Unit 731, known as Manchurian Unit 731, was the code name of the Japanese invasion army's bacteriological warfare agent factories. In order to cover up, has called "Kamo troops", "Togo troops", "Kwantung Army epidemic prevention and water supply headquarters". 731 troops is in the War of Resistance against Japan (1937 ~ 1945) and the Second World War, the invasion of China, the Chinese people killed the Chinese people. During the Anti-Japanese War (1937~1945) and World War II, the invading Japanese army engaged in biological warfare bacteriological warfare research and research related to human experimentation.Unit 731 was disguised as a water purification unit.Unit 731 built its base in the Pingfang District near Harbin, northeastern China, and constructed a large-scale bacteriological factory that covered an area of 300 acres. This area was then part of the puppet regime Manchukuo. Some researchers believe that more than 10,000 Chinese, Korean, and Allied prisoners of war were killed in Unit 731's experiments, but the number is disputed. On the eve of Japan's surrender, the factory was blown up in a hasty retreat to destroy evidence of its crimes, and large numbers of infected animals escaped, wreaking havoc on the local population.
731 troops site gate Japan's Kwantung Army Seventh Trinity Force, is the Japanese militarism to prepare for bacteriological warfare of the special forces, in a strategically important position. Japanese soldiers called "a small Harbin, a large cottage", in a sense, is to illustrate this point. In terms of scale, it was the largest bacteriological factory in the world. In terms of its status, it was under the dual leadership of the Japanese Army Ministry, the Japanese Army Staff Headquarters and the Japanese Kwantung Army Command. The personnel staff was very strong. It had a staff of more than 2,600 people engaged in germ warfare research, including five general officers, more than 30 colonel officers, and more than 300 lieutenants. From 1936 to July 1942, Lieutenant General Ishii Shiro was the chief of the unit, from August 1942 to February 1945, Major General Kitano Masuji took over as chief of the unit, and from March 1945 to August of the same year, Ishii Shiro was reappointed chief of the unit. Its immediate departments as well as its detachments were placed under the charge of officers of the rank of sergeant, and for a number of important departments under the charge of officers of the rank of major-general.
The 731st was divided into eight departments and four detachments:
The first department (bacteriological research) was headed by Major General Kikuchi. Under it were the "Takahashi Class" specializing in plague research, the "Kasahara Class" engaged in research on filtration viruses and local endemic diseases, the "Tanaka Class" engaged in research on insects as bacterial vectors, the "Yoshimura Class" engaged in frostbite research, the "Ejima Class" engaged in research on dysentery, the "Ota Class" engaged in splenic demodicosis, the "Minatsu Class" engaged in cholera research and the "Minatsu Class" engaged in cholera research, and the "Ekiban Class" engaged in research on the "Ebola Class". "Minato Class" for cholera research, "Okamoto Class" and "Ishikawa Class" for pathology research, "Utsumi Class" for serology research, "Kusumi Class" for pharmacology research, and "Noguchi Class" for rickettsiae (including fleas) research.
The second department (bacteriological experiments) was headed by Colonel Ota. This department had a division specializing in the breeding and propagation of parasites for the dispersal of plague bacteria. Under it was an aviation squad and a special test site at Kujayo, thirty-five miles east of Anda. The main task of this division was to conduct virus research and tests on plants through the "Yagisawa class" in addition to bacterial tests on humans.
The Third Department (Bacteriological Weapons Manufacturing) was headed by Lt. Col. Eguchi. This department had two factories under it, one was a water filter manufacturing plant, which was set up as a cover. The other was a porcelain shell factory in Yangmaji, specializing in the production of bacteriological weapons such as the "Ishii type" bacteriological bombs.
The fourth department (bacterial production) was headed by Major General Kawashima. There were two divisions under this department, each of which worked independently to produce various types of bacteria according to the division of labor. Department V
The General Affairs Department, initially headed by Lt. Col. Nakaragi, was later doubled by Col. Ota. This department was the general department of the headquarters of the 731st, and had a great deal of power; it was responsible not only for the financial management of the entire unit, production planning, and personnel allocation, but also, and more importantly, for direct liaison with the Military Police and the reception of those who conducted bacteriological experiments.
Sixth Department
The Department of Training and Education, at first headed by Colonel Sonoda, was later succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel Nishi. This ministry specialized in the training of professionals engaged in bacteriological research, production and use of bacteriological weapons. According to sources, the training of junior members alone was conducted in four sessions.
The seventh department, the Information Supply Department, was headed by Major General Otani. This department was responsible for the supply of all kinds of equipment and devices. Department VIII
The Medical Treatment Department was headed by Colonel Nagayama. This department was responsible for the prevention of bacterial infections and the medical treatment of Japanese diseases.
Parallel to the ministries was the Ishii Special Squad, which was personally held by a member of Shiro Ishii's family. Shiro Ishii's second brother, Tsugio Jio, was in charge of the administration of the "Special Secret Prison," and Shiro Ishii's third brother, Sanno, was in charge of the leadership of the test animal breeding.
Editing the origin of the name
"731" had three historical names during the "Beiyinhe period" (1932~1934): externally, it was called "Kwantung Army Epidemic Prevention Squad", while internally, it was called "Kwantung Army Epidemic Prevention Squad", and internally, it was called the "Special Secret Prison". The "Kanto Army Epidemic Prevention Squad" was the external name, while the internal secret name was "Kamo Unit" or "Togo Unit". Japanese scholar Takao Matsumura wrote in his book War and Epidemics: "(In 1932, Shiro Ishii) began bacteriological warfare research at the Epidemic Prevention Squad (Togo Unit) at the Beiyin River in Wuchang County, about 70 kilometers southeast of Harbin." In his book Unit 731 - Biochemical Terrorism of the Japanese Devil, Taiwanese scholar Fujii Shizue writes: "In 1932, the Army Ministry, the Staff Headquarters, and the military chiefs of the Kwantung Army heeded Ishii's advice and first set up in Beiyinhe near Harbin The 'Kwantung Army Epidemic Prevention Squad', anonymously known as the Kamo Troop, was established in 1932 at Beiyinhe, near Harbin, under the public name "731". According to this, the public name of "731" during the Beiyinhe period was "Kwantung Army Epidemic Prevention Squad", while its secret and anonymous names were two: "Kamo Unit" and "Togo Unit". Seiichi Morimura, the author of the book "The Devil's Satiety", also mentioned in his book that the veterans of Unit 731 told him that there were two secret names at that time: "Kamo Unit" and "Togo Unit. The origin of the name "Kamo Unit" is that "Kamo" was the name of Shiro Ishii's hometown, and most of the men who followed Ishii to Beiyinhe were recruited by Ishii from Kamo. The origin of the name "Togo Troop" is that Shiro Ishii's alias was "Togo Shunichi" (or "Togo Shio"), and Ishii was the commander-in-chief of the Japanese army that defeated the Russian army in the Russo-Japanese War (1905), and Ishii was the first to be recruited from Kamo. Ishii worshipped Togo Heihachiro, the commander-in-chief of the Japanese army who defeated the Russian army in the Russo-Japanese War (1905). During the "Hirafu period" (1935-1945), Unit 731 was successively known as the "Epidemic Prevention Department of the Kwantung Army" and the "Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department of the Kwantung Army," while its secret name was the "Ishii Unit. The secret names of the unit were "Ishii Unit", "Nara Unit", and "Manchurian Unit 731". Ryuji testified at the Buri Tribunal that "the unit was called the 'Epidemic Prevention Department' at the beginning of its existence, but after its reorganization (in 1940) it was called the 'Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department'." At another trial, he testified, "Before 1941, this unit did not have an official title, but was called the 'Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department' of the Kwantung Army, and was also called the Ishii Unit, because each unit in the Japanese Army was usually called by the last name of the officer in charge of the unit," and that, in 1941, the Commander-in-Chief of the Kwantung Army ordered that all units and organs of the entire Army should be called 'Epidemic Prevention Department'. In 1941, when the Commander-in-Chief of the Kwantung Army ordered all units and organizations in the army to adopt a number, the unit was named Unit 731." The name "Unit 731" came into use after 1941. However, people today refer to the Japanese bacteriological warfare unit in Harbin at any time as "Unit 731". In Japan, some scholars even use "Unit 731" as a synonym for "Japanese germ warfare".
About "Nara Unit", it was the secret name of the bacteriological warfare expedition sent by Unit 731 to central China during 1940~1942. According to the work log of Yukio Iemoto, a staff officer of the Operations Division of the Japanese army's Main Staff Headquarters, "Iemoto's Log", it is recorded that the 731st unit carried out bacteriological warfare in the area of Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, from September to October 1940; in Changde, Hunan Province, on November 4, 1941; and in the area along the Zhejiang-Ganzhou Railway, from July to August 1942.
While carrying out bacteriological warfare on these three occasions, the 731st unit organized and organized the Nara Unit, which was the secret name of the expeditionary group sent to central China during the period from 1940 to 1942.
There were seven major bacteriological warfare units in Japan, namely:
1. The Bacteriological Weapons Research Laboratory at the Army Medical School in Tokyo, Japan.
2. the 659th Kwantung Army unit in Harbin, whose headquarters in Harbin's Pingfang district was called Unit 731
3. the 100th Kwantung Army unit in Changchun
4. the 1855th North Branch A unit in Beijing
5. the Rongzhi 1644th unit in Nanjing
6. the Bozhi 8604th unit in Guangzhou
7. Okazi 9420 in Singapore
1. Bacteriological Weapons Research Laboratory at the Army Medical School
Established at the Army Medical School in Tokyo, Japan, located in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan, and known externally as the Epidemiological Research Laboratory, a lot of dismembered skulls and other human bones were unearthed in Shinjuku in 1997 and are believed to have been cut up by human beings.
2. The 659th Kwantung Army Unit
Headquartered in Harbin Hirafu District, the unit was known to the public as the Kwantung Army Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department, and its headquarters was known as the 731st Unit
Unit 731 was an alias for the Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Headquarters of the old Japanese Army (Kwantung Army). The unit was headed by Shiro Ishii, hence the name "Ishii Unit".Unit 731 is also a synonym for the secret military medical unit of the Japanese Army that invaded China during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1937-1945) and the Second World War to engage in biological warfare bacteriological warfare research and research related to human experimentation.
3. Kwantung Army Unit 100
Headquartered in Changchun, externally known as the Kwantung Army Veterinary Disease Prevention Department, under the 2630th unit and so on. It was headed by Lieutenant General Takahashi Takatsu and Major General Matsushiro.
4. North Branch A 1855th Unit
The headquarter was located in Beijing, south of the west gate of the Temple of Heaven Park, the former location of the KMT Central Epidemiological Prevention Office, and was called the North China Dispatch Army Epidemiological Prevention and Water Supply Department, and then the 151st Military Hospital, also known as Nishimura's Unit. 1855th Unit's head was initially Kuroe, and then Kikuchi Qi, who was succeeded by Nishimura Eiji in 1939. There were three sections:
Section 1 was located at the Concordia Medical College and was engaged in the research of bacterial (biological) warfare agents; Section 2 was located at the south side of the west gate of the Temple of Heaven Park and was engaged in the production of bacteria; and Section 3 was located at the former North Calm Biological Research Institute and the Beiping Social Research Institute in the west of the Beijing Library next to the Beihai Sea and was the Institute of Bacteriological Weapons.
In addition, in Jinan, Tianjin, Taiyuan, Qingdao, Zhengzhou, Kaifeng, placebo stationed detachments and so on.
5. Rong Zi 1644 troops
Headquartered in Nanjing Zhongshan East Road, the former Nanjing Army Central Hospital, called the East China Dispatch Army Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department / Central China Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department, also known as the "Tama Force". The commander of the unit was Lieutenant Colonel Takeshi Kratata, and the deputy commander and head of the research section was Major Kenji Kobayashi. There were 7 divisions under the unit. Ei word 1644 troops in Shanghai, Nanjing, Yueyang, Jingmen, Yichang and other places stationed 12 detachments
6. wave word 8604 troops
Headquartered in guangzhou, former Baizi road, Sun Yat-sen University medical school,
Externally known as the South China Dispatch Army, epidemic prevention, and the water supply department. It was an important bacteriological warfare unit of the Japanese army in southern China. Troop commanders were Tanaka Yan Osamu, Sasaki Takayuki, Sato Shunji and Kamezawa Kaguro. There were six sections: General Affairs Section, headed by Major Kumakura
; Bacteriological Research Section, headed by Major Gouguchi; Water Supply Section, headed by Major Nagaguchi; Infectious Disease Treatment Section, headed by Major Oguchi; Plague Cultivation and Anatomy Section, headed by Major Watanabe; and Equipment Supply Section.
7. Okazi 9420
Headquartered in Singapore, externally known as the Southern Epidemic Control and Water Supply Department.
The Japanese Bacteriological Unit had five major units and 63 detachments in China. 731 Unit's acts were just one of the many war crimes committed by the Japanese invasion forces during the occupation of Manchuria (from 1931 to 1945, the end of World War II), during which 15 million Chinese, Koreans, Filipinos, Indonesians, Burmese civilians, Pacific Islanders and anti-fascist civilians were killed. and Pacific Islanders and anti-fascist Allied prisoners were killed.
Formation of Unit 731
The predecessor of Unit 731 was the Togo Unit, which was set up by Shiro Ishii in 1932 in Beiyinhe, a suburb of Harbin in northeastern China, and which was the first to begin human experiments that could not be carried out in Japan.
Formation
In 1932, Shiro Ishii led his unit in the construction of Nakama Castle, a prison on the outskirts of Harbin.A prison riot in 1935 forced Ishii to close Nakama Castle. Ishii traveled to a cottage area closer to Harbin to re-establish a new facility.
The 673rd established a base for bacteriological experiments in Sunwu County on the Heihe River, including 300 buildings for animal breeding and bacteria-making rooms.
Editing the activities of Unit 731
Frostbite test: the information on frostbite test is the information on a field frostbite test conducted jointly by the professionals of the Department of Epidemiology and Water Supply of North China and the Army Corps of the Garrison in Mongolia under the title of Extreme Secrets? The winter hygiene research achievement of the army in Mongolia", the data compiled by the winter hygiene research class, the formation of the date of Showa 16 years in March (March 1941).
The information is the invasion of the Japanese Army Institute of bacteriological and gas warfare director Kim Sung-min, should be invited by the president of Yokohama City University, Japan, Mr. Kato Yuzen, by the Hirafu District Government assigned to go to Japan during the lecture visit, many times alone or with Japanese friends to Tokyo Kanda and other places in the library and the library to check the information in a data room, found this better preserved information.
Flamethrower experiment: Unit 731 put the test subjects in the abandoned armored car, with a flamethrower baked to test the power of the flamethrower. But this experiment is meaningless, no armored car will stay in place to let you roast, it is purely "entertainment".
The plague experiment: The plague bacillus was injected into the body of the test subjects to observe their reactions. This method was also applied to Soviet prisoners of war captured by the Japanese army at the border.
Unit 731's Bacteria Bombs (Ishii Bomb) Development of defoliant and bacteria bombs: One of the most notable "achievements" was the Ishii Bomb, which was an improvement on the pineapple bombs that the U.S. Army later used in Vietnam. The Ishii Bomb was a ceramic casing containing bacteria-carrying jumpers. Another invention of Shiro Ishii was the Ishii water filter. To solve the problem of treating sewage as drinking water for soldiers fighting in the field, it was the only useful invention of Unit 731.
Editing members of Unit 731