Opening pattern In order to meet the needs of reform, opening up and economic development, China has set up five special economic zones in Guangdong Province, Xiamen in Fujian Province and Hainan Province since 1980. 1984 further opened Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Nantong, Shanghai, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Zhanjiang and Beihai. After 1985, the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Minnan Triangle, Shandong Peninsula, Liaodong Peninsula, Hebei and Guangxi were successively transformed into economic open zones, thus forming coastal economic open zones. From 65438 to 0990, China Municipal Government decided to develop and open Pudong New Area, and further opened a number of cities along the Yangtze River, thus forming the Yangtze River Open Belt with Pudong as the leader. Since 1992, it has been decided to open a number of border cities to the outside world and further open all provincial capitals and capital cities of autonomous regions in the inland; In addition, some large and medium-sized cities have established 15 bonded zones, 32 state-level economic and technological development zones and 53 high-tech industrial development zones. In this way, China has formed an all-round, multi-level and wide-ranging opening-up pattern combining coastal areas, riverside areas, border areas and inland areas.
Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party of Special Economic Zones, with the continuous development of opening to the outside world, China has established five special economic zones.
Special economic zones are an important measure for China to open to the outside world. From July 1979 to June 198 1, the Central Committee and the State Council successively decided to set aside some pilot export zones in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen, Fujian. 1980 On August 26th, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) made a resolution on approving the Regulations of Guangdong Special Economic Zone. The resolution pointed out that in order to develop foreign economic cooperation and technical exchanges and promote socialist modernization, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province were designated to establish special economic zones. The SEZ encourages foreign citizens, overseas Chinese, compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and their companies and enterprises to invest and set up factories or joint ventures and other undertakings with us, and protect their assets, profits and other legitimate rights and interests according to law. Thereafter, in June 198 1 10, the State Council approved the establishment of a special economic zone in Xiamen. 1988 April 13, the first meeting of the Seventh National People's Congress made a resolution on the establishment of Hainan Special Economic Zone, and designated Hainan Island as Hainan Special Economic Zone.
The characteristics of China Special Economic Zone are summarized as follows:
(1) The economic development of the Special Zone mainly depends on attracting and utilizing foreign capital. The special zone economy is a combination of Chinese-foreign joint ventures, cooperative enterprises and wholly foreign-owned enterprises, and various economic components coexist.
(2) Economic activities in the Special Zone are mainly regulated by the market, prices are completely liberalized, and products in the Special Zone are mainly exported.
(3) The SAR gives preferential treatment to foreign investment in taxation, import and export of goods and entry and exit of personnel.
(4) Special economic zones implement a management system that adapts to the market economy. For example, enterprises implement the responsibility system of factory director and general manager under the leadership of the board of directors, full-time contract system and floating wages. Enterprises have the right to recruit and dismiss employees according to relevant laws and regulations. According to the office materials of the State Council Special Economic Zone, the total industrial and agricultural output value of Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen in 1990 reached 28.25 billion yuan, about 26 times of that before the establishment of the zone. Together with the Hainan Special Economic Zone, which started late, there are more than 4,000 foreign-funded enterprises in the five special zones, and about 9,000 foreign-funded projects have been signed. The actually utilized foreign capital exceeds 5.3 billion US dollars, accounting for nearly 30% of the actually utilized foreign capital in the country. At the same time, the output value of foreign-invested enterprises in the special zone has accounted for more than 60% of the total output value of the special zone. As the new export bases of China, the five special zones 1990 had a total export volume of over 4.6 billion US dollars, accounting for nearly 10% of the national export in that year.
According to customs statistics, 199 1 year, the import and export trade volume of Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, Xiamen and Hainan reached196.7 billion US dollars, accounting for 14.5% of the national total import and export trade, with an increase of 25.6% over the previous year. Among the five special economic zones, Shenzhen ranks first, with the import and export trade volume of 1 1.47 billion US dollars, accounting for 58.3% of the total import and export of the special zones. Followed by Xiamen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Hainan.
With the increase of foreign investment, the import and export trade volume of foreign-funded enterprises occupies a decisive position in the five special economic zones. 199 1 year, the import and export trade volume of foreign-funded enterprises was 9.33 billion US dollars, accounting for 47.4% of the total import and export trade volume of the Special Zone, up 34.8% over the previous year, and the export volume was 50.4 US dollars, up 35.7%. Among foreign-funded enterprises, Sino-foreign joint ventures are the mainstay, and the import and export trade volume reached 5.43 billion US dollars, accounting for 27.6% of the import and export trade volume of the Special Zone.
In the continuous adjustment of the structure of import and export commodities, the proportion of manufactured goods in the import and export trade of the special zone has increased year by year. 199 1 year, among the export commodities, manufactured goods accounted for 8.57 billion US dollars, accounting for 89.2% of the total import and export trade of the Special Zone, up 23.8% over the previous year, and primary products 104 billion US dollars, accounting for 10.8%, down 8% over the previous year.
In 2000, the import and export trade of five special economic zones in China continued to increase substantially. The total import and export trade reached US$ 24.3 billion, accounting for 14.7% of the total import and export trade in China. Among them, the export value was US$ 65.438+0.24 billion, an increase of 24.2%, accounting for 654.38+04.6% of the total national export value, and the growth rate exceeded the national export growth rate by 6 percentage points. Imports11900 million USD, up 16.6%. The import and export trade volume of the five special zones increased in an all-round way, with Xiamen Special Zone accounting for 14.5% of the total import and export trade volume, with an increase of 46.9%, which was the highest among the five special zones; Followed by Shenzhen, Shantou, Zhuhai and Hainan.
The import and export trade volume of foreign-funded enterprises in special economic zones reached1165 million US dollars, accounting for 26.6% of the total import and export trade of foreign-funded enterprises in China and 47.9% of the total import and export trade of special zones. Among them, the export value was US$ 5.27 billion and the import value was US$ 6.38 billion. Among foreign-funded enterprises, Chinese-foreign cooperative enterprises have the fastest growth, with the import and export trade volume reaching US$ 654.38+0.5 billion, an increase of 43.2%.
Judging from the mode of import and export trade in the special zone, processing trade and general trade are still the mainstay. The import and export volume of processing trade was US$ 65.438+0.354 billion, accounting for 654.38+08.7% of the total processing trade in China and 55.7% of the total import and export volume of the Special Zone. Among them, feed processing was 9.87 billion US dollars, an increase of 22.9%; Processing with supplied materials was US$ 3.66 billion, up by1.1%; Equipment and articles imported by foreign-invested enterprises as investment 1.3 1 billion USD, with an increase of 1.5%. The general trade volume was $965,438+$900 million, an increase of $2,865,438 +0%. Among the export commodities of the special zone, the export of mechanical and electrical products ranks first, followed by textile products. Imported goods include mechanical and electrical equipment parts, textile raw materials, refined oil, steel, plastics and so on.
In, the total import and export trade of five special economic zones in China was 33.4 billion US dollars, an increase of 17.6% over the previous year. Among them, the export value was US$ 65.438+0.696 billion, an increase of 29.3%, accounting for 654.38+04% of the national total export value; The import value was US$ 654.38+0.644 billion, up by 7.6%, accounting for 654.38+04.2% of the national total import value.
The import and export trade volume of foreign-funded enterprises in special economic zones reached US$ 654.38+06.97 billion, of which US$ 7.65 billion was exported and US$ 9.32 billion was imported. The proportion of import and export among foreign-funded enterprises in China continued to decline.
Judging from the mode of import and export trade in the Special Economic Zone, the export value of general trade was US$ 7.86 billion, up by 49.9% over the previous year and higher than the national average. The import value of processing trade was US$ 7.65 billion, up by 20.9%. Mechanical and electrical products continued to grow in the import and export trade of the Special Zone, reaching 6.37 billion US dollars. The import and export of industrial products accounted for 86.5% and 88. 1% respectively. The establishment of the bonded zone is another important measure taken by the China government to expand its opening up and attract foreign investment. China Free Trade Zone is a small area with isolation facilities, a special area with functions similar to those of foreign free ports and free trade zones, and a customs supervision area with comprehensive functions of export processing and foreign trade, special tariff policies and special management means.
Since 1990, China municipal government has successively approved the establishment of 15 bonded zone. They are: (1) Shanghai Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, located at the southern edge of the Yangtze River estuary, with an area of 5.5 square kilometers. It is currently the most open free trade zone in China. (2) Tianjin Port Bonded Zone, located on the land of Tianjin Port and covering an area of 5 square kilometers, is the largest bonded zone in northern China. (3) Dalian Bonded Zone, located in the east of Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, with an area of 1.25 square kilometers, is an important window for the opening up of Northeast China. (4) Shenzhen Shatoujiao Bonded Zone, located in Shatoujiao, Shenzhen, with an area of 0.2 square kilometers. (5) Shenzhen Futian Free Trade Zone, located at Huanggang Port in south-central Shenzhen, with an area of 1.35 square kilometers. (6) Guangzhou Bonded Zone, located in the northeast of Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone, with an area of 1.4 square kilometers. (7) Zhangjiagang Free Trade Zone, located in the east of Zhangjiagang District in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with a planned area of 4. 1 km2 and a starting area of 2 km2, is the only inland port free trade zone in China. (8) Haikou Free Trade Zone, located in Jinpan Processing Zone of Haikou City, with an area of 1.93 square kilometers. (9) Qingdao Bonded Zone, located on the west bank of Jiaozhou Bay near Qingdao, with a planned area of 2.5 square kilometers. (10) Ningbo Free Trade Zone, located in the north of Beilun Port in Ningbo, covers an area of 2.3 square kilometers. (1 1) Fuzhou Free Trade Zone is located in Mawei Economic and Technological Development Zone, Fuzhou, with an area of 1.8 square kilometers. (12) Xiamen Xiangyu Free Trade Zone is located in Xiamen Special Economic Zone with an initial area of 0.6 square kilometers. (13) Shantou Bonded Zone, located in Shantou Special Economic Zone, covers an area of 2.3 square kilometers. (14) Zhuhai Free Trade Zone, located in Hongwan Industrial Zone, Zhuhai, covers an area of 3 square kilometers. (15) Shenzhen Yantian Port Bonded Zone, located in Dapeng Bay, Shenzhen, covers an area of 0.85 square kilometers.
China's modern economy, an open city, began to develop and gradually flourished in the eastern coastal areas. Due to the large number of foreign ports, rich agricultural products resources and high degree of agricultural intensification and commercialization, a number of industrial bases with agricultural products as raw materials were formed as early as the beginning of this century, and then infrastructure, traffic construction, market services and financial services were better than those of inland provinces. Therefore, after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the cities in this area have taken solid steps in opening up.
June, 5438+October, 2008 10, China Merchants Bureau, the agency of the Ministry of Communications in Hong Kong, took the lead in setting aside a piece of land in Shekou Commune, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, which is separated from Hong Kong by water, to establish an industrial zone. In March of the same year, Guangdong Province put forward suggestions to the central authorities to give full play to Guangdong's advantages, expand foreign economic cooperation activities, reform the economic management system and accelerate economic development. In July of the same year, the central government approved Guangdong and Fujian provinces to take special and flexible measures in their foreign economic activities, and decided to carry out pilot projects of special economic zones in Shenzhen and Zhuhai, Guangdong Province. 1In May, 1980, on the basis of summarizing the pilot projects of Shenzhen and Zhuhai, the central government clearly established Shantou and Xiamen as two special economic zones.
Since then, the opening pattern of China coastal areas has entered a new stage. 1In May 1984, the central authorities and the State Council decided to open 14 cities: Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Nantong, Shanghai, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Zhanjiang and Beihai. Later 1985, the Yangtze River, Pearl River Delta and Minnan Triangle were opened as economic open areas. During this period, the State Council successively approved the establishment of economic and technological development zones in some coastal open cities, such as Shanghai designated Minhang and Hongqiao New District, Yingkou, Wenzhou and Weihai established economic and technological development zones, and Jiangsu approved Kunshan Economic and Technological Development Zone. Its purpose is to give full play to the advantages of these cities, take the lead in creating environmental conditions to attract foreign investment in a short time with the help of the successful experience of special economic zones, improve the overall economic development level and opening-up function of these cities, and accelerate the process of socialist modernization in China.
In March 2006, the State Council approved Yingkou to enjoy certain rights and policies of coastal open cities. 1September 1987, the State Council approved Weihai to enjoy the treatment of coastal open city. From then on, from Dalian, the gateway to the northeast, to Zhanjiang in the west of Guangdong, the plate consisting of 16 open cities has built the opening campaign of the coastal golden belt in China, which is undoubtedly of great significance for China to develop its export-oriented economy and promote the pace of socialist modernization.
The historical existence and excessive expansion of the development gap between China and the eastern and western regions in the western development is an overall problem that has long plagued the healthy development of China's economy and society. Supporting the development and construction of the western region and realizing the coordinated development between the eastern and western regions is an important policy of economic work led by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and an important strategic task of China's modernization.
In order to accelerate the pace of economic development in the western region and promote the vigorous development of China's regional economy, in June 2000, the State Council established a leading group for the development of the western region, with Premier Zhu Rongji as the team leader, Vice Premier Wen Jiabao as the deputy team leader, and relevant ministries and commissions in the State Council and leaders of Zhongzhi 19 as participants.
In the 50 years since the founding of New China, especially in the 20 years since the reform and opening-up, China's comprehensive national strength has been significantly enhanced, and people's lives are close to a well-off level. The state has the ability to increase its support for the central and western regions. In particular, the active fiscal policy of expanding domestic demand is being implemented, and more financial resources can be used to directly support the development of the western region. At present, China has basically solved the problem of feeding the people of the whole country, and the supply of grain exceeds demand in stages. This is a good opportunity to return farmland to forest (grass) in a planned and step-by-step manner and improve the ecological environment in ecologically fragile areas. With the acceleration of China's accession to the World Trade Organization, the opening up to the outside world has entered a new stage, and the central and western regions will be as open as the eastern coastal areas. The conditions for accelerating the development of the central and western regions have basically been met and the time is ripe.
Implementing the western development is a huge systematic project and an arduous historical task. At present and in the future, accelerating infrastructure construction, earnestly strengthening the protection and construction of ecological environment, actively adjusting industrial structure, developing science and technology and education, speeding up personnel training and intensifying reform and opening up will be important issues that need to be solved in the process of western development.
The origin of the word "economy" in economic common sense The word "economy" first appeared in the Book of Changes. "Jing" is interpreted as "diameter", which means building (vertical and horizontal field). The word "Ji" is interpreted as "crossing" from the water, which means crossing the water. The combination of the word "Ji" was first seen in Zhong Shuo (also known as Wen Zhong) and Li Yue written by Wang Tong in the Sui Dynasty. The original intention was to help the world or people through the country, that is, to govern the country. In ancient times, there was a couplet: "The article is a double Sima in the Western Han Dynasty, and Yang Wolong in Jinan." It is to praise Sima Qian's well-written articles and appreciate Zhuge Liang's outstanding ability to govern the country. This shows that the word "economy" spoken by the ancients is intended to govern the country and level the world. This is completely different from our current understanding of finance and economy. Then, in ancient times, what words did people use to express the contents of food, clothing, housing and transportation, national finance and national politics? It was originally expressed by "food". Hanshu? "Food Records" explains "Food Records": "Food" refers to agricultural production; "Goods" refers to the production and circulation of farm sideline fabrics. In addition, some words such as financial management, enriching the people and Huo Zhi have appeared.
From the second half of this century, some Japanese scholars borrowed the word "economy" from ancient Chinese when translating English economy, which fundamentally changed its meaning and became a word specifically referring to social material production activities.
After the Revolution of 1911, at the suggestion of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the translation of Japanese scholars was gradually unified, which made the word "economy" spread in China as a new word.