In the 1982 Battle of the Bekaa Valley, Israeli forces discovered through aerial reconnaissance. On June 9, the Israeli army deployed U.S.-made E-2C Hawkeye early-warning aircraft to monitor the Syrian army, while deploying more than 70 unmanned aerial vehicles such as "Scouts" and "Fierce Dogs" every day. At the same time, more than 70 sorties of "Scout" and "Fierce Dog" drones were deployed every day to carry out repeated reconnaissance of the Syrian army's air defenses and airfields, and to transmit the images captured to the early warning aircraft and the command headquarters on the ground. In this way, the Israeli army accurately identified the location of the Syrian army's radar, and then launched "Wolf" anti-radar missiles, destroying many of the Syrian army's radar, missiles and self-propelled anti-aircraft guns, forcing the Syrian army's radar not to dare to turn on, and creating conditions for the Israeli army's manned airplanes to attack the target. Ghosts and monsters type drone in 1991 broke out in the Gulf War, the U.S. military first face a problem is to find Iraqi hidden scud missile launchers in the vast sea of sand. If a manned reconnaissance aircraft was used, it would have to fly back and forth over the desert, exposing it to the Iraqi army's anti-aircraft fire for long periods of time, which was extremely dangerous. For this reason, drones became the mainstay of U.S. military aerial reconnaissance. During the entire Gulf War, the "Pioneer" UAV is the U.S. Army's most used unmanned aircraft, the U.S. Army in the Gulf region **** deployed six Pioneer UAV company, the total **** out of 522 sorties, flight time of 1,640 hours. Back then, there was always a Pioneer drone flying over the Gulf every day, day or night.
In an effort to destroy the strong fortifications built by the Iraqi army along the coast, the battleship USS Missouri sailed to the offshore zone by night on Feb. 4, and the Pioneer drone took off from its deck and used an infrared scout to take images of ground targets and transmit them to a command center. A few minutes later, the battleship's 406-millimeter guns began firing at the target, while the drone continued to calibrate the guns. The Wisconsin then took over from the Missouri and shelled for three days, completely destroying Iraqi artillery positions, radar networks, and command and communications hubs. During the Gulf War, the Pioneer drones that took off from the two battleships alone flew 151 sorties for more than 530 hours, accomplishing such missions as target search, battlefield alert, maritime interdiction and naval gunfire support.
Launching the Brevel drone
The Pioneer drone became a trailblazer for U.S. Army units in the Gulf War. It conducted aerial reconnaissance for the Army's 7th Corps, capturing images of a large number of Iraqi tanks, command centers, and missile launching positions, and transmitting them to helicopter units, which then deployed Apache attack helicopters to attack the targets, and called on artillery units for fire support when necessary. The vanguard's survivability is very strong, in 319 flights, only one was hit, there are 4 to 5 due to electromagnetic interference and crashed. In addition to the U.S. military, Britain, France and Canada have also deployed drones. For example, the French "Fawn" division is equipped with a "Malte" drone platoon. When the French army went deep into the Iraqi territory to fight, first sent drones to scout the enemy situation, according to the reconnaissance of the situation, the French army to avoid the Iraqi army tanks and artillery positions. 1995 in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, due to the urgent need of the troops, the "Predator" drones were quickly transported to the front line. The Predator played an important role in NATO air strikes on Serbian forces' supply lines, ammunition depots, and command centers. It conducted reconnaissance, identified targets, guided manned aircraft to attack, and then assessed the results of the battle. It also provided U.N. peacekeeping forces with information on the movement of military vehicles on major highways in Bosnia and Herzegovina to determine whether the parties were complying with the peace agreement. The U.S. military thus calls the Predator a "low-altitude satellite on the battlefield." In fact, satellites can only provide instantaneous images of the battlefield, while drones can hover over the battlefield for long periods of time, thus providing continuous real-time images of the battlefield, and drones are also much cheaper than the use of satellites.On March 24, 1999, the U.S.-led NATO began indiscriminate bombardment of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) under the guise of "defending human rights". bombing campaign against the FRY under the guise of "defending human rights", which led to the world-shaking "Kosovo War". In the course of the bombing which lasted for 78 days, NATO **** deployed 32,000 aircraft sorties, put in more than 40 ships, and threw down 13,000 tons of bombs, resulting in the unprecedented havoc in Europe since the Second World War. The mountainous and forested terrain of the FRY, as well as the climatic conditions of rainy days, greatly affecting NATO reconnaissance satellites and high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft reconnaissance effect, the Serbian army's anti-aircraft firepower is very fierce, some people do not dare to reconnaissance aircraft to fly low, resulting in the NATO air force was unable to identify and attack the target below the clouds. In order to minimize casualties, NATO made extensive use of drones. The Kosovo War was the largest localized war in the world in terms of the number of drones used and the role of drones in the war. Although drones fly slower and at a lower altitude, they are small in size, have smaller radar and infrared features, are well concealed, are not easy to hit, are suitable for low- and medium-altitude reconnaissance, and can see the targets that satellites and manned reconnaissance planes cannot see. In the Kosovo War, the U.S., Germany, France and the U.K. have mobilized about 200 drones of six different types: the U.S. Air Force's Predator, the Army's Hunter and the Navy's Pioneer. The U.S. Air Force's Predator, the Army's Hunter, and the Navy's Pioneer; Germany's CL-289; France's Crecerelles, Hunter, and the UK's Adena. British Phoenix drones. In the Kosovo War, UAVs mainly accomplished the following tasks: low and medium-altitude reconnaissance and battlefield surveillance, electronic jamming, assessment of battle results, target location, collection of meteorological data, distribution of leaflets and rescue of pilots, etc. Not only did the Kosovo War greatly enhance the capabilities of UAVs, but also the effectiveness of UAVs. The Kosovo War not only greatly improved the status of UAVs in the war, but also aroused the attention of governments to UAVs. The U.S. Senate Armed Forces Committee has asked that within 10 years the military should prepare a sufficient number of unmanned systems so that one-third of the low-altitude attack aircraft will be unmanned; within 15 years, one-third of the ground combat vehicles should be unmanned. This is not to replace pilots and manned aircraft with unmanned systems, but rather to use them to supplement the capabilities of manned aircraft in order to minimize the use of pilots in high-risk missions. The development of unmanned aircraft will certainly advance modern warfare doctrine and unmanned warfare systems.
Machine police
The so-called ground military robots refers to the use of robotic systems on the ground, they not only in peacetime can help the civilian police to remove bombs, to complete the key security tasks, in wartime can also replace the soldiers to carry out mine clearance, reconnaissance and attack and other tasks, today, the U.S., Britain, Germany, France and Japan have developed a variety of types of ground military robots.
Britain's "wheelbarrow" robot
In Western countries, terrorist activities have always been a headache for the authorities. The United Kingdom due to national conflict, suffered from the threat of explosives, and therefore as early as the 1960s, the development of successful bomb disposal robots. The British development of tracked "cart" and "super cart" bomb disposal robot, has been sold to more than 50 countries of the military and police organizations more than 800 units. Recently, the United Kingdom will be optimized for wheelbarrow robots, the development of a groundhog and bison two remote-controlled electric detonation robots, the British Royal Engineers in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are using them to detect and deal with explosives. Groundhog weighs 35 kilograms, equipped with two cameras on the mast. Bison weighs 210 kilograms, can carry 100 kilograms of load. Both have radio-controlled systems with a remote range of about 1 kilometer.
"Groundhog" and "Bison" detonation robots
In addition to the bombs planted by terrorists, in many war-torn countries around the world, unexploded ordnance of all kinds is scattered everywhere. For example, Kuwait after the Gulf War, like an ammunition depot that could explode at any time. In an area of more than 10,000 square kilometers along the border of Iraq and Kuwait, there are 250,000 landmines made by 16 countries, 850,000 artillery shells and 25 million bullets from mined bombs and bomblets dropped by the multinational forces, of which at least 20 per cent have not exploded. And until now, there are even unexploded bombs and mines from World War I and World War II remaining in many countries. Therefore, the demand for EOD robots is high.
Excluding explosive robots have wheeled and tracked, they are generally small, flexible steering, easy to work in narrow places, the operator can be a few hundred meters to a few kilometers away through the radio or fiber-optic cable to control its activities. Robot car is generally equipped with multiple color CCD cameras used to observe the explosives; a multi-degree-of-freedom manipulator, with its claws or clamps can be explosives fuses or detonators screwed down, and explosives transported; car is also equipped with a shotgun, the use of laser pointers aimed at the explosives it can be timed and detonation device destroyed; some robots are also equipped with high-pressure water cannons that can cut the explosives.
Germany's detonation robot
In France, the Air Force, Army and Police Department have purchased Cybernetics developed the TRS200 medium-sized detonation robot. DM developed the RM35 robot was also selected by the Paris Airport Authority. German peacekeeping forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina are equipped with Telerob's MV4 series robots. China's Shenyang Institute of Automation developed PXJ-2 robot also joined the ranks of the public security forces.
The United States Remotec's Andros series of robots by the countries of the military and police departments welcome, the White House and the Capitol police department have purchased this robot. In South Africa, before the presidential election, the police purchased four AndrosVIA robots, they are in the election process total **** performed more than 100 missions. The Andros robot can be used for small random explosive ordnance disposal, and it is the only robot used on U.S. Air Force airliners and buses. The robot was also used by the U.S. Navy to clear mines and unexploded ordnance at air bases in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait after the Gulf War. The U.S. Air Force also sent five Andros robots to Kosovo for explosives and submunitions clearance. Every active Air Force bomb squad and air rescue center is equipped with an Andros VI.
China's development of the bomb robot
Explosive robot can not only remove the bomb, the use of its reconnaissance sensors can also monitor the activities of criminals. Surveillance personnel can be observed from a distance on the criminals day and night, listening to their conversations, without having to expose themselves to know the situation.
In early 1993, in the United States, the Waco Manor case, in order to figure out the activities of the congregation, the FBI used two robots. One was the Remotec AndrosVA and Andros MarkVIA robots, and the other was the STV robot developed by RST, a six-wheeled remotely operated vehicle that used radio and fiber-optic cable communications. There is a car can be raised to 4.5 meters of the bracket, which is equipped with color stereo cameras, daytime sights, micro-light night-vision sights, binaural audio detectors, chemical detectors, satellite positioning systems, target tracking with the front-view infrared sensors and so on. The vehicle requires only one operator and has a remote control distance of 10 kilometers. In this operation *** deployed three STV, the operator remotely controlled the robot traveled to 548 meters from the manor to stop, raise the car's bracket, the use of video cameras and infrared detectors to the window to peer into the FBI officials around the fluorescent screen to observe the sensors to send back the image, you can see the activities of the house clearly.
Robot Command
It's not really that people don't want to give a complete definition of a robot, and since the day of its birth people have continually tried to explain what exactly a robot is. But with the rapid development of robotics technology and the advent of the information age, the robot covers more and more rich content, the definition of the robot also continue to enrich and innovation.
1886 French writer Lil Adam in his novel "Future Eve" will look like a human machine named "android" (android), which consists of four parts:
1, the life system (balance, walking, vocalization, body swing, sensation, expression, regulation of movement, etc.);
2, the robot's body, the robot's body, the robot's body, the robot's body, the robot's body, the robot's body, the robot's body, the robot's body, the robot's body and the robot's body. );
2, stylistic dematerialization (metal covering body whose joints can move freely, a kind of armor);
3, artificial muscles (various forms of the body such as flesh, veins, gender, etc., on the said armor);
4, artificial skin (containing skin color, mechanism, contour, hair, vision, teeth, claws, etc.).
In 1920 the Czech writer Karel Kapek published the science fiction play The Universal Robot of Rossum. In the play, Kapek wrote the Czech word "Robota" as "Robot," which means slave. The play, which foreshadowed the tragic impact of the development of robots on human society, attracted a great deal of attention and has been taken as the origin of the word robot. In the play, robots work silently at the behest of their masters, devoid of feeling and emotion, performing heavy labor in a stilted manner. Later, the success of the Rossum Company, which gave robots feelings, led to a rapid increase in the sector in which they were used. Robots became essential members in factories and domestic work. Finding humans very selfish and unjust, the robots finally revolted, and the robots were so physically and intellectually superior that they wiped out the human race.
But the robots didn't know how to make themselves and thought they themselves would soon become extinct, so they began a fruitless search for human survivors. Eventually, a pair of male and female robots with superior sensory abilities to the other robots fall in love. That's when the robots evolved into humans and the world came back from the dead.
Kapek raises the issues of robot safety, perception and self-propagation. Advances in science and technology are likely to raise issues that humans don't want. Although the science fiction world is only an imagination, human society will likely face this reality.
In order to prevent robots from harming humans, science fiction writer Asimov put forward the "Three Principles of Robotics" in 1940:
1, robots should not harm humans;
2, robots should obey human commands except for those that go against the first one;
3. Robots shall be able to defend themselves, except in contradiction to the first article.
This is the ethical agenda given to robots. Robotics academics have been using these three principles as guidelines for robot development.
Two representative definitions were presented at the first academic conference on robotics held in Japan in 1967. One was proposed by Masahiro Mori and Chouhei Gohda: "A robot is a flexible machine with seven characteristics: mobility, individuality, intelligence, versatility, semi-mechanism, semi-humanity, automatism, and slavery." From this definition, Masahiro Mori proposed another image of a robot in terms of 10 characteristics such as automatism, intelligence, individuality, semi-mechanical semi-humanity, workability, versatility, information, flexibility, finiteness, and mobility. The other is Ichiro Kato's proposal that a machine with the following 3 conditions is called a robot:
1, an individual with three elements, such as brain, hands, and feet;
2, non-contact sensors (receiving information from a distance with the eyes and ears) and contact sensors;
3, sensors with the senses of equilibrium and intrinsic senses.
Etiquette Robot
The definition emphasizes the implication that a robot should be humanoid, i.e., that it operates with its hands, achieves mobility with its feet, and performs the role of unifying commands by its brain. Non-contact sensors and contact sensors are equivalent to the five human senses, enabling the robot to recognize the external environment, while the sense of balance and intrinsic sense are indispensable sensors for the robot to perceive its own state. What is described here is not an industrial robot but an autonomous robot.
The definition of a robot is varied, and the reason for this is that it is somewhat ambiguous. Animals generally have these elements, so while robots are understood as humanoid machines, they can also be broadly understood as animaloid machines.
Espio of France defined robotics in 1988 as "Robotics refers to the design of systems capable of realizing pre-planned operations based on sensor information, and the use of such systems as the object of study."
In 1987, the International Organization for Standardization defined industrial robots as, "An industrial robot is a programmable operating machine with automatically controlled operating and movement functions that can perform a variety of operations."
China's scientists defined robot as "Robot is an automated machine, the difference is that this machine has some intelligent capabilities similar to those of human beings or living beings, such as perception, planning, movement and cooperative capabilities, and is an automated machine with a high degree of flexibility." In the process of research and development of robots operating in unknown and uncertain environments, people gradually realize that the essence of robotics is the combination of perception, decision-making, action and interaction technologies. With the deepening of people's understanding of the nature of robotics intelligence, robotics technology has begun to penetrate into various fields of human activity. Combined with the application characteristics of these fields, people have developed a variety of special robots with perception, decision-making, action and interaction capabilities and a variety of intelligent machines, such as mobile robots, micro-robots, underwater robots, medical robots, military robots, air space robots, entertainment robots and so on. The adaptability to different tasks and special environments is also an important difference between robots and general automation equipment. These robots from the appearance has been far from the initial humanoid robot and industrial robots have the shape, more in line with the special requirements of a variety of different applications, its function and the degree of intelligence is also greatly enhanced, thus opening up a broader space for the development of robotics.
Song Jian, president of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, pointed out that "the progress and application of robotics is the most convincing achievement of automatic control in the 20th century, and it is the highest significance of contemporary automation". Robotics technology synthesizes the development results of multiple disciplines, representing the forefront of the development of high technology, and its continuous expansion in the field of human life applications is causing the international re-recognition of the role and impact of robotics technology.
China's robotics experts from the application environment, the robot is divided into two categories, namely, industrial robots and special robots. The so-called industrial robots are multi-jointed manipulators or multi-degree-of-freedom robots for the industrial field. And special robots are various advanced robots used in non-manufacturing industries and serving human beings in addition to industrial robots, including: service robots, underwater robots, entertainment robots, military robots, agricultural robots, robotized machines and so on. In special robots, some branches are developing rapidly, with a tendency to become an independent system, such as service robots, underwater robots, military robots, micromanipulation robots and so on. At present, the international robotics scholars, from the application of the environment will also be divided into two categories of robots: industrial robots in the manufacturing environment and non-manufacturing environment of service and humanoid robots, which is consistent with our classification.
Ancient robots
The emergence of the word robot and the world's first industrial robots are recent decades. Yet people have been fantasizing about and pursuing robots for more than 3,000 years. Human beings want to create a human-like machine in order to replace human beings to fulfill various jobs.
Machine carriages
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, China's skilled craftsmen, Yan Shi, developed an actor who could sing and dance, which is the earliest recorded robot in China.
Late Spring and Autumn period, China's famous carpenter Lu Ban, in the mechanical aspect is also an inventor, according to the "Mojing" records, he had made a wooden bird, can fly in the air "three days no longer," reflecting the ingenuity of China's working people.
In the 2nd century BC, the ancient Greeks of the Alexander era invented the most primitive robot - the automaton. It was a moving statue powered by water, air and steam pressure, which could open doors by itself and sing with the help of steam.
Eighteen hundred years ago, during the Han Dynasty, the great scientist Zhang Heng not only invented the geodesic instrument, but also invented the counting drum car. Count mile drum car every line one mile, the car wooden man hit the drum, every line ten miles to hit the bell.
During the Three Kingdoms period of the Later Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang, the Prime Minister of the State of Shu, succeeded in creating the "wooden oxen and horses" and used them to transport military food to support the war ahead.
In 1662, Konoe Takeda of Japan invented automatic machine dolls using clockwork technology and performed them in Dotonbori, Osaka.
In 1738, Jack Day Vaxxon, a talented French technician, invented a robotic duck that quacked, swam and drank, and ate and defecated. Waxon's intention was to mechanize the functions of living things for medical analysis.
Writing robots
In the automatic dolls of the time, the most outstanding to the Swiss watchmaker Jack Dawlos and his son Leigh Louis Dawlos. 1773, they launched a succession of automatic writing dolls, automatic playing dolls, etc., they created automatic dolls are the use of gears and clockwork principle and made. Some of them held brushes and colors to paint, some held quills dipped in ink to write, with ingenious structures and gorgeous costumes, they were popular in Europe. Due to the limitations of the technical conditions at that time, these dolls were actually giant toys of one meter in height. Now the earliest preserved robot is Switzerland Nusatir Museum of History in the maiden doll, which produced in two hundred years ago, two hands of ten fingers can press the keys of the organ and play music, and now also regularly played for visitors to enjoy, showing the wisdom of the ancients.
In the middle of the 19th century, dolls were divided into two schools of thought, namely, science fiction and mechanical production, and each found its place in literature, art and modern technology. 1831 Goethe published "Faust", shaped the artificial man "Hormone Crusoe"; 1870 Hoffmann published a work "Gerbera", which is the protagonist of the dolls. In 1870, Hoffmann published the work "Gerberia" with an automaton doll as the main character; in 1883, Collodi's "Pinocchio" came out; and in 1886, "The Future Eve" came out. In terms of mechanical objects, in 1893 Moore created the "Steam Man," which walked on steam-powered legs in a circle.
Entering the 20th century, the research and development of robotics has been more people's concern and support, some of the application of the robot came out one after another, in 1927, the United States Westinghouse engineers Wenzeli made the first robot "Telegraph Box", and exhibited at the World's Fair held in New York. It is an electric robot, equipped with a radio transmitter, can answer some questions, but the robot can not walk. 1959 the first industrial robot (programmable, circular coordinates) was born in the United States, creating a new era of robot development