Chinese name: apricot
Latin scientific name: apricot
Nickname: apricot
Field: the field of plants
Door: angiosperm magnolia door
Class: Subclass Dicotyledonous Magnolia
Objective: Rosa of Rosaceae.
Family: Rosaceae
Subfamily: Apricot subfamily of Prunaceae
Genus: Prunus
Subgenus: Li Yamei
Type: Prunus armeniaca
biographical notes
apricot tree
A tree of Rosaceae, whose scientific name is apricot. Widely cultivated in temperate regions of the world. Fresh fruits can be eaten raw or made into jam, canned food and dried apricots. This kind of tree is very big, with a spreading crown, wide heart-shaped leaves, dark green and upright branchlets. Flowers are white when they are in full bloom and pollinate themselves. Each node of the short branch bears 1 ~ 2 fruits. The fruits are round or oblong, slightly flat, like peaches, but with little or no hair. The pulp is bright yellow or orange yellow. The surface of the stone is smooth, slightly like plum stone, but wide and flat with many wings. Some varieties are sweet in nucleolus, while others are poisonous.
country of origin
Apricot originated in China and has been planted in Central Asia, Southeast Asia, parts of southern Europe and North Africa.
Spread abroad
/kloc-was brought to southern California by Spanish priests in the 0/8th century. 1879, the American Fruit Tree Society listed 1 1 varieties planted in the United States.
plant
Apricot trees use peach or apricot as rootstock for bud grafting propagation, and grafting between peach, plum and apricot is easy to survive. Apricot trees like light soil and grow well on fertile loam with good drainage. The cold tolerance of most varieties is similar to that of peaches, but they bloom earlier and are easily frozen to death by late frost. Apricot trees are drought-resistant and have a long life, which can reach 100 years or more under good conditions. Spain has the largest apricot production, followed by Iran, Syria, the United States, France and Italy. Apricot is rich in vitamin A and natural sugar. Dried apricots are a good source of iron.
diversification
Apricot originated in China, and the resources of wild and cultivated varieties are very rich. The apricot plants in the world are divided into 6 geographical ecological groups and 24 geographical subgroups, with a total of 10 species. Among them, there are 9 species in China: common apricot, Siberian apricot, Liaoning apricot, purple apricot, Zhidan apricot, Zhenghe apricot, Xing Li, Tibetan apricot and plum. There are nearly 3000 cultivated varieties, among which common apricot is the most widely distributed. China began to cultivate extensively in 3000 BC. "Summer Zheng Xiao" records: "In April, I saw apricots."
Characteristics of Main Cultivated Fruit Tree Varieties in Northern China
Apricot is one of the main cultivated fruit tree varieties in northern China. It is characterized by precocity, bright color, juicy pulp, sweet taste, sour and sweet taste. It occupies an important position in the fruit market at the turn of spring and summer and is deeply loved by people. Apricot fruit is rich in nutrition, containing various organic components, vitamins and inorganic salts necessary for human body, and it is a fruit with high nutritional value. Almond is more nutritious, containing 23-27% protein, 50-60% crude fat and 0/0% sugar/kloc. It also contains inorganic salts such as phosphorus, iron and potassium and a variety of vitamins, which is a good tonic.
Apricots have a good medical function.
It plays an important role in Chinese herbal medicine, mainly treating wind-cold lung disease, promoting fluid production to quench thirst, moistening lung and resolving phlegm, and clearing away heat and toxic materials. apricot tree
Apricot meat can be processed into preserved apricots, canned apricots in syrup, dried apricots, apricot jam, apricot juice, apricot wine, apricot plums, preserved apricots and apricot skins. Almond can be made into almond paste, almond dew, almond cheese, almond paste, almond snack, almond pickle, almond oil, etc. Almond oil is light yellow and transparent, and its taste is fragrant. It is not only an excellent edible oil, but also an important raw material for high-grade paints, cosmetics and high-quality soaps.
Distribution area
Apricots are widely distributed in China, except in the southern coastal areas and Taiwan Province Province, which are distributed in most provinces and regions, including Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Anhui and other places. The concentrated cultivation areas are the Yellow River valley provinces in southeast, north and northwest. apricot tree
[1] In recent years, in order to develop apricot commodity bases, a number of new variety bases have been built in some old producing areas, such as Julu and Guangzong apricot bases in Hebei, Red hazelnut apricot commodity bases in Zhaoyuan, Shandong, Big Flat apricot commodity bases in Zhangjiakou, Crystal apricot bases in Beijing, Guanye apricot bases in Laoshan, Shandong, Honglian bud bases in Licheng and Yangshao apricot bases in Mianchi, Henan. During the construction of these bases, the selection of famous varieties and scientific cultivation and management techniques have made the apricot production level in China leap to a new level. It is said that apricots in western Europe were spread through the ancient Silk Road in China, and are now cultivated all over the world.
App application
Apricot trees are all treasures, with wide uses and high economic value; Apricot fruit is rich in nutrition, containing various organic components, vitamins and inorganic salts necessary for human body, and it is a fruit with high nutritional value. Almond is more nutritious, containing protein 23% ~ 27%, crude fat 50% ~ 60%, sugar 10%, inorganic salts such as phosphorus, iron, potassium and calcium, and various vitamins. This is a good tonic. Apricot fruit has good medicinal efficacy and occupies an important position in Chinese herbal medicine. It is mainly used for treating wind-cold lung disease, promoting fluid production to quench thirst, moistening lung and resolving phlegm, and clearing away heat and toxic materials. Apricot and apricot products have good processing performance and are also important products to earn foreign exchange through export. Apricot pulp can be processed into dried apricots, preserved apricots, apricot juice (apricot tea), canned sugar water, jam, preserved plums and peony bark. Almond can be made into raw materials of high-grade snacks, such as almond paste, almond dew, almond cheese, almond sauce, almond pickle, almond oil, almond powder and so on. Apricot wood is red, hard and delicate, and can be processed into furniture and various handicrafts; Leaves are good livestock feed; Bark can extract tannin and apricot gum; Apricot shell is the raw material for firing high-quality activated carbon. apricot tree
[2] In addition, apricot is also a good greening and ornamental tree species, especially in barren hills with little rain and shallow soil layers or areas with serious sandstorms. Apricot is a pioneer tree species for windbreak and sand fixation, soil and water conservation, ecological environment improvement and afforestation. China is an important producer of fresh apricots and the largest producer of apricot pulp in the world. The fresh apricots and apricot products produced are of high quality and low price. In 2004, the output of fresh apricot in China was 400,000 tons, ranking among the world's largest countries, and the output of fresh apricot is still increasing at the rate of 15-20% per year. In 200 1 year, the output of apricot pulp in China reached the first place in the world for the first time. In 2007, the output of apricot pulp in China was 30,000 tons, accounting for more than 50% of the global output and trade volume. Apricot products in the world are mainly fresh, and the processing ratio is not high. The main processed products are apricot pulp, dried apricot, frozen apricot and canned apricot. Apricot pulp is mainly used as raw material for beverage manufacturers, and 60% is used to make juice. The main suppliers of apricot products in the world are Turkey, China and the Middle East, and the main consumers are developed countries such as Europe, America and Japan. Turkey is the largest producer of apricot products. The global output is about 60,000-70,000 tons, and the trade volume is about 40,000 tons.
Cultivation characteristics
Apricot trees have a long life span and are common in North China and Northwest China 100 years, and the output is still very high. Economic life is also very long, ranging from 40 to 50 years. Apricot has a strong adaptability to soil and terrain, and it is mostly planted on terraces and hillsides, and can also grow normally in mountainous areas of 800 ~ 1000 meters. apricot tree
[3] It can grow in loam, clay, slightly acidic soil, alkaline soil and even rock crevices. Apricot trees have strong cold tolerance and can withstand temperatures of -30℃ or lower; High temperature tolerance, such as Kashgar, Xinjiang, the highest temperature in summer is 43.4℃, and it can still grow and bear fruit normally with good quality. Apricot trees are not tolerant to waterlogging. If the ground is flooded for 3 days, the trees will rot and die. In places where stone fruit trees such as apricot trees, peach trees, plum trees and cherries have been planted, apricot orchards cannot be built again, otherwise, repeated cropping diseases will easily occur, from poor growth and poor tree quality to dead trees, leading to the failure of orchard construction. Most apricot varieties are self-sterile or have low self-flowering seed setting rate, so pollination trees must be configured to obtain high and stable yield. Generally speaking, the ratio of main varieties to pollinated varieties is 3 ~ 4: 1. Apricot seedlings are mainly propagated by grafting, and the commonly used rootstock is Prunus armeniaca, which is widely distributed in North China, Northeast China and Northwest China. Cold and drought resistance, strong affinity with apricot grafting, can improve the drought and cold resistance of seedlings, and has dwarfing effect. Taking common apricot as rootstock, because the tree is tall and thick, it begins to bear fruit and enters the fruiting period later, but its life span is longer. Plum, plum and plum are used as rootstocks in some areas, and most of them have weak affinity and low survival rate. Planting density should be determined according to varieties, soil fertility and management level. Generally, the plant spacing of fresh apricots is 2 ~ 3m× 4 ~ 5m, and 40 ~ 80 plants are planted per mu. The suitable row spacing of apricot for kernel is 2 ~ 3m× 3 ~ 4m, and 55 ~ 1 10 plants are planted per mu. There can be density between apricots used for processing.
Classification and varieties
There are many varieties, which can be roughly divided into three types: meat type (edible pulp), which is also the main type; The kernel type has less pulp and poor taste, but the kernel is big, which is suitable for eating (or medicine); Dual-purpose (hazelnut apricot). Its famous varieties are mainly meat, such as Golden Sun, Kettle Apricot, Hongfeng Apricot, New Century Apricot and Greenhouse King. The famous varieties of hazelnut apricot are red hazelnut and Yishui Toyota hazelnut apricot.
Edible taboo
Apricot meat tastes sour, hot and slightly toxic. Overeating can hurt bones and muscles, evoke old diseases, and even lose eyebrows and hair, affecting vision. If you give birth, pregnant women and children overeat and are prone to sores and boils. At the same time, because of the strong acidity of fresh apricots, overeating is not only easy to increase stomach acid and cause stomach problems, but also easy to corrode teeth and induce dental caries. For apricots injured by overeating, 3 ~ 5 apricots per meal are considered appropriate. Making apricots into apricot juice drinks or soaking them in water several times before eating is not only safe, but also beneficial to health. For friends who love apricots, besides keeping a good mouth, eating more processed preserved apricots and dried apricots is the best policy.
Apricot culture at home and abroad
Family cultivation of apricot
The most famous one is "peaches support people, apricots harm people, and the dead are buried under plum trees". Why do you say "apricots hurt people"? "The Book of Eating" says: "The taste is sour and the nature is hot", "Don't eat too much, it will lead to carbuncle, which will hurt the muscles and bones". "Japanese Herbal Medicine" says: "Hot, toxic". "Herbal Yi Yan" said: "Children are especially inedible. Eating too much can lead to sores and carbuncle and fever on the upper diaphragm". Practice in life has proved that the sour taste of apricots makes people's teeth fall off, which is not good for teeth. Strong sour taste has a destructive effect on calcium, which may affect children's bone development. Eating too many apricots at a time will also make the evil fire go up, causing nosebleeds, eye diseases, poor speech and teeth, and may also cause sores, sores and diarrhea. It's true that apricots hurt people. Don't eat more. But just as peaches are harmful to people, apricots that hurt people are not bad to people. The advantages and disadvantages of peach, apricot and plum are relative. Comparing the benefits of these fruits, the folk proverb is right. As far as they are concerned, we should see that they have their own advantages and disadvantages. After all, fruit is an auxiliary product in life, so it should be eaten in moderation according to its advantages.
Foreign cultivation of apricot
Australian aborigines use it to make love; The British believe that dreaming of apricots will bring good luck; There is a proverb in Turkey: "There is nothing better than Damascus. Apricot ".
Nature and taste: sweet, slightly warm, cold, slightly toxic. Meridian tropism: entering the liver, heart and stomach. Efficacy: quenching thirst, promoting fluid production, clearing away heat and toxic materials, relieving cough and ascending qi, promoting wound healing and stopping epilepsy. Taboo: pregnant women should not eat. Description: Eating raw apricots is easy to hurt bones and muscles, move phlegm and generate phlegm heat; Children who eat too much are prone to diaphragmatic heat sores and carbuncle. Almond is a commonly used Chinese medicine, which has the effects of relieving cough and asthma, moistening intestines and relaxing bowels. There are two kinds of almonds: bitter and sweet. Sweet almonds are bigger and flatter than bitter almonds, and tend to nourish, which is mostly used for deficiency cough or cough in the elderly. Bitter almond cures cough. People grind almonds, mung beans and japonica rice into pulp and cook them with sugar. It is a cool drink for relieving summer heat, clearing heat and moistening lung in summer, and is known as "almond tea".
enclose herewith
Apricot leaves: 60 grams of apricot leaves, decocted in water, cure dysentery. Almond: 1. Put almonds on a tile, bake and grind them into powder, and apply sesame oil to the affected area to treat yellow sores. 2, almond grinding, rubbing with sesame oil, cure heat furuncle. 3, almond 10 grams, three slices of ginger, 60 grams of white radish, decoction, cure cold and cough. 4, almond 12 grams, decoction, cure cough and asthma. 5. Stir-fry sweet almonds, chew seven to ten capsules each morning and evening, or mash them with white sugar, and take them with boiled water twice a day to treat lung deficiency, senile cough and dry cough without phlegm.
therapy
1, cough, cold and fever. Soak almonds in the toilet for seven days, take them out, wash them with warm water, grind them into mud, and add three liters of toilet to fry them into a paste. Every time you charge, you send boiling water. 2, asthma is urgent. There are half almond and half peach kernel, peeled, fried, ground, and kneaded with water into dough and balls, such as wuzi. Take ten capsules each time and send ginger honey soup. Take mild diarrhea as the degree. 3, asthma promotes edema, urine drops. Use one or two almonds, peel and tip, boil and grind, cook porridge with rice, and eat it hollow. 4, head and face wind swelling. Mash almonds into a paste, coat them with egg yolks and cover the dough. Dry and apply the medicine. It can be cured in seven or eight times. 5, the wind is not enough, the sound is lost. Eat 7 almonds raw, increase to 49 almonds every day, and repeat. Drink bamboo juice after eating until you recover. 6, throat sputum. Peel almonds, cook until yellow, take three points, add one point of cinnamon, grind them into mud, and wrap them in throat juice. 7. sore throat. The treatment method is the same as above. 8, lung disease hemoptysis. Stir-fry forty almonds with yellow wax, add indigo naturalis, mash them, wrap them in cut persimmons, wrap them in wet paper, and simmer over low heat until cooked. 9. Blood collapse. Use the yellow skin on sweet almonds, which can be burned and ground into powder. Every time I bring San Qian, I bring hot wine and wear a hollow suit. 10, hemorrhoid bleeding. Add three liters of water to almond (peeled and double-hearted), grind, filter juice, fry until 50%, and cook porridge with rice. 1 1, pus comes out of the ear. Stir-fry almonds, mash them into paste, wrap them in cotton and stuff them in your ears. Change medicine three or four times a day. 12, nose sore. Grind almond into powder, mix with milk and smear. 13, worm tooth. Almonds can be burned. If they are ground in wormholes, people will kill insects and remove wind, and the pain will stop. At worst, it can work twice. 14. Intraocular obstruction (but pupil not broken). Use three liters of almonds, peel them, wrap them in three bags, simmer them with fire ash, take out the noodles, grind them, and press off the oil. For every dollar you take, add a dollar of verdigris and grind it evenly. 15, eye crossbow, or itching or pain, gradually covering the pupil. Use almonds (peeled) for two and a half pieces, greasy powder for half a dollar, and the triangle is even. Wrap the fat head with cotton and dip it in crossbow meat. Another prescription: use seven raw almonds, peel and chew them, spit them in the palm of your hand, wrap them in cotton and dip them in crossbow meat for four or five times. Another prescription: grind and emulsify cream and almonds three times a day. 16, umbilical rot in children. Peel and grind almonds and apply them. 17, no food, full of gas. Stir-fry 300 pieces of red apricot and 20 pieces of croton, and the color will change. Remove beans, grind apricots into powder, and mix orange peel soup. 18, vitiligo. Chew a few almonds with skin tips every morning and rub them on the affected area to make them red. Rub them again when you lie down. 19, sore swelling. Peeling almond, grinding, filtering out paste, adding Calomelas and sesame oil, and kneading. Very effective.