1 overview
There are natural killer cells and killer cells killing T cells in the body, which can resist the production of tumor cells themselves. According to experimental observation, a tumor cell needs hundreds of lymphocytes to deal with it. There are about 1 100 million tumor cells in a cubic centimeter tumor block. Therefore, if there are a large number of lymphocytes, tumor cells can be effectively eliminated and tumor cells can be resisted, which is the basic idea of cellular immunotherapy. [ 1]
2 Introduction
At present, cell biotherapy with specific anti-tumor immunotherapy as the leading factor has become an important development direction of tumor biotherapy. Cellular immunotherapy, also known as adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACI or AIT), refers to the transfusion of immune cells (specific and non-specific) with anti-tumor activity to tumor patients, directly killing tumors or stimulating the body's immune response to kill tumor cells. Clinically, it refers to a therapeutic method of infusing autologous or allogeneic immune effector cells activated in vitro into patients to kill tumor cells in patients.
Cellular immunotherapy has always been the most active field in tumor biotherapy. Cellular immunotherapy is more suitable for patients with low cellular immune function, such as high-dose chemotherapy, radiotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, virus infection, especially patients with blood/immune system tumors.
3 development
Cellular immunotherapy can selectively inhibit/kill tumor cells, and does not depend on the immune function of tumor-bearing patients, and can be used in conjunction with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Since 1980s, a lot of research has been done. This therapy has experienced the development stages of NK, γδT, CD3AK, DC-CIK, LAK, TIL, CIK, EAAL, etc. Its curative effect, specificity, total effective rate and side effects are also gradually improved [2].
4 classification
natural killer
NK cells are natural killer cells and the first barrier of human defense system. It is usually dormant, and once activated, it will penetrate into most tissues to attack tumor cells and virus-infected cells. NK cells are the core component of human innate immunity and the foundation of tumor cellular immunity.
Because the killing activity of NK cells is not limited by MHC and does not depend on antibodies, it is called natural killing activity. The killing effect of NK cells on cancer cells appeared early, 1 hour in vitro and 4 hours in vivo. At the same time, NK cells make up for the defect that cytotoxic T lymphocytes must recognize MHC-I molecules when killing tumor cells, but cannot kill tumor cells with negative molecules.
Characteristics of NK cells
① NK cells are the cells with the strongest anticancer activity in human body, which can directly identify and kill cancer cells and inhibit the growth and spread of tumors;
② NK cells can inhibit the proliferation of new blood vessels near the tumor and limit the growth of the tumor through the factors secreted by NK cells;
③ NK cells can directly improve and regulate the immunity and nervous system of patients, and indirectly improve the quality of life of patients;
④ NK cells can secrete a variety of cytokines, which can relieve patients' pain and indirectly improve their quality of life;
⑤ NK cell therapy has no side effects.
γδT cell
γδT cells are a special type of immune cells between specific immunity and nonspecific immunity, which are mainly distributed in skin and mucosa.
cellular immunotherapy
Tissue, generally not more than 5% of the total number of T cells, γδT cells are in the front line of the body's immune protection system, play an important role in anti-tumor immunity, and have the functions of cytotoxicity and secretion of various cytokines and chemokines.
Characteristics of γδT cells
① γδT cells can interact with various immune cells and participate in anti-tumor immune response.
②.γδT cells can rapidly induce an effective anti-tumor immune response in the early stage of tumorigenesis.
③ γδT cells play an important protective role in the process of anti-tumor immunity.
④ γδT can kill tumor cells through cytotoxic effect and prevent the occurrence and development of tumor.
⑤, Δ T cells can secrete related factors to make activated lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells and neutrophils recruit to specific positions, which produces effects, and the chemokines induced by them can amplify tumor signals.
⑥ It can secrete perforin and induce tumor cell apoptosis.
Because of its unique antigen recognition characteristics and tissue distribution, γδT cells become one of the most suitable early anti-tumor effector cells, and together with other natural immune cells form the first barrier against malignant transformation, which plays an important role in anti-tumor immune monitoring and immune effect.
CD3AK cell immunotherapy
CD3AK (killer cell activated by anti-CD3 antibody) is a killer cell activated by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody and IL-2 * * *(IL-2 * * *), which has strong proliferation ability and high cytotoxic activity in vitro. It is another immunocompetent cell with tumor killing effect after LAK and TIL cells. Compared with LAK cells and TIL cells, CD3AK cells have the advantages of strong amplification ability, long survival time in vitro, high cytotoxicity, strong ability to secrete lymphatic factor, and remarkable anti-tumor effect in vitro and in vivo. It is reported that its proliferation ability and antitumor cytotoxicity are obviously superior to LAK cells.
According to the existing experimental results. CD3AK cells may kill tumor cells in two ways.
(1) Direct killing effect: CD3AK cells recognize target cells through their receptors or recognition mechanisms different from TCR complexes. And binding of CD3AK to target cells. Start the cell lysis reaction and release some cytotoxic particles or factors, thus dissolving the target cells;
(2) Indirect killing effect: In addition to directly dissolving the target cells, CD3AK cells can also secrete cytokines such as IL-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and γ-interferon (γ-TFN) to indirectly kill tumor cells, all of which have direct cytotoxic activity or inhibitory effect on tumor cells.
Like LAK cells, CD3AK cells have a broad spectrum of non-MHC-restricted killing effects on tumor cells, but the killing spectrum is different. CD3AK cells have stronger amplification and anti-tumor ability than LAK cells and TIL cells, and their anti-tumor ability in vitro is 6-20 times that of conventional LAK cells, such as K562, which is sensitive to NK cells and LAK cells. YAC- 1, Raji, P805, etc. It has different degrees of killing effect.
CD3AK cells can selectively kill tumor cells directly or indirectly, but not autologous or transformed lymphocytes. It has no killing activity on normal tissues and cells. So as far as CD3AK cells are concerned. Has no toxic or side effects on human body.
CIK Immunotherapy
After lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK), tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and CD3 monoclonal antibody-activated killer cells (CD3AK), cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) have attracted more and more attention. Schmidt Wolf of Stanford University first reported CIK cells in 199 1. They found that peripheral blood lymphocytes can be directionally induced to proliferate into tumor killer cells under the action of various cytokines (interferon-γ, CD3 monoclonal antibody, interleukin-1, interleukin -2).
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are a group of heterogeneous cells obtained from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by various cytokines in vitro. In clinical application, it has the characteristics of strong proliferation ability, high anti-tumor activity, wide anti-tumor spectrum and less adverse reactions. It is a more effective tumor-killing effector cell in the treatment of adoptive rabbit epidemic.
CIK cells, as a new type of immunocompetent cells, are a group of heterogeneous cells obtained by co-culturing human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with various cytokines in vitro for a period of time, which has the advantages of strong anti-tumor activity of T lymphocytes and limited killing effect on the tumor of MHC. CD3+, CD56+ and T lymphocytes are the main effector cells in CIK population. Compared with other adoptive immunotherapy cells, they have the advantages of faster proliferation, higher antitumor activity and wider antitumor spectrum.
DC+CIK cell immunotherapy
DC+CIK (or DC/CIK) refers to CIK cells cultured with DC cells. Cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) are antitumor and antiviral effector cells, which can be induced and proliferated in vitro. Dendritic cells (DC) are effective full-time antigen presenting cells. Mature DC can present tumor antigen through MHC-II and effectively resist the immune escape mechanism of tumor cells. CIK cells and DC cells are two important components of cellular immunotherapy, and their combination can ensure effective immune response.
DC-CIK cells can be obtained by culturing cik cells and homologous DC cells. It can not only promote the maturation of DC cells, but also promote the proliferation of ClK and enhance its anti-tumor activity. DC cells are the initiator of immune response, which can induce a lasting and powerful specific anti-tumor immune response. CIK cells can eliminate tiny residual lesions in tumor patients through non-specific immunokilling, so combining DC loaded with tumor antigen with CIK (DC-CIK cells) can produce both specific and non-specific anti-tumor effects. On the basis of CIK cell immunotherapy, the specificity and effectiveness of the treatment are further improved.
Advantages of DC+CIK cell immunotherapy technology
1, patients with various tumors with strong immunogenicity (including melanoma, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, stomach cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, etc.). ) and patients with chronic hematological malignancies;
2. After resection of the primary focus (surgery and radiotherapy), cellular immunotherapy can be used to prevent recurrence and metastasis;
3. If the tumor is widely metastasized and cannot be operated, it can be used with chemotherapy; The application of cellular immunotherapy in the intermittent period of chemotherapy can restore the damaged immune function of the body as soon as possible, and the combination with some chemotherapy drugs can also increase the effect of chemotherapy and immunotherapy at the same time. Some immune cells, such as NK cells and T cells, still kill tumor cells that produce drug-resistant genes.
4. Tumor patients who are insensitive or intolerant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy; Cellular immunotherapy can improve the immune function, improve the quality of life and prolong the survival time of patients with advanced cancer who are not suitable for surgery and interventional therapy. Some patients can significantly reduce the tumor volume through high-dose comprehensive cellular immunotherapy, and strive for surgery or other treatment opportunities. A few patients with advanced cancer can also get partial or complete remission after cellular immunotherapy.
LAK cell immunotherapy
LAK cells are killer cells activated by lymphokines. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were activated by lymphatic factor interleukin -2 for 3 ~ 5 days in vitro and expanded into killer cells with broad-spectrum anti-tumor effect. Experiments show that the infusion of LAK into tumor-bearing mice not only makes the primary tumor subside, but also makes the established metastatic tumor disappear. LAK has broad-spectrum anti-tumor effect, and the effect of LAK combined with IL-2 is better than that of IL-2 alone, because IL-2 is still needed to maintain its killing activity after LAK activated by IL-2 is imported into human body.
Strictly speaking, LAK cells are not an independent lymphocyte group or subgroup, but NK cells or T cells become killer cells that can kill NK-insensitive tumor cells under the induction of high-dose cytokines such as IL-2 in vitro, which is called lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK). Grimm et al. reported for the first time in 1982 that adding IL-2 to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for 4-6 days in vitro can induce a nonspecific killer cell, which can kill a variety of tumor cells insensitive to CTL and NK. At present, the unique surface markers of LAK cells have not been found. Many experiments show that the precursor cells of LAK cells are NK cells and T cells.
Due to the large dose of IL-2, there may be toxic and side effects during the treatment. The most common and serious side effect is capillary leakage syndrome (CLS), which mainly manifests as systemic edema and multiple organ dysfunction, and can cause pleural effusion, pulmonary interstitial edema and congestive heart failure. The mechanism of CLS may be related to endothelial cell injury and the production of vasoactive substances.
TIL cell immunotherapy
TIL cells are lymphocytes called tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). It is a new anti-tumor effector cell with high efficiency, specificity and little side effects. The anti-tumor effect of TIL cells is 50- 100 times that of LAK. If TIL cells are reinjected into blood and tumors in vivo, they can last for up to two months, so it has great potential therapeutic value. TIL has been used in clinic to treat primary or secondary tumors of skin, kidney, lung, head and neck, liver and ovary.
From 65438 to 0986, Rosenberg's team first reported tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). The phenotype of TIL cells is heterogeneous. Generally speaking, most cells in TIL are CD3 positive. The proportion of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells in TIL cells from different tumor sources is different, and CD8+T cells are dominant in most cases. The percentage of CD25+ cells in freshly isolated TIL is low, and the percentage of CD25+ cells gradually increases with the extension of IL-2 culture time in vitro. During IL-2 culture of TIL in vitro, NK cell markers (CD 16, CD56) first increased and then decreased.
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes were isolated from tumor site by mechanical treatment and enzyme digestion, and were cultured in vitro with high dose of IL-2. All the remaining tumor cells died within 7- 13 days. Compared with LAK cells of PBMC, IL-2 activated TIL has the following characteristics:
(1)50- 100 times, so the dosage of effector cells and IL-2 can be reduced in the treatment, and it still has a certain therapeutic effect on advanced tumors that are ineffective in LAK treatment;
(2) TIL is mainly induced by CD8 positive cells, and animal experiments show that TIL has specific tumor killing effect;
(3) The inhibitory state of the host is beneficial to the killing effect of TIL, so adding cyclophosphamide (Cy) 100mg/kg can obviously improve the curative effect, which may be related to the fact that immunosuppressive drugs can eliminate inhibitory cells or factors and enhance adoptive immunotherapy, thus reducing the dosage of IL-2 and alleviating side effects;
(4) Lymphocytes can be obtained from tumor tissues, tumor drainage lymph nodes and cancerous hydrothorax and ascites. After IL-2 culture, its growth and expansion ability is stronger than that of LAK cells. It has been reported that TIL was used to treat metastatic lung cancer and other advanced tumors 14 cases, of which 4 cases had tumor shrinkage of more than 50%, and the side effects were significantly lower than that of IL-2/LAK treatment.
EAAL cellular immunotherapy
EAAL, the abbreviation of expanding activated automatic lymph OS, is a new tumor cell immunotherapy method based on the traditional anti-CD3 antibody and IL-2 in vitro amplification of activated lymphocytes. The cells amplified by this method are mainly killer lymphocytes, and their main components are CD8+ killer T lymphocytes and NK cells. CD8+ T lymphocytes are the most important group of anti-tumor lymphocytes in the body, which contain specific killer T cells that recognize tumor antigens and specifically kill tumor cells. NK cells can directly kill tumor cells with down-regulated HLA expression.
EAAL cell technology is one of the cellular immunotherapy methods to treat tumor and chronic infectious virus infection. The therapeutic effect of EAAL is related to infusion times, patients' situation and individual differences. In the randomized clinical trial of treating liver cancer in Japan, immunotherapy with EAAL can improve the recurrence-free survival rate of patients. Compared with patients who did not receive this treatment, the postoperative recurrence rate of liver cancer in EAAL treatment group decreased by 65438 08%, and the recurrence risk decreased by 465438 0%. Up to 2004, there were 265,438+034 cancer patients from different systems in Japan and South Korea who participated in this treatment, of which 5% were in complete remission, 65,438+07% were in partial remission and 65,438+06% were in long-term stability. The total clinical benefit rate of patients is about 38%. EAAL therapy can control tumor growth, prolong patients' lives and improve their quality of life. The side effects of treatment are very small.
At present, there have been no obvious adverse reactions or deaths caused by EAAL treatment. The reinfusion cells are the patient's own lymphocytes, so there is no immune rejection.
Five advantages
Among all kinds of tumor immunotherapy methods, cellular immunotherapy has attracted much attention because of its following advantages, and has been a very active research field in tumor immunotherapy for more than ten years:
Treating (1) immune cells in vitro can bypass various mechanisms of tumor immune disorder in vivo, thus selectively exerting anti-tumor immune response. For example, freshly isolated tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) often lack anti-tumor effect, but can recover specific anti-tumor effect after a period of in vitro culture; Immune cells with specific tolerance to tumor antigens are reversible in vitro.
(2) The activation and effect of immune cells are often mediated by some cytokines, and genetic engineering can clone a large number of different cytokines and tumor antigens or polypeptides, which makes it more feasible and convenient to activate and expand anti-tumor immune cells in vitro.
(3) Activation and expansion of immune cells in vitro can avoid serious side effects of a large number of preparations in vivo, such as IL-2, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-7, IL- 12, etc. And the application of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (MabCD3) in vivo can activate T lymphocytes, but these preparations are in vivo because of their complex functions.
(4) A large number of autologous or allogeneic anti-tumor immune cells have been expanded in vitro, which is greater than the number of effector cells activated by tumor vaccine in vivo, and some immune cells cultured in vitro have entered clinical treatment. Experiments show that the application of tumor vaccine in vivo can increase the number of tumor-specific CTL in vivo, but in a certain period of time, CTL in vivo will reach a plateau and will not increase any more, which is mainly due to the existence of specific and non-specific immunomodulatory networks in vivo, which limits the expansion of CTL clones. In vitro culture can break through this regulatory network and expand immune effector cells in large quantities.
6 adaptation period
Three Golden Periods of DC-CIK Cell Therapy
1. When the tumor is diagnosed and has no metastasis, DC-CIK tumor biotherapy alone or in combination with surgical treatment can kill tumor cells well and systematically.
2. Metastasis occurred after operation. DC-CIK tumor biotherapy combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy can completely remove residual cells, establish immune barrier and prevent metastasis!
3. In the middle and late stage, the patient's condition is too serious to tolerate radiotherapy and chemotherapy. DC-CIK tumor biotherapy can relieve all kinds of pain and ensure the long-term survival of patients with tumors. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy systematically kill cancer cells, but at the same time they also kill beneficial cells all over the body. Chemotherapy has great toxic and side effects, and symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and alopecia will aggravate the patient's condition and damage the human immune function.
Seven signs
Because the function of DC-CIK cells to recognize and kill tumor cells is not limited by MHC and other factors, DC-CIK cells have a broad-spectrum anti-tumor effect and can be applied to the treatment of various tumors in different clinical stages.
Respiratory system: lung cancer (small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma), etc.
Digestive system: liver cancer, gastric cancer, intestinal cancer, etc.
Urinary system: renal carcinoma, adrenal carcinoma and its metastatic carcinoma;
Blood system: acute and chronic leukemia, lymphoma (except T-cell lymphoma) and its metastatic cancer;
Other tumors: malignant melanoma, nasopharyngeal tumor, breast cancer, prostate cancer, tongue cancer, etc.
It also includes the treatment of tumor metastasis and malignant pleural effusion and ascites.
8 Suitable for people
Early tumor patients
The local tumor focus of early tumor patients should be surgically removed first, and then adoptive cellular immunotherapy should be adopted immediately to kill the residual tiny lesions and cancer cells in vascular nocturnal lymph. Colleagues improve patients' autoimmunity, restore patients' natural recognition, and kill the immunity of cancer cells.
It can fundamentally prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis in an all-round way, thus improving the cure rate. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy is superior to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in preventing recurrence and metastasis, and has no toxic and side effects on patients.
Intermediate and advanced patients
Patients in the middle and advanced stage are suitable for patients in the middle and advanced stage who are unable or unwilling to operate. We can use argon-helium knife for minimally invasive targeted therapy first. Minimally invasive targeted therapy is equivalent to palliative surgery, with little trauma and low side effects. It can quickly kill larger tumor focus and reduce tumor load. Then preventive chemotherapy and DC-CIK biotherapy are used to kill cancer cells in residual lesions and vascular night lymph, improve immunity, restore patients' natural recognition, kill the immune function of cancer cells, and fundamentally prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis.
9 diet care
increase/whet/stimulate the appetite
Change recipes and cooking methods: A new food can stimulate appetite. For example, patients who often eat pork can eat fish, shrimp, crab, chicken and so on. They can eat some soft-shelled turtles and soft-shelled turtles if possible. Changing cooking methods to make food have different colors and tastes can also increase appetite. However, no matter what kind of food it is, it must be cooked to a ripe degree in order to be digested and absorbed smoothly.
Medicinal diet for stimulating appetite and strengthening spleen: hawthorn diced: hawthorn 100g, lean pig (or cow) meat 1000g, vegetable oil 250g, mushroom, ginger, onion, pepper,
food therapy
Cooking wine, monosodium glutamate and sugar are appropriate. Slice the lean meat first, fry it in oil, then season it with hawthorn and cook it thoroughly. You can eat it. Can stimulate appetite and fight cancer;
Huangqi yam soup: take 30g of Huangqi, add water for half an hour, remove the residue, add 60g of Chinese yam slices, cook for 30 minutes, and add sugar (add honey for constipation). Take/kloc-0 every morning and evening. Has the functions of benefiting qi and promoting blood circulation, stimulating appetite and improving gastrointestinal absorption function;
Exchange of dietary experience between patients: The exchange of dietary experience between patients can not only learn from each other's strong points, but also help to stimulate appetite, which is very necessary for cancer patients;
Eat more fresh vegetables and fruits with high vitamin content: These foods can not only increase resistance, but also increase appetite. Some patients think that cold food should be avoided, but fruits and vegetables should be treated as appropriate. You can eat vegetable juice and a small amount of digestible fruit early after operation, not too much at a time, and a small amount of meals. After the gastrointestinal function is basically restored, you can eat some light and refreshing cold vegetables and fruits, especially during chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which has obvious appetizing effect.
Increase nutrition
Cancer is a chronic wasting disease, and it is common for cancer patients to suffer from malnutrition and malnutrition. Therefore, stimulating appetite and strengthening nutrition are very important for the rehabilitation of cancer patients. In daily life, we should pay attention to reasonable nutrition, try to change the food as much as possible, eat more digestible fruits and vegetables with high protein, multivitamins and low animal fat, do not eat stale or irritating things, eat less smoked, roasted, salted, fried and salty foods, and mix coarse grains with staple foods in flour and rice to ensure a balanced nutrition.
There are many kinds of nutritious food, except rice, wheat, millet, soybean and so on. Chicken, sheep and beef are all qi-invigorating foods, which can be eaten by tumor patients with weak constitution. Duck, turtle, turtle, crucian carp and prostitute fish are all foods that can tonify spleen and strengthen spleen. Sea cucumber, jellyfish, abalone, kelp, water chestnut and water chestnut can soften and disperse hard lumps and eliminate "hard lumps". Edible mushrooms such as auricularia auricula, Hericium erinaceus, Lentinus edodes and Flammulina velutipes all have certain anti-cancer effects. In particular, the nutritional value of Lentinus edodes exceeds that of all mushrooms. It contains seven essential amino acids, trace elements such as calcium, copper, iron and manganese, as well as a variety of sugars and enzymes, which can improve and enhance human immunity.
Sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty, each flavor has its special function. Acid can converge, promote fluid production and stimulate appetite; Sweetness can replenish the spleen and stomach; Bitter taste can drain and dry dampness, and a small amount can stimulate appetite; Spicy can also be appetizing; Salty can pass, soft and firm. Food is basically the above five flavors, or a mixture of several flavors. Patients in the recovery period of tumor should choose foods with certain anticancer components and functions of softening and resolving hard mass.
Vegetables, melons and beans are rich in vitamins and trace elements, which have certain anti-cancer and anticancer effects. For example, soybeans, Chinese cabbage and Chinese cabbage are all rich in trace element molybdenum, while tomatoes, carrots, water spinach and jujube are rich in vitamins A, C and B, among which water spinach has the best nutrition and contains multiple vitamins, several times more than tomatoes. Garlic moss, leek, cauliflower and Chinese cabbage are not only rich in vitamins, but also contain indigo matrix, which can increase the activity of aromatic hydroxylase and resist the carcinogenic effect of chemical carcinogens. [3]
10 side effects
Biological immunotherapy also has some shortcomings and deficiencies, and may have the following side effects:
① Artificial proliferation of immune cells in vitro will increase the risk of infection and cell variation if the laboratory links are not well controlled. Cells cultured in vitro may pollute pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses and mycoplasma, and increase the risk of infection in patients with esophageal cancer.
② Bioimmunotherapy for esophageal cancer can also cause low fever, chills, skin flushing, myalgia, joint pain, rash and other adverse reactions in patients with esophageal cancer.
③ Immune cells cultured in vitro are easily rejected by autoimmune cells after being imported into human body.
④ Immune cells after blood transfusion also have a life cycle, and they will die after a period of time, which needs to be done every few days, and the treatment cost is high. In addition, the cultured immune cells have not reached the stage of accurately killing cancer cells.
1 1 summary
The basis of tumor cell immunotherapy is the ability of immune system to monitor and kill tumor cells. Compared with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, cellular immunotherapy has the characteristics of high specificity and few side effects. Theoretically, every tumor patient can benefit from immunotherapy, and because the immune system of early patients is not seriously affected by tumors, they respond well to immunotherapy and the curative effect will be relatively enhanced. However, the target of immunotherapy is often patients who can't receive other treatments in the late stage. Even in these patient groups, the efficacy of immunotherapy is enough to make it the fourth tumor treatment method after surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
It should be noted that cellular immunotherapy is not the so-called "best" treatment method, but a new tumor treatment method, which is developed by medical researchers to meet clinical needs and fill clinical gaps. It has some advantages that other therapies do not have, but it cannot completely replace other therapies. In the treatment of malignant tumors, we should advocate an all-round and three-dimensional treatment policy, hoping that tumor patients and their families will not be misled by some exaggerated propaganda and go into the misunderstanding of treatment.