1. What are safety areas, safety exits and evacuation exits?
A safe area refers to an area that is not affected by fire.
A safety exit is a stairwell for safe evacuation of people, the entrance and exit of an outdoor staircase, or an exit directly leading to an indoor or outdoor safe area.
Evacuation exits include safety exits and evacuation doors. Evacuation doors are room doors that directly open to the evacuation corridor, doors that open directly to the evacuation stairwell (such as residential doors), or outdoor doors, excluding partition doors in suites or room doors in residential suites. A safety exit is a special case of an evacuation exit.
2. What are the main principles and requirements for setting up safety exits?
In order to evacuate people quickly and safely in the event of a fire, a sufficient number of safety exits must be provided during building fire protection design. The safety exits and evacuation doors in the building should be arranged dispersedly. The safety exits for each fire protection zone in a public building or each floor of a fire protection zone should be calculated and determined, and there should be no less than 2; The horizontal distance between the nearest edges of each fire partition or each floor of a partition, two adjacent safety exits on each floor of each residential unit, and two adjacent evacuation doors in each room shall not be less than 5.0m.
In public buildings with grade I or II fire resistance, when it is really difficult to have all the safety exits of a fire protection zone leading directly to the outdoors, the fire protection zone that meets the following regulations can use the safety exits leading to the adjacent fire protection zone. Class A fire doors serve as safety exits.
(1) Firewalls should be used to separate adjacent fire protection zones;
(2) For fire protection zones with a building area greater than 1,000 square meters, the number of direct outdoor safety exits should not be less than 2 for a fire protection zone with a building area of ??less than or equal to 1,000 square meters, the number of safety exits leading directly to the outdoors should not be less than 1;
(3) The clear evacuation width of the fire protection zone leading to the adjacent fire protection zone, It should not be greater than 30% of the total net width required for calculation;
3. What are the types and applications of stairwells? What are the fire protection requirements?
When a fire breaks out in a building, ordinary elevators do not take effective fire and smoke prevention measures, and the power supply is interrupted and stops running. People on the upper floors can only evacuate to the outside of the building through the stairs, so the stairs are the best way to evacuate to the outside of the building. Primary vertical evacuation facility.
Its main types include:
1) Open stairwell: The staircase is open in the building and connected to the corridor or hall. In the event of a fire, it cannot block the entry of smoke and may Become the main passage to spread to other floors;
2) Closed stairwell: a stairwell equipped with a two-way spring door or Class B fire door that can block smoke. Walls and doors separate walkways, making them safer than open stairwells. However, there is only one door, so it is difficult to ensure that smoke does not enter the stairwell when people are evacuated in case of fire;
3) Smoke-proof stairwell: equipped with two Class B fire doors and smoke prevention measures , can be used as a safe evacuation passage in the event of a fire, and is a commonly used stairwell form in high-rise buildings (safety: smoke-proof stairwell > closed stairwell > open stairwell)
4) Outdoor stairs: in buildings A fully open outdoor staircase is set up on the exterior wall, which is less susceptible to the threat of fireworks, and has better smoke prevention effect and economy;
5) Scissor stairwell: also known as superimposed stairs or set of stairs, it is A pair of evacuation stairs that cross each other and are isolated from each other are set up in the same stairwell. The steps between each floor of a scissor staircase are generally single-run steps.
4. What are the fire protection requirements for enclosed refuge floors?
The evacuation stairs leading to the refuge floor should be separated at the refuge floor, misaligned on the same floor, or disconnected between the upper and lower floors.
1) Setting location and indicators:
Setting location: super high-rise civil building;
Area indicator: 5 people/㎡
< p> From the first floor to the first refuge floor: ≤50m, between refuge floors: ≤50m2) The refuge floor also serves as the equipment floor
Layout: 1. Equipment pipelines should be Centralized arrangement; 2. Flammable, combustible liquid or gas pipelines should be arranged centrally;
Separation: 1. Equipment pipeline area and refuge area: ≥3.00h fire partition wall separation; 2. Pipe wells, equipment Room and refuge area: ≥2.00h fire partition wall separation;
Doors: 1. Doors of pipe wells and equipment rooms should not open directly to the refuge area; 2. When it is really necessary to open directly to the refuge area , the distance from the entrance and exit of the refuge area should not be less than 5m, and Class A fire doors should be used.
3) Safe evacuation
The evacuation stairs to the refuge floor should be separated at the refuge floor, misaligned on the same floor, or disconnected between the upper and lower floors ("dislocated on the same floor and disconnected between the upper and lower floors") The method is forced evacuation. At this time, people must go up and down the refuge level; the "evacuation stairs are separated at the refuge level" method allows people to choose to continue to evacuate through the evacuation stairs or go to the refuge area)
< p> The door of the stairwell should be opened towards the refuge floor (it is advisable to evacuate in the direction of the refuge floor), and clear signage should be set up at the entrance to the stairwell from the refuge floor.4) Fire-fighting facilities
Emergency lighting should be installed on the refuge floor: power supply time ≥ 1.50h, illumination ≥ 3.001x
Set up an openable window directly facing the outside. Or independent mechanical smoke prevention facilities, and exterior windows should use Class B fire windows.
Fire hydrants and fire hose reels should be set up;
Firefighting hotlines and emergency broadcasts should be set up;
In addition to the refuge rooms, fire protection equipment should be set up on the refuge floor. Elevator exit.
5. How to determine the number of people who need to be evacuated from the building?
The number of people to be evacuated from the video hall should be calculated based on the building area of ??the hall and room at 1.0 people/㎡;
The number of people to be evacuated from other singing and dancing entertainment venues should be calculated based on the building area of ??the hall and room. The building area is calculated as 0.5 people/㎡;
For other public buildings except theaters, cinemas, auditoriums, and gymnasiums, and places with fixed seats, the number of people to be evacuated can be 1.1 times the actual number of seats. Calculation; the density of people in the exhibition hall should not be less than 0.75 people/㎡
6. How to use the hundred-person width index to calculate the evacuation width of the building?
Hundred-person width index =? Width of a single stream of people? X 100/(evacuation time? How is distance determined?
8. Which places require emergency lighting and evacuation signs? What are the setup requirements?
(1) Emergency lighting installation location. Except for residential buildings with a building height less than 27m, emergency evacuation lighting fixtures should be installed in the following parts of civil buildings, factories and Class C warehouses:
1) Enclosed stairwells, smoke-proof stairwells and front rooms , the front room of the fire elevator room or the shared front room, the refuge walkway, the refuge floor
2) Audience hall, exhibition hall, multi-functional hall and business halls, restaurants, studios, etc. with a construction area of ??more than 200 square meters Places with densely populated areas
3) Underground or semi-underground public activity places with a building area exceeding 100 square meters
4) Evacuation walkways in public buildings
5) Production sites and evacuation corridors in densely populated factories
(2) Evacuation lighting fixtures should be set at the top of the exit, the upper part of the wall or the ceiling; backup lighting fixtures should be set On the top of the wall or ceiling.
The minimum ground level illumination of evacuation lighting in buildings should comply with the following regulations:
1) The minimum ground level illumination of evacuation corridors should not be less than 1.01x
2) In crowded places, The minimum horizontal illumination on the ground in the refuge room should not be lower than 3.01x; for the refuge room on the ward floor or operating department, it should not be lower than 10.01x
3) Stairwells, front rooms or shared front rooms, The minimum horizontal illumination on the ground of the refuge walkway should not be less than 5.01x
4) The fire control room, fire pump room, self-contained generator room, power distribution room, smoke prevention and smoke exhaust machine room, and the fire control room should still be installed in the event of a fire. Fire equipment rooms that need to work normally should be equipped with backup lighting, and the minimum illumination of the working surface should not be lower than the illumination of normal lighting
(3) The following buildings or places should have evacuation corridors and main evacuation Add light evacuation signs or light evacuation signs that can maintain visual continuity on the ground of the route:
1) Exhibition buildings with a total construction area of ??more than 8,000 square meters
2) A total construction area of ??more than 8,000 square meters 5,000㎡ above-ground store
3) Underground or semi-underground store with a total construction area of ??more than 500㎡
4) Song, dance, entertainment and screening entertainment venue
5) Seats Cinemas, theaters with more than 1,500 seats, stadiums, halls or auditoriums with more than 3,000 seats
(4) Public buildings, residential buildings with a building height greater than 54m, high-rise factories and A and B , Category C single or multi-story factory buildings should be equipped with light evacuation indication signs, and should comply with the following regulations:
1) They should be installed directly above the safety exits and evacuation doors in densely populated places.
2) The light evacuation indicator signs set along the evacuation corridor should be set on the walls of the evacuation corridor and its corners less than 1.0m above the ground, and the distance between the light evacuation indicator signs should not be greater than 20.0m. ; For bag-shaped walkways, it should not be greater than 10.0m; in walkway corner areas, it should not be greater than 1.0m
(5) The continuous power supply time of the backup power supply for fire emergency lighting and light evacuation signs in the building should be Comply with the following regulations:
1) Civil buildings with a building height greater than 100m shall not be less than 1.5 hours
2) Medical buildings, buildings for the elderly, and public buildings with a total construction area greater than 100,000㎡ ***Buildings and underground and semi-underground buildings with a total construction area greater than 20,000㎡ shall not be less than 1.0h
3) Other buildings, shall not be less than 0.5h
( 6) The descending device is divided into three specifications according to the length of the self-rescue rope. The descending device with a rope length of 38m is suitable for floors 6-10; the descending device with a rope length of 53m is suitable for floors 11-16; the descending device with a rope length of 74m is suitable for floors 11-16. The device is suitable for 16-20 layers.