India and Pakistan both developed their nuclear weapon states with their own technology.
India
India began developing its nuclear program as early as 1948 under the leadership of scientist Homi J. Bhabha and operated its first nuclear reactor, CIRUS, in 1956.
Jawaharlal Nehru also strongly supported India's development of nuclear weapons for political and military advantage, which led to the acquisition of access to peaceful nuclear technology in the 1950s. 1950s to gain access to peaceful nuclear technology.
Subsequently, during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, India was involved in a border conflict with China over the border issue, but was internationally sympathetic as it was defeated by the People's Liberation Army of China (PLA), and received technological support from the USSR and the United States of America in various categories.
After China withdrew from the disputed area in November of the same year, India continued to cooperate with the Soviet Union, but in 1962 India's right-wing opposition began to criticize Nehru's foreign and defense policies, and the issue of a nuclear deterrent was debated in the press and in Parliament.
After Nehru's death in 1964, his successor, Lal Bahadur Shastri, continued to support the development of nuclear weapons, while the new government's Minister of Information and Broadcasting, Indira Gandhi, promised to conduct a nuclear test in 18 months' time, but this failed because India's nuclear program had not yet been fully developed at that time.
The debate over the development of nuclear weapons continued, with opponents arguing that India should continue its tradition of pacifism and that nuclear weapons would be too costly to develop, but supporters arguing that India needed to develop its own nuclear deterrent capability to defend itself against China's nuclear weapons program or the threat of neighboring countries acquiring nuclear weapons. But in 1966, the death of Homi Baba, a key leader of the nuclear weapons program, put India's nuclear weapons program on hold.
In 1970, the nuclear weapons program was accelerated by the conflict with Pakistan, and India signed a cooperation agreement with the Soviet Union while the United States, China, and Pakistan*** worked together, but Prime Minister Indira Gandhi felt it was necessary to develop nuclear weapons to stabilize the country's position.
In 1972, Indira ordered scientists at the Baba Atomic Energy Research Center (BARC) to work on nuclear weapons and decided to use plutonium from the CIRUS nuclear reactor and a simplified design of the Fat Man bomb to build nuclear weapons.
In 1974, India conducted the Smiling Buddha nuclear test in the Thar Desert in the name of peaceful nuclear energy blasts, but this was the first time since the conclusion of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons that another country had conducted a nuclear test, which led to widespread discussion of the possibility of clandestine development of nuclear weapons from private nuclear technology, and it was later proved that countries such as Pakistan and Iran were actually carrying out nuclear weapons programs.
India
India's clandestine development of nuclear weapons immediately aroused great international concern and anger, especially from countries such as Canada, which had first supplied India's CIRUS nuclear reactor in the belief that it was intended to develop nuclear power generation technology. The reason for India's development of nuclear weapons is not only to confront the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Pakistan, which share the same border with India, but also to become one of the major powers in the South Asian region.
After the news of India's nuclear tests spread, nearly 90 percent of Indian society supported them, and the Indian government continued its nuclear weapons and related technology development program. Since the first nuclear weapons test in 1974 until 1988, India has used more than 20 peaceful nuclear energy explosions in the atmosphere to test nuclear weapons technology that can be used for military applications.
But due to technological constraints, India was unable to design nuclear weapons that could be stored for long periods of time, and only began to stockpile a small number of warheads in the early 1980s. After Pakistan also began developing a nuclear weapons program in 1989, it planned to build up its own stockpile of nuclear weapons.
Finally, in 1998, India conducted a formal test explosion of a fully weaponized nuclear warhead device in the Pokhran-II nuclear test, and announced that it had a nuclear weapons capability. The nuclear test was generally viewed positively by Indian society, but prompted Pakistan to test its own nuclear weapons later, and the United States and China to impose economic sanctions for undermining security in the region.
In July 2005, U.S. President George W. Bush and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announced that the two countries would conclude the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Energy Cooperation Agreement and engage in a series of cooperative endeavors, in which the U.S. government stated that it would provide India with the opportunity to "develop a nuclear energy program with advanced nuclear technology," and that the U.S. government would provide India with the necessary resources to develop a nuclear energy program. The U.S. government said the two sides should strengthen cooperation on technology under the premise that India is a "responsible power with advanced nuclear technology".
Subsequently, the Indian government announced plans to separate its civilian and military nuclear programs in March 2006, and in December 2006 the U.S. Congress passed a corresponding bill. At the same time, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) approved India's specific safeguards agreement, allowing other nuclear suppliers to lift export restrictions on India.
Finally, the U.S. and India*** signed the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Energy Cooperation Agreement, but the U.S. Department of State said the U.S. would not recognize India as a legitimate possessor of nuclear weapons, and that all cooperation with India could be halted if India were to conduct a nuclear test on its own, in accordance with the terms of the treaty.
At the same time, the U.S. government has also further indicated that the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Energy Cooperation Agreement is not intended to assist India in introducing sensitive dual-use nuclear technology, but rather to allow the two sides to exchange information on the design, architecture, and operation of nuclear technology, and that each nuclear supplier retains the right to request an explanation of India's nuclear program afterward.
While India has not made any official statement about the number of nuclear weapons it has, in June 2011 it was estimated that the Indian military had between 80 and 100 nuclear warheads, although this figure includes unassembled nuclear weapons in addition to warheads that are ready to be fielded. In the past, India was estimated to have the capacity to produce between 75 and 110 warheads, based on the amount of plutonium it could produce.
Plutonium for nuclear weapons is produced at the Baba Atomic Energy Research Center (BARC), which was shut down in 2010, and is extracted from nuclear waste through a nuclear fuel recovery unit at the Canadian-supplied CIRUS and the Indian-developed Dhruva reactor.
According to estimates in 1999, India had successfully separated nearly 4,200 kilograms of plutonium from its own reactors, which is enough for about 1,000 nuclear warheads.
Today, India's main nuclear weapons delivery platforms include short- and intermediate-range Spitfire-3 ballistic missiles, military aircraft, and surface ships, and India also plans to conduct multiple sea trials of its nuclear-powered submarine Jaguar after it is commissioned into the Indian Navy in 2012, which would mean that India would have a "nuclear triangle" of strike capabilities. The newest addition to the list is a new one, which is a new one for the country.
Pakistan
Pakistan built its first nuclear power plant in Karachi in 1970 with equipment and raw materials supplied by Western countries.
Then, with the support of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Zulfikar Bhutto convened a meeting of senior scholars and engineers in various fields in Multan on January 20, 1972, and announced that the government would also support Pakistan's development of nuclear weapons technology, while responding to a backlash from some scientists who claimed that Pakistan still needed nuclear weapons for its survival.
At the meeting, Zulfikar Bhutto appointed Munir Ahmad Khan and his Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission to secretly develop nuclear weapons through nuclear power technology.
In December 1972, Abdul Salam's theoretical physics group began to make some of its scientific research available to the nuclear weapons development team, which meant that the Pakistani team was also capable of more in-depth technological development.
India's successful completion of the Smiling Buddha nuclear test in 1974 made it the first country, apart from the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, to confirm that it had embarked on the development of nuclear weapons, which made Pakistan's goal of developing its own nuclear weapons more certain.
The nuclear technologists, including Abdul Qadeer Khan, then joined the nuclear weapons development team and worked with Zahid Ali Akbar Khan on Project-706, which specialized in the development of nuclear weapons, while the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, headed by Munir Amor, was responsible for the research program in 20 laboratories. 20 the conduct of the laboratory research program.
The then Chief of Army Staff, Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, was also supportive of the nuclear weapons program and saw it as a solution to India's development of nuclear weapons as well.
France, on the other hand, cooperated with Pakistan on the reprocessing of nuclear materials in 1972, but after the Indian test explosions in 1974, many Western countries chose to end their cooperation with Pakistan, believing that Pakistan would try to develop its own nuclear weapons after the Indian nuclear tests.
In 1986, under US pressure, France also withdrew from the partnership, leaving Pakistan to try to acquire Western nuclear technology and parts. In 1990, the U.S. went further and passed the Pressler Amendment to end economic and military aid to Pakistan, citing the belief that Pakistan had been able to prepare for nuclear weapons testing since the mid-1980s.
Despite the US sanctions, however, Pakistan continued its nuclear weapons research in the 1980s and built experimental facilities in the Chagai Hills under the direction of Rahimuddin Khan.
With the successful production of enough uranium for one nuclear weapon between 1985 and 1986, and the acquisition of the key technology to detonate a nuclear weapon and the method of constructing the corresponding facility on the ground in 1987 and 1989, respectively. China and India have a somewhat hostile relationship, which has led China to provide Pakistan with designs for nuclear weapons for a long time.
In addition to supporting high-tech key components that Pakistan needed but could not produce on its own, China even shipped Pakistani-made nuclear weapon parts to Lop Nor for nuclear weapon testing.
Finally, in 1998, a few weeks after India completed its second nuclear weapons test, Pokhran-II, it conducted the Chagai-I nuclear test at Ras Koh Hills in Chagai district of Balochistan on May 28, becoming the seventh country in the world to successfully develop and test nuclear weapons. It was the seventh country in the world to successfully develop and test a nuclear weapon. It was also the first Islamic country to possess nuclear weapons.
On May 30, 1998, Pakistan conducted its second and final Chagai-II nuclear test in the Kharan Desert in Balochistan.
During the 1990s and early 2000s, Pakistan acquired missile technology and key components from the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and developed the Shaheen-I, Shaheen-II and Ghauri missiles, which were tested several times.
Pakistan is estimated to have about 90 nuclear warheads in its arsenal, and according to studies, a nuclear war between India and Pakistan could kill nearly 1 million people, and indirectly affect 100 million people around the world in a nuclear winter due to lack of food.
In 2004, Abdul Qadeer Khan, a key figure in Pakistan's nuclear weapons program, admitted to secretly selling nuclear weapons technology on the international black market, and that North Korea, Iran and Libya had purchased gas centrifuge technology from Pakistan to process enriched uranium.
But Abdul Qadeer, along with Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf, denied that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and much of the news media suspected that the Pakistani government or military had facilitated the deal, and later provided his own contradictions to his earlier claims.
Expanded:
The Nuclear Weapons Club
Currently there are eight sovereign states in the world*** that have successfully tested nuclear weapons, and the content of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons recognizes the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council as "nuclear weapons possessors". The NPT recognizes the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council as "nuclear weapons possessors," with the United States, Russia (which succeeded the Soviet Union), the United Kingdom, France, and China as the countries that have succeeded in acquiring nuclear weapons in that order.
Since the signing of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) in 1972, three countries that have not signed the treaty, including India, Pakistan and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), have launched their own nuclear weapons programs. The DPRK formally agreed to the NPT in 1985, but announced its withdrawal from the agreement in 2003.
In addition, Israel is widely believed to have nuclear weapons, but the Israeli government has refused to confirm or deny this information, although it has indirectly revealed that it has tested nuclear weapons. The countries that have been confirmed as having nuclear weapons, or are widely believed to have them, are sometimes referred to as the "nuclear club".