What is the disk scanning process in Linux?
1.Check the host bus number root@node/]#ls/sys/class/scsi_host/host0host1host22.Rescan the SCSI bus to add the device #echo"----">/sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan# echo "----">/sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan#echo "----">/sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
How to detect memory leaks under linux?
To detect memory leaks, it is necessary to keep track of memory allocation and release in the program, and the way to do this is to overload all forms of operatornew and operatordelete to intercept the memory operation information during the execution of newoperator and deleteoperator. The following are the overloaded forms
void*operatornew(size_tnSize,char*pszFileName,intnLineNum)
void*operatornew(size_tnSize,char*pszFileName, intnLineNum)
void*operatornew(size_tnSize,char*pszFileName, intnLineNum) intnLineNum)
voidoperatordelete(void*ptr)
voidoperatordelete(void*ptr)
We have defined a new version of operatornew, which, in addition to the mandatory size_tnSize In addition to the necessary size_tnSize parameter, we also add the filename and line number, which are the filename and line number of the file where this newoperator operator was called, and this information will be output when a memory leak is detected to help the user locate the leak. For operatordelete, since it is not possible to define a new version for it, we directly override both versions of the global operatordelete.
In the overloaded version of the operatornew function, we call the corresponding version of the global operatornew and pass in the corresponding size_t parameter, and then we record the pointer value returned by the global operatornew as well as the filename and line number of the file in which the allocation was made, in an STL map. The data structure used here is an STL map with the pointer value as the key value. When operatorordelete is called, if it is called in the right way (the incorrect way will be described in detail later), we can find the corresponding data item in the map with the passed-in pointer value and delete it, and then call free to free the block of memory pointed to by the pointer. When the program exits, the remaining data items in the map are the memory leaks we're trying to detect - allocations that have been made on the heap but not yet freed.
The above is the basic principle of the memory detection implementation, but now there are two basic questions left unanswered:
1) How do we get the filename and line number of the file where the memory allocation code is located, and have newoperator pass it to our overloaded operatornew.
2) When do we create the map data structure, how to manage it, and when to print memory leak information.
First we can solve problem 1. first we can utilize C's pre-compile macros __FILE__ and __LINE__, which will be expanded to the filename of the file and the line number of the line at the specified location at compile time. And then we need to replace the default global newoperator with our customized version capable of passing in the filename and line number, which we define in the subsystem header file MemRecord.h:
#defineDEBUG_NEWnew(__FILE__,__LINE__)
And then in all client programs that require the
#include "MemRecord.h"
#definenewDEBUG_NEW
and add it to the beginning of all the cpp files of all the client programs that need to use memory detection
The call to the global default newoperator in the client's source file can be replaced with new(__FILE__,__LINE__)
. FILE__,__LINE__) call, and that form of newoperator will call our operatornew(size_tnSize,char*pszFileName,intnLineNum), where nSize is computed and passed in by the newoperator, and the new callpoints of file name and line number are passed in by our customized version of newoperator. We recommend that the above macros be included in all user's own source code files; if some files use the memory detection subsystem and some do not, the subsystem will likely output some leak warnings due to its inability to monitor the entire system.
And then the second problem. This map that we use to manage customer information must be created before the first call to newoperator or deleteoperator by the customer program, and the printing of the leak information must be done after the last newoperator and deleteoperator call, i.e., it needs to be born before the customer program and analyzed after the analyzed after the client program exits. There is indeed one person who can encompass the client program lifecycle - the global object (appMemory). We can design a class to encapsulate the map and its insertion and deletion operations, then construct a global object (appMemory) of the class, create and initialize the data structure in the constructor of the global object (appMemory), and analyze and output the remaining data in the data structure in its destructor. call the insert interface of this global object (appMemory) to record the pointer, file name, line number, memory block size, and other information into the map with the pointer value as the key, and call the erase interface to delete the data items in the map corresponding to the pointer value in operatorordelete, and pay attention to don't forget that accesses to the map need to be synchronized with the mutex because There may be multiple threads performing memory operations on the heap at the same time.
All right, the basics of memory detection are in place. But don't forget that we have added a layer of indirection to the global operatornew in order to detect memory leaks, and we have added mutexes in order to ensure safe access to data structures, all of which can reduce the efficiency of running the program. So we need to make it easy for users to enable and disable this memory detection feature, after all, memory leak detection should be done in the debugging and testing phase of the program. We can use the conditional compilation feature to use the following macro definition in the user's detected file:
#include "MemRecord.h"
#ifdefined(MEM_DEBUG)
#definenewDEBUG_NEW
#endif
When users need to use memory detection, they can use the following command to compile the file to be detected
g++-c-DMEM_DEBUGxxxxxx.cpp
The memory detection function can be enabled, and when the user's program is officially released, the user can remove the -DMEM_DEBUG compile switch to disable the memory detection function, eliminating the memory detection function. to disable memory detection, eliminating the efficiency impact of memory detection.
Kernel code deadlock detection tools?
The Linux kernel provides a deadlock debugging module, Lockdep, which tracks the state of each lock and the dependencies between locks, and goes through a series of validation rules to ensure that the dependencies between locks are correct.
What applications can Linux be used in?
Status of the lithium battery industry
1
Lithium batteries
Lithium batteries are secondary batteries with embedded lithium compounds as positive and negative materials. During the charging and discharging process, lithium ions are de-embedded and embedded back and forth between the two electrodes. Compared with traditional lead-acid batteries and nickel-chromium batteries, etc., lithium batteries have the advantages of high energy density, long cycle life, good charging and discharging performance, high use voltage, no memory effect, less pollution and high safety. Lithium batteries are equivalent to the internal combustion engine of traditional fuel vehicles, for the intention of the new energy industry in the field of curved road to catch up with the developed countries of traditional fuel vehicles, Europe, the United States, Japan and South Korea, China, the development of lithium battery industry has long risen to the national strategy.
Lithium batteries account for more than 40% of the cost of new energy vehicles, is the largest cost component. The core part of the lithium battery is mainly composed of four key materials: positive electrode material, negative electrode material, electrolyte and diaphragm. According to a research report by IIT Japan, the proportion of cathode material, anode material, electrolyte and diaphragm in the material cost of lithium-ion battery is about 30%, 10%, 17% and 25% respectively. (Figure 1)
Figure 1 lithium battery material cost share
2
Lithium battery overall industry chain upstream and downstream
Lithium battery overall industry chain is longer, covering a wide range of industries. Raw materials mainly include mineral resources such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, aluminum, fluorine, graphite, etc., and petroleum and coal chemical industry resources such as polyethylene, polypropylene, asphalt, nylon, etc.; upstream industries cover cathode materials, anode materials, electrolyte, diaphragm, aluminum foil, copper foil, and lithium battery production equipment manufacturing, etc.; the midstream industry includes lithium battery manufacturers, mainly engaged in the production of cylindrical, soft pack, metal shell batteries, and integrated PACK; downstream industry for lithium battery applications, such as digital electronic products, new energy vehicles, power battery recycling, energy storage equipment and other industries. (Figure 2)
Figure 2 lithium battery industry chain
Lithium battery classification
1
Classification of cathode materials
Classification of cathode materials, lithium batteries can be divided into: lithium cobalt, lithium manganese, lithium iron phosphate, lithium titanate, and ternary materials.
Lithium cobalt
The first successful commercialization of lithium-ion battery anode material. Due to the existence of relatively poor cobalt resources, high prices, toxic effects on the environment and other shortcomings, coupled with the material's poor safety performance, relatively low capacity, greatly limiting its application and long-term development. At present, lithium cobaltate material batteries are mainly used in the batteries of digital products.
Lithium manganate
Mainly spinel-type lithium manganate. Compared with lithium cobaltate, it is characterized by abundant resources, cheap price, low pollution to the environment and excellent safety performance. However, the structure of spinel is difficult to maintain integrity, poor cyclability, dissolution of manganese in the electrolyte during high-temperature cycling and the Jahn-Teller effect (conformational deformation of the electron cloud of a non-linear molecule that occurs under certain circumstances) lead to serious capacity degradation of the material. Lithium manganate has the advantage of low cost and the disadvantage of having reached its specific energy limit, so it can only be used in specialized vehicles for specific applications.
Lithium iron phosphate
The abundance of raw materials, relatively low price compared to other materials, environmentally friendly, coupled with better cycling performance and high safety, makes it widely used in the field of passenger cars. However, lithium iron phosphate material has poor electrical conductivity and low vibration density, resulting in low volumetric energy density, limiting its further application.
Lithium titanate
Lithium titanate is a material with obvious advantages and disadvantages, and it can be used as both positive and negative electrodes. When it is used as a positive electrode material, the disadvantage of low energy density comes to the fore, and when it is used as a negative electrode material, its high life expectancy is unable to be fully utilized by other short-life positive electrode materials. The advantage of lithium titanate is that it can realize fast charging (5min full), high life, high security, wide working temperature range, but its low energy density and easy to inflate short board in the absence of technological breakthroughs, only suitable for the application of relatively insensitive buses, coaches and other areas of the range.
Ternary materials
Inspired by the metal element doping modification of lithium cobaltate, ternary materials have seen rapid development. Ternary materials combine the advantages of lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate and lithium manganese (lithium aluminate) to form a ternary ****rong body, which can give full play to the role of the three group elements. High energy density is the most prominent advantage of ternary material batteries compared with other cathode material batteries, but relatively low safety is the biggest reason why its development has been limited to some extent. Ternary materials are mainly divided into two categories: nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) and nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA). Among them, nickel (Ni) provides capacity, the higher the content of the battery, the greater the energy density, cobalt (Co) contributes part of the capacity at the same time to stabilize the structure, manganese (Mn)/aluminum (Al) is mainly used to stabilize the structure. The synergistic effect of these three elements ****simultaneously exerts the advantages of high energy density and lower cost of ternary materials.
Traditional "3C" products lithium battery is mainly lithium cobalt material, due to computers, cell phones and other markets are close to saturation, the future mainly depends on the innovation of smart phones and look forward to the outbreak of smart wearable products, so the current "3C" field of lithium battery demand will remain a stable. Lithium battery demand will maintain a stable low growth rate.
In recent years, with the implementation of China's new energy vehicle policy and the rapid expansion of new energy vehicle production, the power lithium battery has ushered in the outbreak of the corresponding lithium iron phosphate and ternary cathode material battery shipments.
Since 2017, ternary batteries are highly sought after. According to statistics, in the first three quarters of 2017, China's power lithium battery production of 31GWh, of which nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary materials (NCM) accounted for 49%, lithium iron phosphate accounted for 40%, and lithium manganate accounted for 8%. At the same time, according to the national plan, in 2020 to realize the power battery energy density of 350Wh/kg, 2025 target for 400Wh/kg, 2030 target for 500Wh/kg. tilt towards high energy density of power lithium batteries, so that many companies and the market will turn their attention to ternary materials lithium batteries, and lithium iron phosphate seems to be a little bit of a cold shoulder.
According to statistics, nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary material (NCM) currently has four models 333, 523, 622, 811 (the number represents the proportion of nickel-cobalt-manganese elements, such as NCM523 on behalf of the nickel: cobalt: manganese ratio of 5:2:3), as the main active element of the nickel content of the higher, the more significant the advantage of the capacity of the battery. At present, ternary battery companies mainly apply NCM333 and NCM523, NCM622 has entered the supply chain system of some companies, NCM811 is in the research and development stage.
2
Classification of encapsulation materials
Square hard shell (aluminum/steel shell) batteries
Square hard shell batteries are mostly made of aluminum alloy, stainless steel and other materials, and the internal battery cells are coiled or laminated, which is better than the protection of soft-cell batteries (aluminum-plastic film batteries), and the safety of the cells is also improved compared with that of the cylindrical batteries.
Square aluminum shell power lithium batteries developed on the basis of steel shell, compared with the steel shell, light weight and safety and the resulting performance advantages, so that the aluminum shell has become the mainstream of the square hard shell lithium battery shell power. Because square hard shell power lithium batteries can be customized according to the size of the product, there are thousands of models on the market, and because there are so many models, the process is difficult to unify.
Soft pack batteries (aluminum-plastic film batteries)
Soft pack lithium batteries used in the key materials, such as positive electrode materials, negative electrode materials, diaphragm, electrolyte, etc. and the traditional steel shell, aluminum lithium batteries are not much difference between the biggest difference lies in the soft packaging materials (aluminum-plastic composite film), which is the most critical lithium batteries, soft pack the most technically difficult materials. Soft pack lithium battery is the use of aluminum-plastic film and other soft packaging of lithium batteries, mainly to distinguish it from the traditional use of aluminum metal and other rigid shell packaging of lithium batteries. Flexible pack batteries have better safety, lighter weight and higher capacity. The shortcomings of soft pack batteries are poorer consistency, higher cost, and prone to leakage.
Cylindrical batteries
There are many models of cylindrical lithium batteries, such as 18650, 21700 and so on. Cylindrical lithium battery production process is mature, the PACK cost is lower, the battery product yield and the consistency of the battery pack is higher. Due to the large heat dissipation area of the battery pack, its heat dissipation performance is better than that of square batteries. Cylindrical batteries are easy to combine with various forms, which is suitable for the full layout of electric vehicle space design. However, cylindrical batteries are generally encapsulated in steel or aluminum shells, which are heavier and have a relatively low specific energy. With the further expansion of the electric vehicle market and the continuous improvement of the range requirements, vehicle manufacturers have put forward higher requirements for power batteries in terms of energy density, manufacturing cost, cycle life and additional product attributes. On the premise of the raw material field has not yet obtained a huge breakthrough, the appropriate increase in the size of the cylindrical battery in order to obtain more battery capacity, then become a kind of explorable direction.
Industry and the direction worth paying attention to
Despite the sense of crisis faced by the new energy industry with a 20% subsidy regression, new energy vehicles are currently in the stage of globalization, and with the development of the timetable for the ban on the sale of fuel vehicles by many countries, people can clearly feel that the development of new energy vehicles continues to accelerate.On September 9, 2017, Xin Guobin, Vice Minister of the MIIT, pointed out that he had initiated the process of stopping the sales of traditional energy vehicles timetable development.On September 28, 2017, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released the "average fuel consumption of passenger car enterprises and new energy vehicle points parallel management approach", which set China's new energy vehicle development goals. The national policy is still promoting the promotion of new energy vehicles, so what is the situation of lithium batteries as a core component of new energy vehicles?
In the first 10 months of 2017, the total installed capacity of lithium batteries 18.1GWh (non-production), an increase of 31.43%. With the further popularization of new energy vehicles in the future, the demand for lithium batteries will maintain growth. According to the "2017-2022 China Power Battery Market Research and Investment Potential Report" released by the China Business Industry Research Institute, it is predicted that China's power battery production will exceed 140GWh by 2020.(Figure 3)
Figure 32016-2020 China's power battery production and growth rate forecast
Looking at the data the whole industry still has a bright future, however, in the same time In the face of the downstream end of the new energy automobile enterprises to reduce the cost requirements and the upstream raw material end of the supply shortage price surge under the double pressure, lithium battery manufacturers profit decline is inevitable. With the various battery manufacturers have been upgrading production lines and production plant expansion, lithium battery manufacturers will face a serious problem: low-end battery overcapacity, insufficient supply of high-quality batteries. As positive and negative electrode materials, diaphragms, electrolyte and other supporting materials in the past one or two years, also actively expanding production, lithium battery overcapacity will also make the lithium battery industry chain through the conduction of the various segments of the supply and demand imbalance of varying degrees. So, the entire lithium battery industry chain, what other links can be concerned about?
1
Cobalt, nickel raw material end
Cobalt
2017 can be called without exaggeration "cobalt scarcity of the year", cobalt prices are rising rapidly mainly due to the superposition of long-term, medium-term and short-term factors. From the long-term factor analysis, with the ternary lithium materials by the degree of importance and policy support, can be sure that the future ternary lithium battery for new energy electric vehicles, the main battery type, the demand for which will see a big growth. From the medium-term or longer-term factors to analyze, not only China, the global cobalt resources, especially primary cobalt resources, the supply and demand contradiction in the future are more prominent, the situation of oversupply is becoming a **** knowledge in the global context. From the perspective of short-term factors, the gradual recovery of the global economy, the U.S. dollar interest rate hike and other factors to stimulate commodities, non-ferrous metals as a whole rebound, speculative funds are optimistic about cobalt metal, not hesitate to invest heavily. (Figure 4)
Figure 4 cobalt price chart
Nickel
Cobalt market up and ternary batteries to seize the lithium iron phosphate battery market is closely related, but behind the optimism need to pay attention to is "water can carry the boat can also be overboard". Driven by the cost, performance, ternary materials are having to high nickel, low cobalt development. (Figure 5)
Figure 5 nickel price chart
"Demon nickel" roller coaster general price fluctuations make it difficult to speculate, the current new energy vehicle power battery demand for nickel accounted for the nickel market share is not high, but cobalt prices are high, ternary materials high-nickel and low-cobalt has become a trend, high-nickel ternary material has a greater advantage in energy density. High-nickel ternary materials also have a greater advantage in energy density. At present, the ternary material NCM622 has not been popularized, and many power lithium battery anode material manufacturers vigorously research and development of NCM811 may take some time. When high-nickel ternary materials gradually become the mainstream of the market, nickel prices may continue to rise as cobalt prices this year.
2
Upstream material end
Lithium batteries and their upstream materials in the cathode materials, anode materials, electrolyte and diaphragm, in 2015 China's production accounted for the proportion of the world's total production of 49.11%, 56.76%, 67.89%, 57.44%, 38.96%, respectively, the cathode, negative electrode and electrolyte three kinds of materials basically able to Meet the domestic demand and a large number of exports overseas. 2016 diaphragm materials after a large-scale expansion of production, the annual output reached 1.084 billion ping, dry diaphragm production capacity has been released, wet diaphragm is expected to gradually complete the import substitution in 2018. 2016 domestic demand for aluminum-plastic film is 95 million _, while the domestic production of aluminum-plastic film is 4.94 million _, the current rate of localization is still less than 8%.
Aluminum-plastic film is the unique outer encapsulation material for soft pack lithium batteries, which is usually composed of three layers of composite, namely, the outer barrier layer, permeability barrier layer and heat sealing layer. The cost of plastic film accounts for 15%-20% of the cost of flexible pack batteries, while the price gap between domestic and foreign aluminum-plastic film is about 20%-30%. With the decline in subsidies pressure to the midstream, lithium battery manufacturers are facing huge cost pressures, the urgent need to reduce the cost of lithium battery raw materials, so the aluminum-plastic film to achieve import substitution, the demand for localization is becoming more and more prominent. With the global soft pack battery penetration rate increased, the total demand for aluminum-plastic film will also grow significantly. (Figure 6)
Figure 6 soft pack lithium battery cost share
3
Midstream power lithium battery related production
Technological transformation company
Major lithium battery manufacturers are expanding the scale and enhance production capacity, which will inevitably lead to the upgrading and utilization of old equipment. Domestic power battery production line automation rate and foreign difference, according to statistics, the current domestic first-line, second-line manufacturers of automation rate of 60% and 30%, respectively, compared with 85% of the automation rate of foreign advanced enterprises still have room for improvement. The technology transformation company can enter the lithium battery industry at the right time. Due to the power of lithium battery production most of the processes have high technical barriers, such as pulp machine, coating machine, roller press, die-cutting machine, winding machine and other specialties, so the technology transformation company can be relatively low technical barriers from the automated assembly line to intervene.
The characteristics of the automated assembly line is mainly responsible for the integration of mature equipment (such as: insulation resistance tester, ultrasonic welding machine, CCD camera, etc.), the movement of the core monomer, flip, assembly, testing, etc. For the technology transformation company serving automotive companies, electronic components and other mature industries, the assembly line required core components, such as servo motors, sensors, CCD cameras, Cylinders, gripper design, fixture design, robot integration, conveyor belt connection, PLC programming and control, etc., all belong to the most familiar application areas for technology transformation companies. And the technology transformation company needs to combine the lithium battery production plant's process requirements and the details of each process such as assembly precision, testing precision, production beat, etc., to design an equipment upgrading and transformation program that meets its requirements.
Robotics industry
With the rapid expansion of the application of robots in the intelligent manufacturing industry, while the world's four major robotics family (Switzerland's ABB, Japan's Fanuc Corporation, Japan's Yaskawa Electric, Germany's KUKA Robotics) the lack of supply and the price of the rise of domestic robots to replace the imports is a major trend. Lithium battery production manufacturers due to frequent product changeover and production capacity of a substantial increase in pressure, intelligent, flexible, high-efficiency robots gradually become its main choice. Subsidies in the new energy industry, 20% of the national policy situation, downstream new energy vehicle manufacturers of lithium battery power manufacturers to reduce the cost of demand, while the price of raw materials end of the price increase, the pressure on both sides of the power of lithium battery manufacturers are forced to reduce costs as much as possible. Therefore, domestic robots in the power lithium battery industry chain will gradually increase the market share.
Computer vision applications
With the robotics industry, computer vision applications industry also belongs to a very wide range of applications in the industry, its main applications in the military, medical, industrial production and artificial intelligence fields. Its main application in the industrial production industry for non-destructive size inspection and defect detection. As the lithium battery industry is becoming more and more standardized, the production of various processes of quality control continues to improve, the traditional manual inspection from the accuracy and speed have been unable to keep up with the increase in production capacity. The size detection and defect detection are almost all over the entire lithium battery production process.
Based on different process requirements, the required algorithm logic, CCD camera selection, light source selection and other details are not the same, these requirements are relatively more special and unique needs, and Cognex, Keens and other industry giants supporting algorithms based on the universal detection, and special inspection requirements, will certainly make Cognex, Keens and other industry giants R & D team to generate high Costs. Therefore, the domestic computer vision application algorithm companies have the opportunity to enter the power battery industry.
4
Downstream power lithium battery recycling, energy storage equipment
Power battery recycling
December 1, "automotive power battery recycling dismantling specifications" officially began to implement. This is the first domestic national standard on power battery recycling proposed by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, which clearly points out that recycling and dismantling enterprises should have relevant qualifications, further ensuring the safety, environmental protection and high efficiency of power battery recycling. The dismantling specifications for the recycling of waste power batteries, safety, operating procedures, storage and management are strictly regulated, to a certain extent, regulate the recycling and dismantling of China's automotive power batteries, professional technology and power battery recycling system, which is conducive to the development of the industry.
According to statistics, the domestic power battery will enter the end-of-life peak around 2020, the cumulative end-of-life will reach 120-170,000 tons, while the actual dismantling and recycling in 2016 was less than 10,000 tons.
The improper handling of cathode materials and electrolyte in power batteries is a huge environmental pollution, and China's external dependence on cobalt and other scarce metals is serious. According to the estimation of the relevant institutions, the recycling market scale created by recovering metals such as cobalt, nickel, manganese, lithium, iron and aluminum from used lithium power batteries will reach 5.323 billion yuan in 2018, 10.1 billion yuan in 2020, and 25 billion yuan in 2023. Therefore, power battery recycling will become the key to the development of new energy vehicles in China. Starting from February 1 next year, three new national standards for power batteries, such as "Automotive Power Battery Recycling Residual Energy Detection", will also be formally implemented. With the establishment of a more complete national standard system, power battery recycling and laddering utilization of disordered state will be expected to improve.
Trapezoidal utilization refers to the decommissioning of power batteries, used in energy storage, distributed photovoltaic power generation, low-speed electric vehicles and other fields, to play the value of reuse. And when the batteries can't be utilized for laddering, they need to be dismantled and recycled.
Xu Shengming, a researcher at Tsinghua University's Institute of Nuclear Energy and New Energy Technology, believes that there is huge space in the market for waste power battery resource recycling and laddering utilization. "It is currently in the stage of technology accumulation and research and development. In the future, the recycling technology and the technological innovation of laddering utilization is an important embodiment of the competitiveness of enterprises."
Therefore, enterprises specializing in recycling and processing power batteries will usher in a period of development in the next few years.
Energy storage equipment
With the future price of lithium batteries decreasing, lithium battery laddering utilization is becoming more and more standardized, the economy of lithium battery market for energy storage will be gradually highlighted. It is predicted that by 2020, China's demand for lithium batteries for energy storage is expected to reach 16.64GWh, and the market growth rate is expected to be maintained at more than 40% from 2017 to 2020, which is expected to bring incremental demand for equipment if the energy storage market is able to realize rapid growth with the price reduction of batteries. (Figure 7)
Figure 7 demand forecast for lithium batteries for energy storage
Currently, China's lithium energy storage market has not yet emerged as a leading enterprise, the major companies are in the layout stage, the output value are less than 500 million yuan. Due to the uncertainty of the domestic energy storage policy, lithium-ion energy storage battery price is expensive, and there are still some technical bottlenecks.
The China Business Industry Research Institute's 2017-2022 China Lithium Battery Market Research and Forecast Report shows that in 2016, China's lithium energy storage battery market size was about 5.2 billion yuan. Among them, the largest share of the energy storage battery market is BYD, at 14%; followed by Frontier and Sheng Yang shares, both at 7%. (Figure 8)
Figure 8 Competitive landscape of China's lithium battery market for energy storage in 2016
Top five batteries that potentially disrupt power lithium batteries
1
Metal air battery
Metal air batteries have theoretically infinite capacity density at the positive electrode, and use oxygen in the air as the positive electrode, and reactive metals such as aluminum, magnesium, zinc and lithium as the negative electrode materials, ultra-high energy density can be obtained. However, the research and development cost of air batteries is very large, and the problems they encounter have not been solved.
2
Solid-state batteries
Liquid lithium-ion batteries have an energy density limit of 350Wh/kg, and solid-state electrolytes are used.