For more than a century, the cause of Napoleon's death has been debated: some say he died of stomach cancer, some say he was poisoned. 1960s, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation and the University of Bastille, France, Napoleon's hair for testing and analysis, and found to contain a large amount of arsenic (arsenic), to further support the claim that Napoleon was poisoned. Recently, the University of Basel, Switzerland, in cooperation with the University of Zurich Institute for the History of Medicine, through the Napoleon of different periods of 12 pants waist size research concluded that Napoleon indeed died of stomach cancer.
In the 1960s, a Swedish dentist first suspected that Napoleon died of chronic poisoning.
After Napoleon's death, the autopsy and clinical symptoms of the doctors of that year concluded that he died from complications of stomach cancer. At that time to do the autopsy was Napoleon's personal physician Francesco Antonucci, together with the presence of five British doctors to watch. It was therefore generally considered unlikely that a doctor would have tampered with the autopsy. However, in the 1960s, a Swedish dentist named Sten Furschwald read the memoirs of Napoleon's first servant, Louis Marchand. Learning from the memoirs that Napoleon often endured chronic pain during his exile, he suspected at the time that Napoleon died of chronic poisoning.
Napoleon's heirs kept some of the monarch's hair, which was recovered by experts who sent a few of them to the nuclear laboratory in Harwell, England, for testing. The results show that Napoleon's hair in the arsenic content is very high, more than normal people 20 times or even 30 times, only a long time of chronic arsenic poisoning will reach such a high indicator. Because arsenic is a toxic chemical element, and its compound arsenic trioxide is the violent poison arsenic. Napoleon was a very cautious man, always maintaining a high degree of vigilance, how could he be easily poisoned? And who actually poisoned him? From this, and deduce a variety of confusing version.
In 2002, three authorities analyzed Napoleon's hair in detail.
In October 2002, the French "Science and Life" magazine invited three French authorities to use synchrotron radiation on Napoleon's hair to carry out a detailed analysis of the remains of the results concluded that: Napoleon died of gastric cancer, rather than the experts speculated that arsenic poisoning. These three people are the Paris police toxicology laboratory head Ricordel, France Osset electromagnetic radiation use laboratory experts Chevalier, and the Paris Atomic Energy Commission condensed matter, atomic and molecular research institute experts Meyer. The French magazine "Science and Life" had given some of the hair left behind by Napoleon to the three experts, hoping that they could draw a conclusion for Napoleon's death accordingly
It is reported that these hairs **** there are 19 locks of hair, some of which were removed from Napoleon's body after his death, and some of which were retained during Napoleon's life.The three experts measured each lock of hair hundreds of times, and for Each lock of hair was measured at intervals as fine as 0.5 millimeters. The results showed that the content of arsenic was many times higher than normal, both in the hair removed after Napoleon's death in 1821 and in the hair preserved in 1805 and 1814 when Napoleon was alive. Experts thus concluded that Napoleon did not die of arsenic poisoning, because these hair to take and keep time apart 16 years, and in as long as 16 years, these hair in the arsenic content is almost the same, and evenly distributed in the whole hair, which indicates that the hair on the arsenic is not Napoleon ingested into the body, they come from the external environment. In this regard, experts speculate that it may be from the wood heating, placed rat poison, fiddling with arsenic-containing bullets, etc., and most likely from some kind of preservative, because in the 19th century, France is very popular with arsenic preservation of hair.
Twelve pairs of pants worn by Napoleon during his exile had exactly the same change in waist circumference as those of a patient with stomach cancer.
A group led by Alessandro Ruggieri, an anatomical pathologist at the University Hospital of Basel in Switzerland, in collaboration with the Institute for the History of Medicine at the University of Zurich, concluded through a study of the waist size of 12 pairs of pants worn by Napoleon during different periods that Napoleon did die of stomach cancer. The 12 pairs of pants were all worn by Napoleon during his six years in exile. Swiss scientists measured the waist circumference of these pants, and then studied the waist circumference of some living patients with stomach cancer changes, the results found that Napoleon's waist circumference changes and the waist circumference of patients with stomach cancer changes exactly the same. Napoleon wore the largest pants waist size is 110 cm, and before his death in 1821, he wore pants waist size has shrunk to 98 cm. Alessandro Ruggieri, a specialist at the University Hospital of Basel who participated in the study, said, "We believe the autopsy report's claim that Napoleon did die of stomach cancer."
An expert named Kostan, after studying Napoleon's medical records during his lifetime, believes that Napoleon died of stomach cancer undoubtedly. According to medical records, Napoleon died before the epigastric pain, hiccups and exhaled a very unpleasant odor. Kostan said, these symptoms are very much like stomach cancer patients. The expert also analyzed the autopsy report in detail. It is reported that the report used medical terms to imply that doctors found a stomach tumor in Napoleon's body, which is the strongest evidence of stomach cancer. According to the records, the researchers found that Napoleon usually always liked to stick his right hand in his vest, this subtle habit is reflecting the fact that he had been suffering from severe stomach pains.
Napoleon's grandparents and grandchildren died of stomach cancer, and statistics confirm that cancer is hereditary.
In 2004, Steven Karch, a forensic pathologist at the Department of Forensic Examinations in San Francisco, USA, published his own new discovery - that Napoleon died from medical malpractice caused by an enema administered by a quack doctor. According to Cage, Napoleon suffered from stomach upset and intestinal spasms during his lifetime, and his doctor relieved his symptoms with enemas every day, leading to a disturbance in the water-electrolyte balance in Napoleon's body and causing his death from cardiac arrhythmia. However, most people still support the stomach cancer theory.
The strongest argument in favor of Napoleon's death from stomach cancer is that most of Napoleon's family died of stomach cancer in three generations, including his grandfather, father and three sisters. This has aroused the medical profession's concern about the heredity of stomach cancer. According to experts, heritability of stomach cancer is mainly reflected in two aspects. First, there exists purely hereditary stomach cancer, which means that it is passed from parents and other immediate family members to the next generation. Secondly, the heritability of stomach cancer is more reflected in the genetic material, which is different from the genetic disease, parents will definitely pass it to the next generation.
It has been clarified that cancer is an extremely complex process of cellular malignancy, which can be caused by endogenous factors or exogenous carcinogenic factors, but more often it is the result of the combined effect of these two types of factors. At present, there are a lot of data indicating that there are multiple genetic changes in the occurrence of one cancer, and the same genetic changes will play a role in the occurrence of multiple cancers. The development of most cancers is closely related to the activation of oncogenes or to the inactivation of anticancer genes. As far as the results of the current etiological studies are concerned, some cancer tumors may be caused by certain genetic characteristics on the basis of the action of external carcinogens. Therefore, from a preventive point of view, the early detection of these easy patients with genetic factors and timely preventive measures will certainly help to reduce the incidence of cancerous tumors.
Napoleon's cause of death is not "finalized", a generation of lords may have a new way to die.
The death of a great man will always be the focus of attention. Napoleon's cause of death, but also people's long-term focus of attention. 21st century today, Swiss scientists hope that with the help of 12 pants to solve the mystery of the 19th century, said Napoleon's real cause of death is gastric cancer, and claimed that this conclusion is the cause of Napoleon's death of the final word. But history has taught us that the cause of Napoleon's death can never be finalized, and no one believes in the saying of "final conclusion" anymore. What's more, this time, with the help of 12 pants in the investigation of the fanfare, did not come up with many new discoveries.
In France, historians rely on Napoleon to eat countless, and even French scientists can often get a little pocket money from Napoleon. Because Napoleon's death has become a never-ending research topic. Maybe, someday someone will pour out a new cause of death for Napoleon. Since the death of Napoleon I on May 6, 1821, on the island of St. Helena, where he was imprisoned, most historians have tended to believe that Napoleon, like his father, died of stomach cancer. This statement was accepted by all, even in dictionaries and history books. However, a wealthy Canadian businessman named Ben. Waddell, a wealthy Canadian businessman, wrote the book Did Napoleon Die of Poisoning? a book that makes the argument that Napoleon died from arsenic poisoning. How was Napoleon poisoned? Was it a natural poisoning or was it administered by someone? French historian René. Maurice's new book "unraveling the mystery of Napoleon" on the Waddell's argument and made additions. Napoleon died of arsenic poisoning.
Waddell after a long period of research, the preliminary conclusion, Napoleon is in the island of St. Helena during the imprisonment due to long-term arsenic poisoning death. Last May, he also held a hearing in the French Senate on this, inviting some prestigious French experts to express their views. Weidel is also ready to take out a huge sum of 500,000 U.S. dollars, the body of Napoleon's open casket toxicology identification to determine the real cause of death of this emperor.
Waddell's worship of the "little captain" was inherited from his father, because Napoleon was the "great savior" of French Jewry. Waddell's ancestors had been Jews living in France and had been protected by Napoleon. His father was a Polish tailor who went into exile in Canada during World War II. Although the Waddell family moved around, the legend of Napoleon's protection of the Jews was passed down from generation to generation. On his deathbed, Waddell's father called him to his side and instructed his son to defend the memory of Napoleon no matter what. Waddell lived up to his father's expectations and made good on his promise when he made his fortune, founding the International Napoleon Society in 1995, which specializes in the study of Napoleon.
Back in the 1960s, a Swedish dentist named Sten. Furschwald, a Swedish dentist, had read the memoirs of Louis Marchand, Napoleon's first servant. Louis Marchand, Napoleon's first servant. Furschwald, an accomplished toxicologist, learned from the memoirs that Napoleon often suffered from chronic pain in prison, and he suspected at the time that Napoleon died of chronic poisoning. Napoleon's heirs had preserved some of the monarch's hair, some of which he had cut between 1816 and 1818, and some of which he had left the day after his death on May 6, 1821, and which he had left behind. Waddell found the hairs and sent several of them to the Nuclear Laboratory in Harwell, England, for testing, the results of which were confirmed by the FBI. All the lab results showed that the arsenic content in Napoleon's hair was very high, more than 20 or even 30 times that of a normal person, and that only a long period of chronic arsenic poisoning would reach such a high index.
Napoleon's cronies were murderers.
140 years after Napoleon's death, the discovery of excess arsenic in his hair could be considered new evidence for his cause of death. Waddell, who still has two handfuls of Napoleon's hair in his possession, wants the French laboratory to conduct another test to completely unravel the mystery of the monarch's death. So where exactly did so much arsenic come from? One may be the use of arsenic in the medicine, but whether it is Napoleon's doctor, or servant Marchand, they did not mention Napoleon's medication containing arsenic; another may be caused by environmental pollution, because in 1819 he lived in the room of the new replacement of a popular wallpaper, green dye is made from arsenic as the basis of manufacturing. Napoleon long time in such an environment, and the lack of necessary ventilation equipment and physical exercise, a large number of arsenic with the air was inhaled by his body, which led to his death of the chronic killer.
However, Morris's latest research argues that these inferences above are unconvincing, and he argues that Napoleon was poisoned to death by his general Demontosaurus. Charles. De Montolon was of noble birth, a duke, and was made general of Napoleon for his pandering to him and became Napoleon's general. After Napoleon's defeat and imprisonment on the island of St. Helena, the only two people who accompanied Napoleon from start to finish were Demontolon and the first servant, Marchand. Last year, Fran?ois, a descendant of General de Montolon. Montosaurus in his family's ancestral cellar, found 37 pieces of precious materials left behind by de Montosaurus during his lifetime, including letters written by de Montosaurus to his wife Albina, private diaries, reminiscences and many drafts. Fran?ois, together with the historian Maurice, researched these yellowed materials, and he was surprised to find that the old ancestor, who had been the pride of his family, was the murderer of Napoleon.
Why did de Montaurent poison Napoleon .
So why did de Montaurent, who had always admired Napoleon, kill him? One analysis suggests that de Mont-Tolon may have been paid by the British to kill Napoleon for political-money reasons. Maurice and Fran?ois believe that this is impossible, and they know from the large amount of material in their possession that de Mont-Tolon poisoned Napoleon mainly for the following motives.
One of them is jealousy. 1811, De Montolon played a mean trick, married a beautiful woman Albina. Devasar as his wife. Before marrying de Montolon, Albina had married twice. The couple lived in hiding until Louis XVIII's comeback, unable to extricate themselves because of De Montolon's debts. In 1815, they decided to go into exile with the Emperor Napoleon, the only way to escape their creditors and justice. Besides, they did not know at the time that they would be permanently imprisoned on the island of St. Helena. Albina was 35 years old, still graceful and charming, and was loved by Napoleon. For ulterior motives, de Montaurent not only tolerated, but even encouraged his wife's proximity to Napoleon, knowing that Napoleon was impotent and would not have intercourse with Albina. However, he was very wrong in this judgment. Not only did Napoleon fall y in love with this woman, but he also had a daughter with her named Josefina. Ever since Napoleon fell in love with Albina, he forbade de Montaurent to see her again, and in July 1819, Napoleon ordered Albina to leave St. Helena with the child. This separation was too much for de Montolon, who was only 36 years old, to bear. After his wife's departure, de Montaurent, unwilling to stay with Napoleon in captivity to the end, had the idea of killing the monarch and leaving the island early.
The second motive is greedy for money. At that time, de Montauron owed a large debt, in order to make their own funds to help, he began to covet Napoleon's money, hoping that by virtue of his dedication to Napoleon and attentive service, can get a large part of Napoleon's huge inheritance. In fact, Napoleon had promised him a legacy of two million francs in gold coins in his will, not only in return for his loyalty, but also for Albina. But de Montaurent had a much greater appetite than this, and thus became displeased with Napoleon.
So how did de Montolon poison Napoleon? At that time, St. Helena rats plague, the British doctor had purchased a batch of arsenic-containing rat-killing medicine. De Montolon was responsible for Napoleon's life, Napoleon loved to drink a kind of Batan almond kernel sugar water imported from South Africa, this kind of juice is transported to the island with a big barrel, De Montolon then loaded into the bottle from the barrel, it is very likely that he secretly put into the rats medicine in bottling, because he put a very small amount of dosage each time, so it has not been found.
The arsenic poisoning in Napoleon's body extended over a period of five years, that is to say, from January, 1816, to March, 1821. It has been noted that during this time he was poisoned, but not yet fatally. This is because the poisoner did not want him to die immediately, but only to weaken his muscles in order to gain the mercy of the British to be able to release Napoleon early. If Napoleon had died immediately, de Montaurent would have been guilty. Later, Napoleon suffered from constipation, 3 days in a row can not solve the stool, the British doctors gave him the use of mercuric chloride, this laxative was not harmless, but it meets the hydrocyanic acid of the juice, will produce mercury cyanide, coupled with, Napoleon's body contains a large number of arsenic, the toxicity is sufficient to be fatal. Napoleon's intestines and stomach had been destroyed by arsenic, and it was impossible to excrete the poison. Napoleon's direct cause of death is the doctor gave him the use of laxatives, in this sense, Demontolon can be considered an indirect killer.