell ill in Uganda, of which 173 died, which caused great panic in Uganda and neighboring countries. Ebola virus is a rare and deadly virus that can spread rapidly through blood and body fluids. The incubation period is about two weeks. The initial symptoms of the patient are sudden fever, headache and muscle pain, followed by vomiting, diarrhea and renal insufficiency, and finally massive bleeding inside and outside the body. The death rate of people infected with this virus is as high as 50% or even 90%. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, so far, the virus has infected about 1 1,500 people, of which about 1 1,000 people died. ■ In the clinical treatment of human harvest, doctors found that early application of serum and immune serum globulin in convalescent patients is effective. The transmission route of its germs is mainly through contact with patients and their infected blood and excreta. In August 2000, a paper published in the journal Nature Medicine in the United States pointed out that 90% of Ebola virus-infected people will have internal bleeding symptoms, which may be due to a virus protein destroying blood vessel inner wall cells. The results of this study are of great significance, which will help to develop drugs and vaccines to reduce or prevent Ebola infection by attacking this protein. Scientists have been able to identify the major Ebola genes that destroy cells and provide a direction for developing new antiviral drugs and vaccines. Although there is no cure or vaccine for Ebola virus, scientists believe that this research has taken the first step in developing such drugs and vaccines.