New materials, as the foundation and precursor of high technology, have a wide range of applications, and together with information technology and biotechnology, they have become the most important and promising fields in the 21st century. Like traditional materials, new materials can be categorized from a variety of perspectives, such as structural composition, function and application areas, and different classifications are intersected and nested.
New materials are mainly composed of traditional material innovation and the introduction of new materials, with the development of high technology, new materials and traditional materials industry is increasingly close, the industrial structure presents the characteristics of horizontal diffusion.
The classification of new materials: according to the application of the field to points, the new materials are generally categorized into the following categories:
1 information materials
Electronic information materials and products to support the modern communications, computers, information networks, micro-mechanical intelligent systems, industrial automation and home appliances and other modern high-tech industries. Electronic information materials industry development scale and technology level, in the national economy has an important strategic position, is the most intense scientific and technological innovation and international competition in the field of materials. Microelectronic materials in the next 10 to 15 years is still the most basic information materials, optoelectronic materials will become the fastest growing and most promising information materials. Information materials can be divided into the following categories:
Integrated circuits and semiconductor materials: silicon materials as the main body of the new compound semiconductor materials and a new generation of high-temperature semiconductor materials are also an important part of the materials, including high-purity chemical reagents and special electronic gases; optoelectronic materials: laser materials, infrared detector materials, liquid crystal display materials, high-brightness light-emitting diode materials, optical fiber materials, and other fields; new electronic components. New electronic component materials: magnetic materials, electronic ceramic materials, piezoelectric transistor materials, information sensing materials and high-performance packaging materials.
The current research hot spots and technological frontiers, including flexible transistors, photonic crystals, SiC, GaN, ZnSe and other wide-band semiconductor materials represented by the third generation of semiconductor materials, organic display materials and a variety of nano-electronic materials.
2 Energy Materials
Global energy consumption continues to grow, 80% of the energy from fossil fuels, in the long run, the need for non-polluting and sustainable development of a new type of energy to replace all the fossil fuels, the future of clean energy, including hydrogen, solar energy, wind power, fusion energy, etc. The key to solving the energy problem is energy materials. The key to solving the energy problem is the breakthrough of energy materials, whether it is to improve combustion efficiency to reduce resource consumption, or to develop new energy sources and the use of renewable energy are very close to the materials.
Traditional energy materials: mainly to improve the efficiency of energy use, now focusing on the development of supercritical steam generating units and the overall coal gasification combined cycle technology, these technologies are very demanding on the material requirements, such as engineering ceramics, new channel materials, etc.; Hydrogen and fuel cells: hydrogen production, storage and utilization of materials and technologies required, fuel cell materials, etc.; green secondary battery Nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium-ion batteries and high-performance polymer batteries and other new materials; solar cells: polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, thin-film batteries and other materials; nuclear energy materials: new nuclear power reactor materials.
New energy materials on the types of materials mainly include specialized thin films, polymer electrolytes, catalysts and electrodes, advanced photovoltaic materials, special spectral plastics and coatings, carbon nanotubes, metal hydride paste, high-temperature superconducting materials, low-cost, low-energy civil engineering materials, lightweight, inexpensive, efficient insulating materials, lightweight, strong, composite structural materials, ultra-high-temperature alloys, ceramics and composites, anti-radiation materials, radiation-resistant materials, ceramics and composites. Radiation-resistant materials, low-activity materials, corrosion-resistant and pressure-corrosion-cracking-resistant materials, mechanical and plasma-corrosion-resistant materials. Current research hot spots and technology frontiers include high-energy hydrogen storage materials, polymer battery materials, medium temperature solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte materials, polycrystalline thin film solar cell materials.
3 Biomaterials
Biomaterials are materials that are integrated with living systems to diagnose, treat, or replace tissues and organs of the body or to enhance their functions. It involves materials, medicine, physics, biochemistry and modern high technology and many other disciplines, has become one of the main pillar industries in the 21st century.
Nowadays almost all types of materials have been used in health treatment, mainly including metals and alloys, ceramics, polymers, composites and biomaterials. Polymer biomaterials are the most active field of biomedical materials; metal biomaterials are still the most widely used load-bearing implant materials, medical titanium and its alloys, as well as Ni-Ti shape memory alloys is a hot spot of research and development; inorganic biomaterials in recent years, more and more attention.
At present, the international biomedical materials research and development of the main direction, one is to simulate the human body hard and soft tissues, organs and blood, etc., composition, structure and function and carry out the biomimetic or functional design and preparation, and the second is to give the material excellent biocompatibility, biological activity or life activity. In terms of specific materials, they mainly include drug control release materials, tissue engineering materials, biomimetic materials, nano-biomaterials, bioactive materials, interventional diagnostic and therapeutic materials, degradable and absorbable biomaterials, new artificial organs, artificial blood, etc.
44 Automotive Materials
Automotive materials accounted for a small proportion of the entire materials market, but belongs to the high technical requirements, high technology content, high value-added three high products, representing the industry's highest level.
The demand for automotive materials presents the following characteristics: lightweight and environmental protection is the main demand for the direction of development; a variety of materials in the automotive application ratio is changing, the main trend of change is the use of high-strength and ultra-high-strength steel, aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, plastics and composites will have a greater increase in the amount of automotive body structural materials will tend to the direction of the design of the multi-material. At the same time, the recycling of automotive materials has been more attention, electric vehicles, alternative fuels, automotive materials and automotive functional materials development and application of work continues to strengthen.
5 Nanomaterials and Technology
Nanomaterials and technology will become the fifth leading technology to promote the rapid development of various fields of social economy, the first 20 years of the 21st century will be a critical period for the development of nanomaterials and technology. Nanoelectronics instead of microelectronics, nanoprocessing instead of microprocessing, nanomaterials instead of micromaterials, and nanobiotechnology instead of micrometer-scale biotechnology, which is an objective law that is not subject to human will.
Most of the research and development of nanomaterials and technology is in the stage of basic research, such as nano-electronics and devices, nano-biological and other high-risk areas, and has not yet formed a large-scale industry. However, nanomaterials and technology in the electronic information industry, biomedical industry, energy industry, environmental protection and other aspects of the preparation and application of related materials will have a revolutionary impact....
6 Superconducting materials and technology
Superconducting materials and technology is the 21st century with strategic significance of high-tech, widely used in energy, health care, transportation, scientific research and military defense and other major fields. The application of superconducting materials depends mainly on the performance of the material itself and the development of its preparation technology.
At present, low-temperature superconducting materials have reached the practical level, high-temperature superconducting materials industrialization technology has also made a major breakthrough, high-temperature superconducting strips and mobile communications with high-temperature superconducting filtering subsystems will soon enter the commercial stage.
7 Rare earth materials
Rare earth materials are a series of irreplaceable, high-performance new materials developed by utilizing the excellent magnetic, optical, and electrical properties of rare earth elements. Rare earth materials are widely used in metallurgy and machinery, petrochemical, light industry and agriculture, electronic information, energy and environmental protection, national defense and military and other fields, is now the world's countries to transform the traditional industries, the development of high-tech and cutting-edge national defense technology indispensable strategic materials.
Specifically: rare earth permanent magnet materials: the fastest growing rare earth materials, including NdFeB, SmCo, etc., widely used in motors, electro-acoustic, medical equipment, magnetic levitation trains and military industry and other high-tech fields; hydrogen storage alloys: mainly used in power batteries and fuel cells; rare earth luminescent materials: there are new types of energy-saving and environmentally friendly light with rare earth luminescent materials, high definition, digital color television and computer monitors. Digital color television sets and computer monitors with rare-earth luminescent materials, and special or extreme conditions of the application of rare-earth luminescent materials, etc.; rare-earth catalytic materials: the focus of the development is to replace the precious metals, reduce the cost of catalysts, improve the performance of the anti-poisoning and stability; rare-earth in the application of other new materials: such as precision ceramics, optical glass, rare-earth etching agents, rare-earth pigments and other aspects of the application of rare-earth inorganic pigments are also being at a higher rate of growth, such as rare-earth alloy: mainly used in power batteries and fuel cells. Speed growth, such as rare earth electronic ceramics, rare earth inorganic pigments.
8 new iron and steel materials
Iron and steel materials are important basic materials, widely used in energy development, transportation, petrochemicals, machinery and electric power, light industry and textile, medical and health care, construction and building materials, home appliances and communications, national defense and construction of high-tech industries, and has a strong competitive advantage.
The development of new iron and steel materials focuses on high steel materials. Its direction for high performance, long life, in the quality of the organization has been refined and precise control, improve the cleanliness of steel and high uniformity of the development.
9 new non-ferrous metal alloy materials
Mainly includes aluminum, magnesium, titanium and other light metal alloys, as well as powder metallurgy materials, high-purity metal materials.
Aluminum alloys: including a variety of new high-strength and high-toughness, high strength and high modulus, high-strength corrosion-resistant weldable, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant aluminum alloys, such as Al-Li alloys; magnesium alloys: including magnesium alloys and magnesium-based composites, ultra-light and high plasticity of the Mg-Li-X-system alloys, etc.; titanium alloys: including a new type of titanium alloys for medical use, high-temperature titanium alloys, high-strength titanium alloys, low-cost titanium alloys; powder metallurgy materials: mainly includes aluminum, magnesium, titanium and other light metal alloys, powder metallurgy materials, high purity metal materials. Powder metallurgy materials: products mainly include iron-based, copper-based automotive parts, refractory metals, cemented carbides, etc.; high-purity metals and materials: the purity of the material to the purer direction of the development of the impurity content up to the ppb level, product specifications to the direction of the development of large-scale.
10 new building materials
New building materials mainly include new wall materials, chemical building materials, new thermal insulation materials, building decoration materials. The international trend of building materials is to environmental protection, energy saving, multi-functional direction.
The development trend of glass is toward the functional, practical, decorative, safety and environmental protection in five directions, including the surface modification of raw glass or finishing treatment, energy-saving low-e (Low-E) and sunlight control of low-emission (Sun-E) film glass, etc.; in addition, including energy-saving, environmentally friendly new building materials, and special series of materials to meet the special needs of the project. In addition, it also includes energy-saving, environmentally friendly new building materials, as well as special series of cement to meet the special needs of the project.
11 new chemical materials
Chemical materials have an important position in the national economy, in the aerospace, machinery, petroleum industry, agriculture, construction, automotive, home appliances, electronics, biomedical industries play an important role.
New chemical materials mainly include organofluorine materials, organosilicon materials, high-performance fibers, nano-chemical materials, inorganic functional materials, etc.; nano-chemical materials and special chemical coatings in recent years is the hot spot of research. Refinement, specialization, functionalization of the chemical materials industry has become an important development trend.
12 Eco-environmental materials
Eco-environmental materials is recognized in the human ecological environmental protection of strategic significance and countries around the world have to take the road of sustainable development in the context of the proposed, generally believe that the eco-environmental materials are satisfactory performance and at the same time be given excellent environmental compatibility of the material.
This kind of material is characterized by the consumption of resources and energy, ecological and environmental pollution is small, high recycling rate, and from the material manufacturing, use, waste until the recycling of the whole life process, are coordinated with the ecological environment. Mainly include: environmentally compatible materials, such as natural materials (wood, stone, etc.), biomimetic materials (artificial bone, artificial organs, etc.), green packaging materials (green bags, packaging containers), ecological building materials (non-toxic decorative materials, etc.); environmentally degradable materials (biodegradable plastics, etc.); environmental engineering materials, such as environmental remediation materials, environmental purification materials (molecular sieve, ionic sieve materials), environmental substitution materials (phosphorus-free laundry detergent materials). materials (phosphorus-free laundry detergent additives) and so on.
Eco-environmental materials research hot spots and development directions include the design of recycled polymers (plastics), the theoretical system of evaluation of the environmental compatibility of the material, to reduce the environmental load of the material of the new process, new technologies and new methods.
13 military new materials
Military materials for national defense science and technology, the strength of the national defense force and the development of the national economy has an important role in promoting the material basis of weapons and equipment and technology pioneer, is to determine the performance of weapons and equipment is an important factor in expanding the new functions of weapons and equipment and reduce the cost of the entire life of the weapons and equipment, to obtain and maintain the competitive advantage of the driving force of the weapons and equipment.
With the rapid development of weapons and equipment, the role of materials technology to support the development of the following trends: First, composite: through the micro, meso and macro level of the composite greatly improve the comprehensive performance of the material; Second, multi-functional: through the material composition, organization, structure of the optimization of the design and precise control, so that a single material with a number of functions to simplify the structural design of the weapons and equipment to achieve Miniaturization, the purpose of high reliability; Third, high-performance: the comprehensive performance of the materials continue to optimize, in order to improve the performance of weapons and equipment to lay the material foundation; Fourth, low-cost: low-cost technology in the field of materials is a high-tech content of the technology, the development and production of weapons and equipment has an increasingly important role.