According to Hua Tianmou's 6S management consultant, on-site construction safety management mostly relies on "experience" management, which is arbitrary and paralyzed. Without the on-site supervision and management method based on scientific theory and data, serious fatal accidents can not be effectively curbed.
1. Identification basis of construction safety hazards
There are hidden dangers in urban construction safety in and around the construction site. The reasons include the results of non-conformity in survey and design in the early stage of construction and various non-conformity activities and material conditions (people, things, environment and pipelines) during construction. Only by identifying the hazards and finding the root causes can effective monitoring be achieved.
1. 1 major hazards on the construction site
Major hazard sources in the construction site refer to the activities existing in the construction site, mainly involving construction divisions, sub-items (processes), construction devices (facilities, machinery) and materials. The main dangers are:
(1) On the working face with a height of more than 2m (including high altitude, hole opening and border operation), people step on the air, slip and lose stability, and people are not equipped with protective ropes (belts) due to nonconformity or insufficient safety protection facilities.
(2) Tower cranes, material hoists, construction elevators and other large lifting equipment collapse, mechanical injury and object blow caused by illegal operation during installation, dismantling and operation.
(3) Scaffolding (including landing frame, cantilever frame, lifting frame, etc. ), templates and supports, manual digging piles, foundation pit (groove) construction, local structural engineering or temporary buildings (barrack, fence, etc. ) instability, leading to collapse and collapse.
(4) Welding, metal cutting, impact drilling (rock drilling) and other construction and various construction electrical equipment safety protection (such as leakage, insulation, grounding protection) do not meet the requirements, resulting in electric shock, local fire, etc.
(5) Engineering demolition, manual digging (well), shallow rock foundation and tunnel excavation, etc. Casualties, damage to buildings and facilities caused by misoperation and inadequate protection.
(6) Engineering materials, components and equipment are piled up and transported (hoisted), resulting in falling, scattered piles and hitting people.
(7) Manual digging of piles (wells), excavation, indoor painting (painting) and pasting, etc. Asphyxia or gas poisoning due to poor ventilation and exhaust.
1.2 Temporary storage or use of inflammable and explosive chemicals for construction does not meet the requirements.
Temporary storage or use of flammable and explosive chemicals in construction does not meet the requirements and the protection is not in place, causing fire or personnel poisoning accidents; The food on the construction site is not hygienic enough, leading to collective poisoning or disease. Major hazards in the area around the construction site exist in the construction process site, which may endanger the activities of the surrounding communities, mainly related to the community address, project type, technology, construction equipment and materials where the project is located. The main dangers are:
(1) In the construction of high-rise buildings facing the street or airport (street) where the working face is more than 2m high, scaffolding, slipform instability and other falling objects (pieces) are injured or killed due to insufficient safety protection facilities or non-compliance.
(2) The surrounding buildings are inclined, cracked and collapsed due to the uneven settlement of foundation during the construction of foundation pit excavation and manual digging piles.
(3) Demolition of the project, artificial excavation (well), shallow rock foundation, tunnel excavation and other blasting, due to design scheme, operation, protection and other reasons, resulting in the destruction of existing buildings and facilities in and around the construction site and casualties.
(4) In the construction of deep foundation pits, tunnels, subways, shafts and large pipe trenches adjacent to streets or residential areas, not only the construction site is damaged, but also the ground, surrounding buildings and important urban operation facilities often collapse, collapse, explosion and fire due to the instability and collapse of supporting and jacking facilities.
2. Management of major hazard sources
Enterprises need to identify and evaluate major hazard sources, and formulate a strict management system according to each major hazard source, and strictly control and manage major hazard sources through technical means and organizational means. Major hazard source enterprises should formulate control objectives and management plans, have corresponding control measures for each major hazard source, strictly define objectives, formulate detailed management plans, and clarify the implementation departments. For some major hazards of large-scale equipment, illegal command and illegal operation are carried out during disassembly and assembly. The control goal in this case is to ensure that no casualties and equipment damage accidents occur; The control measures are as follows: First, formulate objectives and management plans, strengthen supervision and management, strengthen management system, strengthen training and education, and make emergency plans in advance.
Management plan:
First, use a professional company with technical support for installation and disassembly; Second, through the examination and approval of the corresponding departments and responsible persons, a series of special technical measures are compiled; Third, safety education and training and related technical training need to be prepared in advance; Fourth, the process of disassembly requires professional supervision and guidance; Fifth, the disassembly and assembly personnel need to have valid certificates and qualified physique; Sixth, a safety warning zone should be set up when disassembling; Seventh, install unloading platform, protective door and communication device as required; Eighth, after the construction is completed, it should be delivered to the relevant departments for inspection before it can be put into production, and the repair and maintenance work should be done in time. Finally, we should implement the specific work to the relevant departments and implement the delivery time.
An important link in the control system of major hazard sources is to formulate emergency rescue measures in advance, and each major hazard source has corresponding emergency measures. Enterprises should make plans according to the specific actual conditions, implement the specific measures of the plan, and regularly test the effectiveness and practicability of the plan. If conditions permit, they should exercise and practice regularly, and revise and improve the plan in time.
Practice is an important way to test the implementation effect of risk control measures and schemes for dangerous sources. In the process of building construction, controlling major hazard accidents according to the formulated measures, control objectives and management plans can effectively curb all kinds of safety accidents and is also a necessary condition to ensure a good safety environment at the building construction site.
On-site supervision and inspection can effectively control major hazards in terms of quantity and distribution, strengthen on-site supervision and inspection, often inform the site of the specific situation of major hazards, rationally formulate rectification measures and inform management, and effectively prevent dangerous accidents. Mobilize all employees to participate in safety construction training, and everyone should participate, especially paying attention to prevention, combining prevention and control, and strengthening safety education in this area is the top priority. Appropriately eliminate backward technologies and processes, improve the safety standards of construction projects, continuously improve the construction safety technology and management level, and reduce the safety risks in the construction process.
3. The main hazards of major hazards of construction safety
Some risks in building construction are inherent. By analyzing these risks, the sources of construction risks can be summarized as follows: aerial work, foundation, environmental conditions, equipment and finished materials, and other substances; From the perspective of urban construction safety management institutions, the identification and registration of major hazards should be combined with the inherent risks of urban construction projects and the environment. Major hazards in construction safety may cause building collapse, support collapse, heavy objects falling from high altitude, fire, explosion of dangerous goods and other hazards.
4. Prevention and control of major hazards in building safety
Strengthen the construction of safety supervision institutions in on-site construction areas, constantly improve urban construction with technical support as the core, and comprehensively improve management level. Formulate and implement the inspection and testing system for installation, operation, disassembly and erection of large-scale construction machinery on site. Carry out the identification of major hazards in construction safety and the risk assessment of engineering construction safety, and register major hazards in urban construction safety for construction projects that may affect community safety. The main contents of the registration of major hazard sources shall include: project name, hazard source category, address (lot), construction and development unit, construction unit and contact person, contact information, possible hazards caused by major hazard sources, main construction safety measures and emergency rescue plan (work).