Science knowledge after reading
September 25, 2008 is a proud day, China's self-developed "Shenzhou VII" finally unveiled the mysterious veil, out to travel to space, in the boundless space to play great and Magic, this is the strength of the Chinese nation's display, but also the Chinese people to the world another declaration ...... excited, there are always many doubts lingering in the mind. For example: why can not complete the scientific experiments in a well-equipped laboratory, must be taken to the distant space to carry out, I found the answer in the "100,000 reasons".
It turns out that in the vast expanse of space there are four exceptionally good natural conditions: absolutely no air, absolutely no pollution, a low temperature of minus 270 degrees, and not subject to any interference from Earth's gravity. The fourth condition, in particular, is impossible to achieve in any laboratory on the ground. The space shuttle is in space, and it's a dynamic process. The purpose of taking experiments to the space shuttle or to the far reaches of space is to allow experiments to be carried out under completely different environmental conditions from those on the ground, with the possibility of creating completely new scientific wonders. The most fascinating thing is to test new production and processing methods in space science: smelting new alloys, welding of various new materials, manufacturing absolutely pure glass, refining and synthesizing new chemical drugs, etc. ...... Read the whole article, I can not help but exclaim: "It's amazing. Too incredible!"
I think: we work hard to learn scientific and cultural knowledge today, is for the future to unravel a deep, mysterious scientific problems, to open up a new field of science, to lead a new era of science!
2. University Robotics Competition required knowledge
Hello First of all, the Lego robot is only a product synonymous with the robot, but not a real robot if you build a robot at least a few thousand parts I do not know that your teacher carefully studied the Lego is a component composed of no what the entire robot RCX motor, light, touch, temperature and angle, connected to an automation program, the most basic principle is the physical and chemical properties of the robot. The basic principle of automation is the same as the circuit knowledge in physics Ask your teacher about it, it may make you misunderstand it Oh, the RCX has 3 inlet and outlet ports which are energy ports and outputs electricity to provide energy for the electric motors and lights and 3 output ports to receive the information retrieved from various sensors and then transmit it to the main chip The RCX requires 6 batteries, a main processing board, a display panel, 4 adjustment buttons and a battery pack which can store 5 programs while it is in operation and can also be used to store the program. When working, it can store 5 programs and 3 in and 3 out at the same time Title: Introduction to Robotics ISBN: 781077560X Price: 49 Publisher: Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Press Author: [U.S.A.] David Cook Cui Weina Wang Wei Gao Yuping Zheng Jing Date of Publication: 2005.07 Edition: 1 Frame: Paperback Pages: 466 Size: 16 pages Classification: TP242 Introduction This book starts with the introduction of a robotics program that can be used to create a robot: TP242 Introduction This book describes the process of making homemade robots from an amateur robot maker's point of view in a detailed and simple way.
The whole book is based on the main line of making a line patrol robot, including the use of tools, the purchase of components, the production of control circuits, the production of robot shells, operation and debugging, and so on. The book is simple, easy to understand, with detailed descriptions, detailed consideration of the problems that readers may encounter during the production process, and provides debugging circuits and solutions to problems.
In addition to serving as a reading material for robot making, this book is also suitable for use as a tutorial for extracurricular science and technology activities for secondary school students. Table of Contents Chapter 1 Welcome Robot Inventors 1.1 4 Disciplines1 1.2 Anatomy of a Homemade Robot2 1.2.1 The Brain3 1.2.2 The Power Unit4 1.2.3 The Sensors6 1.2.4 Motion and Feedback7 1.2.5 Other Components9 1.2.6 The Body10 1.3 Making 10 1.3.1 Step-by-Step11 1.3.2 Module Making11 1.3.3 Easy and Happy12 1.3.4 Seek Friendship and Help13 1.4 What Follows13 Chapter 2 Getting Tools and Parts 2.1 Subscribing to Free Information15 2.2 Discovering Potential Information17 2.2.1 Interpreting the Contents of the Columns17 2.2.2 Inventorying the Pages of the Catalog17 2.2.3 Price Comparisons17 2.3 Saving Money18 Chapter 3 Safety 3.1 Benefiting from Age and Experience20 3.2 Following the Instructions for Use20 3.3 Wear Safety Goggles21 3.4 Wear Other Safety Clothing22 3.5 Ensure Adequate Ventilation23 3.6 Store Correctly23 3.7 Wash Your Hands Before Meals23 3.8 Avoid Hazardous Chemical Elements24 3.8.1 Lead24 3.8.2 Mercury24 3.8.3 Cadmium26 3.9 Electrocution26 3.9.1 AC vs. DC26 3.9.2 Use Rechargeable Batteries 3.9.3 Connection via Disconnect Switch and GFCI Socket27 3.9.4 Keep Ground Pin29 3.9.5 Disconnect from Power Supply29 3.10 Avoiding Hazardous Robots30 3.11 Estimating Motor Size30 3.12 Lighting30 3.13 Getting a Good Night's Rest and Keeping Your Head Cool31 Chapter 4 Digital Multimeter 4.1 Required Characteristics33 4.1.1 Digital 33 4.1.2 Number of digits34 4.1.3 DC voltage34 4.1.4 DC current34 4.1.5 Resistance35 4.1.6 Probes or leads35 4.1.7 Overload/fuse protection35 4.2 Preferred features36 4.2.1 Capacitance36 4.2.2 Diode36 4.2.3 Conduction36 4.2.4 Frequency37 4.2.5 Duty cycle37 4.2.6 Automatic change of measurement37 4.2.6 Automatic change of measurement37 4.2.6 Duty cycle37 4.2.6 Automatic range change37 4.2.7 Automatic power-off39 4.2.8 Transistor39 4.2.9 Dual display39 4.2.10 Maximum value40 4.2.11 Minimum value40 4.2.12 Holder40 4.3 Optional features41 4.3.1 Inductance41 4.3.2 RS232/data interface41 4.3.3 Oscilloscope42 4.3.4 Background light 42 4.3.5 Stopwatch/Single Pulse Width42 4.3.6 Temperature42 4.3.7 Sound42 4.3.8 Counting42 4.3.9 Bar Graph43 4.3.10 Data Hold43 4.3.11 Data Auto Hold43 4.3.12 High/Low Logic Circuitry43 4.3.13 Memory44 4.3.14 Relative Mode44 4.3.15 Offset44 4.3.16 Extreme value test/comparison44 4.3.17 Rack or rubber cover44 4.4 AC characteristics45 4.4.1 AC voltage45 4.4.2 True RMS46 4.4.3 AC current46 4.4.3 AC current46 4.5 Obtaining a curved-hook probe adapter46 4.6 Comparison of basic multimeter advertisements47 4.6.1 Understanding the characteristics of a bargain digital multimeter47 4.6.2 Understanding the characteristics of a multimeter with a Computer Interface48 4.6.3 Familiarize Yourself with the Characteristics of Multifunction High-Precision Multimeters50 4.6.4 Prices of Different Characteristic Items52 4.7 Can't Go an Inch Without a Multimeter52 Chapter 5 Numerical Values and Units 5.1 Choosing Metric53 5.2 Simplifying Multiplying Powers of 1,00053 5.2.1 M and m55 5.2.2 Substitutions of the Greek Letters56 5.3 Abbreviations of Units56 5.4 Too Small57 5.4.1 Guessing at Missing Units57 5.4.2 Expanding Away from Three-Digit Numbers58 5.4.3 Converting Colors to Numbers58 5.4.4 Determining Component Values with a Multimeter60 5.5 Fundamentals Covered60 CHAPTER 6 LINE PATROLING ROBOTS 6.1 Defining Path States63 6.1.1 Surface Materials63 6.1.2 Path Lighting63 6.1.3 Determining the Line63 6.1.4 Selecting Line Marking Material64 6.1.5 Bending and Crossing Lines65 6.1.6 Summarizing Path States67 6.2 Selecting Robot Dimensions67 6.3 Observing "Sandwiches "68 6.3.1 Detecting "Sandwiches" NiMH Batteries83 7.3.2 Alkaline Batteries83 7.3.3 Specialty Batteries84 7.3.4 Unrecommended Batteries84 7.4 Battery Brand Names85 7.5 Using 9 V Batteries for the Robot86 7.5.1 Installation of the Batteries87 7.6 Building on It89 Chapter 8 Alligator Clips and Test Cables 8.1 The Alligator's Hungry Tonight90 8.2 Obtaining Curved Hook Cord Clips91 8.3 Testing Jumper Cables 92 8.3.1 Setting up a multimeter for the conductivity test93 8.3.2 Disconnecting the test94 8.3.3 Shorting the test95 8.3.4 Alligator clip connection (shorting) the test96 8.4 Finding accidental electrical connections97 8.5 Probing with jumper wires98 Chapter 9 Resistors 9.1 Limiting Energy with Resistors99 9.2 Obtaining a Resistor Assortment Box100 9.3 Understanding Size Dimensions and Allowable Errors101 9.4 Trimming Resistors102 9.5 Resistance and Ohms104 9.6 Testing Resistance104 9.6.1 Interpreting Resistance Values Displayed on a Multimeter105 9.6.2 Experiencing Resistance Ranges105 9.7 Sorting and Storing107 9.8 Don't Be Tempted by What Follows109 Chapter 10 Light-Emitting Diodes 10.1 Characteristics of LEDs110 10.1.1 Dimensions of LEDs110 10.1.2 Shapes of LEDs11.
3. Robotics Basics Paper
The history of robotics is not a long one, and it really began in 1959 when the world's first industrial robot was built in the United States by Ingeborg and DeVore.
Ingeborg was studying servo theory at university, which is the study of how moving bodies can better track control signals. In 1946, DeVore invented a system that could "re-enact" recorded machine motion.
In 1954, DeVore was awarded a patent for a programmable robot, which is a robotic arm that works on a program and can be programmed differently for different jobs, so it is versatile and flexible. Both Ingeborg and DeVore were working on robots, and thought that the automotive industry was best suited to working with robots because they were working with heavy machines and the production process was more fixed. In 1959, Ingeborg and DeVore teamed up to create the first industrial robot.
Classification of robots robot classification on how to classify robots, the international community has not developed a unified standard, some according to the load weight points, some according to the control mode points, some according to the degree of freedom points, some according to the structure of points, and some according to the application area points. The general classification: teaching reproduction type robot through the guide or other ways, first teach the robot action, enter the work program, the robot is automatically repeated operations.
Numerical control robots do not have to make the robot action, through the numerical value, language, etc. to teach the robot, the robot according to the information taught after the operation. Sensory control type robots use the information obtained by the sensor to control the robot's movements.
Adaptive control robot robot can adapt to changes in the environment, control their own actions. Learning-controlled robot robot can "experience" the experience of work, with a certain degree of learning, and will be "learned" experience in the work.
Intelligent robots to artificial intelligence to determine the action of the robot. Our robotics experts from the application environment, the robot is divided into two categories, namely, industrial robots and special robots.
The so-called industrial robots are industrial-oriented multi-joint manipulator or multi degree of freedom robot. Specialty robots are in addition to industrial robots, used in non-manufacturing industries and serve humans with a variety of advanced robots, including: service robots, underwater robots, entertainment robots, military robots, agricultural robots, robotized machines and so on.
In special robots, some branches are developing rapidly, and there is a tendency to become an independent system, such as service robots, underwater robots, military robots, micromanipulation robots and so on. At present, the international robotics scholars, from the application environment will also be divided into two categories of robots: industrial robots in the manufacturing environment and non-manufacturing environment of service and humanoid robots, which is consistent with our classification.
"Robot" is ultimately a machine or a person? Will robots fully surpass humans, will robots become human subversive, the development of robotics science is a curse or a blessing for mankind? These questions have long been beyond the scope of robotics scientists to think about. With the development of robotics science, there are more and more ethical, social, and philosophical reflections.
Although robots are still just tools, we can't always treat robots simply as a tool, because he has a human characteristic that other tools don't have: intelligence. Perhaps one day, human beings must think: "Without robots, people will become machines; with robots, people are still masters" this sentence can still be said so justified.
It is time to start a comprehensive philosophical reflection on the issue of robots! First, will robots become creatures? There is no precise definition of a robot. However, looking at existing robots, robots are certainly still just machines.
Existing robots are all just humanoid machines. For example, the welding robot on the automobile production line, although it can be more efficient than a person, but it is still a machine, just like a washing machine or a fan, replacing some aspects of the work of people.
According to Engels, a tool is an extension of a human organ. Existing robots are just extensions of one or more human organs, and therefore just tools.
Regardless of the definition of a human being, at least one thing is certain: human beings are first and foremost biological beings, which is the material basis of what makes a human being a human being. Will robots be biological? Most of the existing robots are the products of metal, wire and silicon crystals, and they are certainly not living creatures; will the robots in the future be? We have no way to tell now.
In terms of material composition, the human body contains elements, proportions, ways of structuring, etc. that may one day be replicated. However, I suppose one question is, even if it is possible to artificially create muscles, nerves, bones, blood, skin, etc., isn't it possible to put all of these things together into a human being? That's a problem in the first place.
The primate apes come closest in this regard, and pigs and dogs, bugs and fish, and even flowers and plants are closer to people than robots. A clone is of course a living creature, but a clone still has a human parent, who has the genetic characteristics of the parent.
The robots we are talking about, obviously, should not have characteristics such as the genes of the human parent, or else will be in the same ethical dilemma as human cloning. Human cloning is not in the realm of robots that we are discussing, and robots should never be created by cloning humans.
Second, the robot will be in the comprehensive ability to exceed the human? However, even the existing level of technology is still relatively low level of robots, and screwdrivers and other tools in the pure sense of the essential difference. Because the robot must first of all be intelligent, any of his actions are required to go through its "brain" information processing made, which has a significant human characteristics.
If we can think of the computer's arithmetic process as a kind of thinking, the robot is very much like a human being, doing things through the brain, while the screwdriver is obviously no brain. Intelligence is the biggest difference between robots and ordinary tools.
There is also a place that can not be ignored, the existing robot even if it is only a tool, but he is different from ordinary tools is that the robot is not a simple extension of a number of organs of mankind, from the principle of its design, the robot from the thinking to respond to the way it is completely imitation of man. Who knows, with the development of robotics technology, will robots have all the capabilities of human beings? If that day comes, robots will be born even if they are not.
4. 600 words for a short science and technology essay on artificial robots
My dream when I grew up was that I wanted to be an inventor, because that trip to the science fair inspired me a lot.
I want to invent a robot to manage various aspects of pollution, do not look down on that a small robot, it can be a lot of skills.
If it sees someone littering, it will open its mouth to reveal a small red warning light, which will stay on, and then pick up the garbage with its robotic hand, open the small pocket in the middle of its body, and throw the garbage into the pocket.
If it sees someone spitting, the eco-robot will stretch out a broom and a handful to collect the spit that people spit, and from its right hand it will stretch out a water jet to clean the spit marks.
This robot also has the function of advocating care for the environment, such as bringing them to the square, they will patrol and clean the garbage while making sounds to remind people to care for the environment and protect nature. I think in their reminder, people will also consciously throw the garbage to the garbage can.
After the invention of this robot, to each sanitation workers with a, which greatly reduces their workload, because these environmental guards are too hard, with this environmental protection robot, their work will be much easier. The environment around us will also get better and better.
5. A little bit of science
The New World discovered by Italian navigator Christopher Columbus in the early morning hours of October 12, 1492
Neil Armstrong, the commander and pilot of Apollo 11, landed on the surface of the moon in July 1969, becoming the first person to first man to operate on a celestial body beyond Earth.
On December 14, 1911, the famous Norwegian polar explorer, Roald Amundsen, became the first human being to reach the South Pole after a long and difficult journey.
Nearly a hundred years ago, the American explorer Robert Peary after unremitting efforts, after three failures, the fourth finally succeeded in reaching the North Pole, becoming the first person to reach the North Pole
May 29, 1953: New Zealand climber Edmund Hillary as a member of the British team of mountaineers with the Nepalese guide Tenzing Norgay along the southeastern ridge route on Mt. Mount Everest, becoming the world's first person to make a successful ascent.
Currently the deepest personal diving record can only go to more than 300 meters this reach the deepest seabed, is not to add equipment, such as nuclear submarines? The first time I saw this is when I was in a nuclear submarine. Cuban diver Francesco once created a diving world record: in 1996, he only wore a normal diving suit to dive 132.9 meters. The deepest place on Earth, the Mariana Trench, 11,034 meters, has been reached by human machines. It would be impossible for a human being.
6. Knowledge required for university robotics competitions
Hello First of all, it is clear that LEGO robotics is just a synonym for a product, not a real robot. If you build a robot, you need at least a few thousand parts. I do not know if your teachers have studied carefully, but LEGO is composed of components, there is no such thing as a whole robot, RCX, motor, light, touch, temperature, angle, and so on. The basic principle of automation is the same as the circuit knowledge in physics Ask your teacher about it, it may make you misunderstand it Oh, the RCX has 3 inlet and outlet ports which are energy ports and outputs electricity to provide energy for the electric motors and lights and 3 output ports to receive the information retrieved from various sensors and then transmit it to the main chip The RCX requires 6 batteries, a main processing board, a display panel, 4 adjustment buttons and a battery pack which can store 5 programs while it is in operation and can also be used to store the program. When working, it can store 5 programs and 3 in and 3 out at the same time Title: Introduction to Robotics ISBN: 781077560X Price: 49 Publisher: Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Press Author: [U.S.A.] David Cook Cui Weina Wang Wei Gao Yuping Zheng Jing Date of Publication: 2005.07 Edition: 1 Frame: Paperback Pages: 466 Size: 16 pages Classification: TP242 Introduction This book starts with the introduction of a robotics program that can be used to create a robot: TP242 Introduction This book describes the process of making homemade robots from an amateur robot maker's point of view in a detailed and simple way.
The whole book is based on the main line of making a line patrol robot, including the use of tools, the purchase of components, the production of control circuits, the production of robot shells, operation and debugging, and so on. The book is simple, easy to understand, with detailed descriptions, detailed consideration of the problems readers may encounter during the production process, and provides debugging circuits and solutions to problems.
In addition to serving as a reading material for robot making, this book is also suitable for use as a tutorial for extracurricular science and technology activities for secondary school students. Table of Contents Chapter 1 Welcome Robot Inventors 1.1 4 Disciplines1 1.2 Anatomy of a Homemade Robot2 1.2.1 The Brain3 1.2.2 The Power Unit4 1.2.3 The Sensors6 1.2.4 Motion and Feedback7 1.2.5 Other Components9 1.2.6 The Body10 1.3 Making 10 1.3.1 Step-by-Step11 1.3.2 Module Making11 1.3.3 Easy and Happy12 1.3.4 Seek Friendship and Help13 1.4 What Follows13 Chapter 2 Getting Tools and Parts 2.1 Subscribing to Free Information15 2.2 Discovering Potential Information17 2.2.1 Interpreting the Contents of the Columns17 2.2.2 Inventorying the Pages of the Catalog17 2.2.3 Price Comparisons17 2.3 Saving Money18 Chapter 3 Safety 3.1 Benefiting from Age and Experience20 3.2 Following the Instructions for Use20 3.3 Wear Safety Goggles21 3.4 Wear Other Safety Clothing22 3.5 Ensure Adequate Ventilation23 3.6 Store Correctly23 3.7 Wash Your Hands Before Meals23 3.8 Avoid Hazardous Chemical Elements24 3.8.1 Lead24 3.8.2 Mercury24 3.8.3 Cadmium26 3.9 Electrocution26 3.9.1 AC vs. DC26 3.9.2 Use Rechargeable Batteries 3.9.3 Connection via Disconnect Switch and GFCI Socket27 3.9.4 Keep Ground Pin29 3.9.5 Disconnect from Power Supply29 3.10 Avoiding Hazardous Robots30 3.11 Estimating Motor Size30 3.12 Lighting30 3.13 Getting a Good Night's Rest and Keeping Your Head Cool31 Chapter 4 Digital Multimeter 4.1 Required Characteristics33 4.1.1 Digital 33 4.1.2 Number of digits34 4.1.3 DC voltage34 4.1.4 DC current34 4.1.5 Resistance35 4.1.6 Probes or leads35 4.1.7 Overload/fuse protection35 4.2 Preferred features36 4.2.1 Capacitance36 4.2.2 Diode36 4.2.3 Conduction36 4.2.4 Frequency37 4.2.5 Duty cycle37 4.2.6 Automatic change of measurement37 4.2.6 Automatic change of measurement37 4.2.6 Duty cycle37 4.2.6 Automatic range change37 4.2.7 Automatic power-off39 4.2.8 Transistor39 4.2.9 Dual display39 4.2.10 Maximum value40 4.2.11 Minimum value40 4.2.12 Holder40 4.3 Optional features41 4.3.1 Inductance41 4.3.2 RS232/data interface41 4.3.3 Oscilloscope42 4.3.4 Background light 42 4.3.5 Stopwatch/Single Pulse Width42 4.3.6 Temperature42 4.3.7 Sound42 4.3.8 Counting42 4.3.9 Bar Graph43 4.3.10 Data Hold43 4.3.11 Data Auto Hold43 4.3.12 High/Low Logic Circuitry43 4.3.13 Memory44 4.3.14 Relative Mode44 4.3.15 Offset44 4.3.16 Extreme value test/comparison44 4.3.17 Rack or rubber cover44 4.4 AC characteristics45 4.4.1 AC voltage45 4.4.2 True RMS46 4.4.3 AC current46 4.4.3 AC current46 4.5 Obtaining a curved-hook probe adapter46 4.6 Comparison of basic multimeter advertisements47 4.6.1 Understanding the characteristics of a bargain digital multimeter47 4.6.2 Understanding the characteristics of a multimeter with a Computer Interface48 4.6.3 Familiarize Yourself with the Characteristics of Multifunction High-Precision Multimeters50 4.6.4 Prices of Different Characteristic Items52 4.7 Can't Go an Inch Without a Multimeter52 Chapter 5 Numerical Values and Units 5.1 Choosing Metric53 5.2 Simplifying Multiplying Powers of 1,00053 5.2.1 M and m55 5.2.2 Substitutions of the Greek Letters56 5.3 Abbreviations of Units56 5.4 Too Small57 5.4.1 Guessing at Missing Units57 5.4.2 Expanding Away from Three-Digit Numbers58 5.4.3 Converting Colors to Numbers58 5.4.4 Determining Component Values with a Multimeter60 5.5 Fundamentals Covered60 CHAPTER 6 LINE PATROLING ROBOTS 6.1 Defining Path States63 6.1.1 Surface Materials63 6.1.2 Path Lighting63 6.1.3 Determining the Line63 6.1.4 Selecting Line Marking Material64 6.1.5 Bending and Crossing Lines65 6.1.6 Summarizing Path States67 6.2 Selecting Robot Dimensions67 6.3 Observing "Sandwiches "68 6.3.1 Detecting "Sandwiches" NiMH Batteries83 7.3.2 Alkaline Batteries83 7.3.3 Specialty Batteries84 7.3.4 Unrecommended Batteries84 7.4 Battery Brand Names85 7.5 Using 9 V Batteries for the Robot86 7.5.1 Installation of the Batteries87 7.6 Building on It89 Chapter 8 Alligator Clips and Test Cables 8.1 The Alligator's Hungry Tonight90 8.2 Obtaining Curved Hook Cord Clips91 8.3 Testing Jumper Cables 92 8.3.1 Setting up a multimeter for the conductivity test93 8.3.2 Disconnecting the test94 8.3.3 Shorting the test95 8.3.4 Alligator clip connection (shorting) the test96 8.4 Finding accidental electrical connections97 8.5 Probing with jumper wires98 Chapter 9 Resistors 9.1 Limiting Energy with Resistors99 9.2 Obtaining a Resistor Assortment Box100 9.3 Understanding Size Dimensions and Allowable Errors101 9.4 Trimming Resistors102 9.5 Resistance and Ohms104 9.6 Testing Resistance104 9.6.1 Interpreting Resistance Values Displayed on a Multimeter105 9.6.2 Experiencing Resistance Ranges105 9.7 Sorting and Storing107 9.8 Don't Be Tempted by What Follows109 Chapter 10 Light-Emitting Diodes 10.1 Characteristics of LEDs110 10.1.1 Dimensions of LEDs110 10.1.2 Shape of LEDs112 10.1.3 .