On the evening of November 8, 1895, the German scientist Roentgen discovered a new kind of unknown ray, which was named X-ray. In addition, he also found that X-rays can penetrate muscles and show the outline of bones. The first historic photo is of his wife's hand bone, and the finger bone and wedding ring are clearly visible on the negative. On December 28th, 1895, Roentgen submitted a paper on X-ray, A New Ray-Preliminary Report, to the Wü rzburg Institute of Physical Medicine. The report caused a sensation in the whole press and spread all over the world in a few days. X-rays have been used for medical examination since their discovery. With the rapid development of computer technology and X-ray detectors, X-ray image inspection equipment is changing with each passing day. Computed tomography (CT), computed X-ray radiography (CR), direct digital radiography (DR) and digital subtraction (DSA) have all become effective means for doctors to intervene in surgical treatment and examination.
Just like drug therapy can have side effects, when X-rays are taken, the tissues and organs irradiated by X-rays will be damaged to some extent, but this kind of damage has no immediate self-feeling. If the damage is slight, the possibility of disease is very small; If the radiation damage is serious, it will lead to fatal cancer or hereditary diseases. Facts have proved that any living thing will eventually die under the long-term irradiation of large doses of X-rays. The sensitivity of various tissues and organs of human body to radiation injury is different, and the order of sensitivity from big to small is as follows: embryo, gonad, breast, ocular lens, thyroid, liver, kidney, brain and muscle.
The research of the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) confirms that radiation-induced cancer and hereditary diseases are dose-linear and have no threshold, that is to say, the more exposure, the greater the possibility of fatal cancer and hereditary diseases. ICRP puts forward that radiation protection should follow three principles: justification of radiation use, protection optimization and personal dose limit. China has adopted the suggestions of ICRP, and a series of radiation protection regulations and standards have been formulated by the competent authorities to ensure the radiation health safety of professionals, examinees and the public. On January 3, 22, the Ministry of Health issued the National Measures for the Administration of Health Protection in Radiological Work. It clearly stipulates: "When diagnosing and treating patients and subjects (with radiation), the exposure dose should be strictly controlled in accordance with the operating rules, and sensitive organs and tissues near irradiation should be shielded and protected. When medical radiation is given to pregnant women and children, the health impact should be informed. " The Ministry of Health also clearly stipulates in the "Safe Operation Requirements for Medical X-ray Diagnosis and Protection" that sensitive parts and tissues of human body (such as gonad, thyroid gland, breast, etc.) should be properly shielded and protected.
radiography and fluoroscopy are the most commonly used and basic inspection methods. The more naked the upper body of patients taking chest radiographs, the better, so as to avoid underwear buttons, bra hooks, necklaces, etc. blocking the diseased parts. When examining infants, the most difficult thing is to fix the baby's position. Parents must not be reluctant to let the baby cry and not be tied up, otherwise your baby will be exposed to unnecessary whole body irradiation, and you will have to accompany it to receive an X-ray injury. Non-examination parts, especially radiation-sensitive organs, should be as far away from the irradiation field as possible. For example, when taking photos of (hands) and lower limbs (feet), straighten your arms and legs, and keep your thyroid, breasts and gonads away from the irradiation field. These are all things that patients should actively cooperate with. During fluoroscopy, you can use pulse exposure as much as possible, so that the doctor will naturally know what you know about protection and will operate more standard.
the essence of CT is also the use of X-ray imaging. The damage of CT scanning to human body is more than 1 times higher than that of filming. A full-body scan of CT will increase the risk of radiation-induced cancer by the examinee by about 8%. But few people ask for a full-body scan at one time. If you are doing a head CT examination, you can ask the doctor to cover your neck (thyroid gland) to the upper middle thigh (gonad) with protective clothing. Besides, you'd better close your eyes. This is the simplest and most effective self-protection.
If you are asked for mammography because of breast diseases in the hospital, you can refuse.
By the end of 24, no competent department in economically developed countries had approved the use of computerized X-ray (CR) mammography for clinical diagnosis, let alone for breast cancer screening. Because ultrasound is the first choice in the hospital. As common sense, we should know that ultrasound and magnetic vibration examination are harmless to human body. At least science has not yet discovered it.
radiologists have the obligation to tell patients, and patients also have the right to know the advantages and disadvantages of X-ray examination, and whether there are other alternative methods, and then order examination after obtaining the consent of patients, especially for pregnant women and infants. If the average pregnant woman receives 5 Gy (one unit) of X-ray exposure, which is equivalent to taking 2 abdominal X-rays or 2 pelvic computed tomography, the chances of future fetal director will increase by 4% at this dose. But in fact, almost no hospitals do this. Patients should also refuse all improper X-ray examinations.
In a word, X-ray used in medical examination should be legal, scientific and standardized. Radiation carcinogenesis is a random event, and the risk of carcinogenesis is the statistical result of a large number of people's incidence events. In the case of using science and norms, the possibility of cancer in patients is only one in 1 thousand, or even lower, so patients should not talk about radiation discoloration.