Vacuum blood collection tube is a kind of disposable, negative pressure vacuum glass tube for quantitative blood collection, which needs to be used with venous blood collection needle.
Basic introduction Chinese name ：vacuum blood collection tube Foreign name ：vacuum blood collection tube Species ：9 kinds Characteristics ：safety, specimen maintenance time is long, good accuracy Classification category ： Class II medical devices Classification name ：blood laboratory equipment and apparatus Principle,Classification,Precautions, Principle Principle Vacuum blood collection tubes are pre-capped tubes that are pumped into different vacuum levels, using the blood collection needle to collect blood. The principle of vacuum blood collection tube is to pre-cap the blood collection tube into different vacuum, the use of its negative pressure automatically quantitative collection of venous blood samples, one end of the blood collection needle into the human vein after the other end of the vacuum blood collection tube inserted into the rubber plug. Human venous blood is drawn into the blood sample container through the blood collection needle under negative pressure inside the vacuum blood collection tube, and multiple tubes can be collected without leakage under a single venous puncture. The inner lumen volume of the connecting blood collection needle is very small, and the effect on the blood collection volume is negligible, but the chance of backflow is relatively smaller, such as its inner lumen volume is larger will consume part of the vacuum of the blood collection tube, thus reducing its collection volume. Classification As shown in Figure 1, there are 9 categories of vacuum blood collection tubes, which are differentiated according to the color of the cap. Figure 1 Classes of vacuum blood collection tubes 1. Regular serum tubes Red head cap Blood collection tubes contain no additives, no anticoagulant or procoagulant components, and only vacuum. Used for routine serum biochemistry, blood banking and serology related tests, various biochemical and immunological tests, such as syphilis, Hepatitis B quantification, etc., without shaking after drawing blood. The type of specimen production is serum, after drawing blood put in a 37 ℃ water bath for more than 30min, centrifugation, the upper layer of serum standby. 2. Rapid serum tubes with orange cap The blood collection tube contains procoagulant to accelerate the coagulation process. Rapid serum tube can make the collected blood coagulate within 5 minutes, applicable to emergency serum series of laboratory tests, is the most commonly used daily biochemical, immune, serum, hormones, etc. Promote coagulation test tube, after the blood is drawn and mixed upside down for 5-8 times, when the room temperature is low, can be placed in a 37 ℃ water bath for 10-20min, centrifugation of the upper layer of serum standby. 3. Inert Separating Gel Coagulation Promoting Tube with Gold Cap Blood collection tube is added with inert separating gel and coagulant promoting agent. The specimen remains stable for 48 hours after centrifugation. The procoagulant can quickly activate the coagulation mechanism and accelerate the coagulation process. The type of specimen produced is serum, which is suitable for emergency serum biochemical and pharmacokinetic tests. After collection, invert and mix 5-8 times, stand upright for 20-30min, centrifuge the supernatant for use. 4. Sodium citrate sedimentation test tube with black cap The concentration of sodium citrate required for the sedimentation test is 3.2% (equivalent to 0.109 mol/L), and the ratio of anticoagulant to blood is 1:4. Containing 0.4 mL of 3.8% sodium citrate, blood is drawn to 2.0 ml, which is a special tube for the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the type of sample is plasma, which is suitable for sedimentation, and is inverted and mixed for 5-8 times immediately after the blood is drawn. It needs to be shaken again when ready to use. The difference between it and the test tube for clotting factor examination is that there is a difference between the concentration of anticoagulant and the ratio of blood, which should not be confused. 5. Sodium citrate coagulation test tubes with light blue cap Sodium citrate plays an anticoagulant role mainly by chelating with calcium ions in blood samples. The concentration of anticoagulant recommended by the National Committee for Standardization of Clinical Laboratories is 3.2% or 3.8% (equivalent to 0.109 mol/L or 0.129 mol/L), and the ratio of anticoagulant to blood is 1:9. Vacuum blood collection tubes contain about 0.2 mL of 3.2% sodium citrate anticoagulant, and the blood is collected up to 2.0 ml. The type of specimen preparation is whole blood or plasma, which is mixed 5-8 times by reversing the mixing immediately after collection. -8 times, after centrifugation, take the upper layer of plasma for spare, suitable for coagulation experiments, PT, APTT, coagulation factor examination. 6. heparin anticoagulant tube green cap Heparin is added to the blood collection tube. Heparin directly has the effect of antithrombin, which can prolong the specimen clotting time. Used for emergency and most biochemical experiments, such as liver function, kidney function, blood lipids, blood glucose and so on. It is suitable for erythrocyte fragility test, blood gas analysis, erythrocyte pressurization test, blood sedimentation and general biochemical assays, not suitable for blood coagulation test. Excessive heparin will cause aggregation of white blood cells and cannot be used for white blood cell counting. It is also not suitable for leukocyte classification because it can make the background of the blood film stained with light blue color. It can be used for blood rheology, the sample type is plasma, immediately after blood collection, invert and mix 5-8 times, take the upper layer of plasma for spare. 7. Plasma separator tube light green head cap Add lithium heparin anticoagulant in the inert separator hose, it can achieve the purpose of rapid separation of plasma, it is the best choice for electrolyte testing, it can also be used for routine plasma biochemical assay and emergency plasma biochemical assay in ICU and so on. It is used for emergency and most of the biochemical experiments, such as liver function, kidney function, blood lipids, blood glucose and so on. Plasma specimen can be directly on the machine and keep stable for 48 hours under refrigeration. It can be used for blood rheology use, the sample type is plasma, immediately after blood collection, invert and mix 5-8 times, take the upper layer of plasma for spare. 8. Potassium Oxalate/Sodium Fluoride Gray Headcap Sodium fluoride is a weak anticoagulant and is often used in combination with potassium oxalate or sodium iodate in a ratio of 1 part sodium fluoride to 3 parts potassium oxalate. This mixture of 4mg can make 1ml of blood non-coagulable within 23 days and inhibit the breakdown of sugar. It cannot be used for the determination of urea by the urease method, nor for the determination of alkaline phosphatase and amylase, but it is recommended to be used for blood glucose testing. Containing sodium fluoride or potassium oxalate or disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA-Na) spray, it can inhibit enolase activity in glucose metabolism. After drawing blood, mix it upside down for 5-8 times, centrifuge it and take the supernatant plasma for spare use, it is a special tube for rapid glucose determination. 9. EDTA anticoagulation tube with purple cap Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, molecular weight 292) and its salt is a kind of aminopolycarboxylic acid, which is suitable for general hematology test, and it is the preferred test tube for routine blood test, glycosylated hemoglobin, and blood type test. It is not suitable for coagulation test and platelet function test, nor for the determination of calcium ion, potassium ion, sodium ion, iron ion, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase and leucine aminopeptidase, it is suitable for PCR test. Spray 100ml of 2.7% EDTA-K2 solution on the inner wall of the vacuum tube, blow-dry at 45℃, collect blood to 2mI, mix 5-8 times by inverting the blood immediately after drawing, and mix well for use. Sample type is whole blood, need to be mixed before use. Precautions 1. Selection of vacuum blood collection tubes and injection order Select the appropriate tubes according to the items to be tested. The order of blood injection is culture bottle, normal tube, solid anticoagulant tube, liquid anticoagulant tube. The purpose of this sequence is to minimize analytical errors caused by specimen collection. Order of blood distribution: ①Order of using glass tubes: blood culture tubes, serum tubes without anticoagulant, sodium citrate anticoagulant tubes, and other anticoagulant tubes. ②Order of using plastic test tubes: blood culture tube (yellow), sodium citrate anticoagulation tube (blue), serum tube with or without blood coagulation activator or gel separation, heparin tube with or without gel (green), EDTA anticoagulation tube (purple), and glucose catabolism inhibitor tube (gray). 2. Blood collection site and posture Infants and young children can follow the method recommended by the World Health Organization, taking blood from the thumb or the inner and outer edges of the heel, preferring the vein at the head and neck or the fontanel vein. Adults choose the median vein of the elbow, the back of the hand, and the wrist joint without bruising or edema, and the veins of individual patients are at the back of the elbow joint. Patients in the outpatient clinic tend to be in the sitting position, and patients in the ward tend to be in the prone position. When taking blood, patients are instructed to relax and keep the environment warm to prevent venous contracture, the restraint time should not be too long, and it is forbidden to slap the arm, otherwise it can cause local blood concentration or activation of the coagulation system. Try to choose thick, easy to fix the blood vessels for puncture, to ensure that a needle to see blood. The angle of needle insertion is generally 20-30°, after seeing the return of blood, parallel slightly forward, and then set on the vacuum tube. Individual patients with low pressure of blood, after puncture, no return of blood, but set on the negative-pressure tube, the blood flows out smoothly. 3. Strictly check the expiration date of blood collection tubes. They must be used within the expiration date, and must not be used when there are foreign objects or sediments in the blood collection tubes. 4. correctly affix the bar code Follow the doctor's instructions to print the bar code and affix it on the front side after checking the correctness, and the bar code should not cover the scale of the blood collection tube. 5. Timely delivery of blood specimens for testing Blood specimens should be delivered for testing within 2 hours after collection to minimize the influencing factors. The blood specimen should be sent for examination within 2 hours after collection to minimize the influencing factors. When sending for examination, it should be protected from strong light, wind, rain, freezing, high temperature, shaking and hemolysis. 6. Storage temperature Blood collection tubes should be stored at an ambient temperature of 4-25°C. Storage at 0°C or below may cause rupture of the blood collection tubes. 7. Protect the latex sleeve The latex sleeve at the end of the lancet can prevent the blood collection tubes from continuing to bleed and contaminate the surrounding area after the removal of the blood collection tubes, and play a role in closing the blood collection tubes to prevent contamination of the environment, and must not be removed from the latex sleeve. Multi-tube collection of blood samples, blood collection needle rubber may be broken, if broken, resulting in blood spillage, should be adsorbed first, and then disinfection. 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