List of senior high school biology knowledge
foreword
The basic characteristics of life have the same material basis and structural basis.
metabolism
irritability
Growth, development and reproduction
Heredity and variation
Living things can adapt to a certain environment and influence it. Protein and nucleic acid are the basic components of organisms.
Protein is the main undertaker of life activities.
Nucleic acid is the carrier of genetic information.
Cell is the basic unit of organism structure and function.
Metabolism is the general term for all orderly chemical changes in organisms.
Metabolism is the basis of all life activities of organisms.
Three stages of biological development:
Describe the "cell theory" of biology, experimental biology and molecular biology-which lays the foundation for studying the structure, physiology, reproduction and development of organisms;
The Origin of Species has greatly promoted the development of modern biology.
Mendel; DNA double helix structure;
Development of biological science: bioengineering, medicine, agriculture, energy development and environmental protection vaccine manufacturing-core: genetic engineering
Insect-resistant cotton; Oil grass; Superbacteria
The material basis of life
The life activities of organisms have the same material basis.
Chemical elements in different organisms, the contents of various chemical elements vary greatly.
Classification: Macroelements and Trace Elements
Compounds are the material basis of life activities of organisms.
Chemical elements can affect the life activities of organisms.
The biological world and the abiotic world are unified and different.
Complex water, inorganic salt, sugar, lipid, protein, nucleic acid.
Anhydrous and bound water.
Inorganic salt ions play an important role in maintaining the life activities of organisms.
Sugar-monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide.
Lipids-fats, lipids, sterols
Free water is a good solvent in cells and can transport nutrients to various cells.
Maintain cell osmotic pressure and acid-base balance, cell morphology and function.
Sugar is an important part of organism and the main energy substance of cells.
Fat is a substance that stores energy in organisms; Reduce body heat loss, keep body temperature constant, reduce visceral friction and buffer external pressure.
Phospholipids are an important part of cell membranes.
Sterols-cholesterol, vitamin D, sex hormones; Maintain normal metabolism and reproductive process.
Protein, nucleic acid protein and nucleic acid are all high molecular substances.
Protein is an important organic compound in cells, and all life activities are inseparable from protein.
Nucleic acid is the carrier of genetic information.
Protein structure: the type, quantity and arrangement of amino acids and the spatial structure of peptide chains.
Functions of protein: catalysis, transportation, regulation, immunity and recognition.
Chromosome is the main carrier of genetic material.
The basic unit of life-cell
Cell is the basic unit of organism structure and function.
Cell Structure and Functional Cell Classification: Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes
Cells have very fine structures and complex self-control functions. Only by maintaining the integrity of cells can all kinds of life activities be completed normally.
Cell membrane structure: fluid mosaic model-phospholipid, protein.
Basic skeleton: phospholipid bilayer
Structure of sugar quilt: protein+polysaccharide.
Cell wall: cellulose, pectin function: fluidity, selective permeability
Selective permeation: free diffusion (benzene) and active transportation.
Active transportation: it can ensure that living cells can select and absorb the required nutrients according to the needs of life activities, and eliminate the waste and harmful substances produced by metabolism.
Sugar quilt function: protection and lubrication, identification
Cytoplasmic matrix-nutrient
Cytoplasmic matrix is the main site of metabolism of living cells.
Various organelles are the structural basis and units to complete their functions.
Mitochondria are the main places where living cells carry out aerobic respiration.
Chloroplast is the site of cell photosynthesis.
Endoplasmic reticulum-smooth surface: synthesis and transport of lipids and carbohydrates
Rough surface: processing and synthesis of glycoprotein
ribosome
Golgi apparatus
Vacuoles can regulate the intracellular environment and keep the cells in a certain osmotic pressure and swelling state.
Nuclear structure: nuclear membrane, nucleolus and chromatin.
Nuclear membrane-a selectively permeable membrane, but not a semipermeable membrane.
Chromatin -DNA+ protein
Chromatin and chromosome are two morphological functions of the same substance in cells in different periods:
Nuclear pore-a hole for the exchange of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
The nucleus is the place where genetic materials are stored and copied, and it is the control center of cell genetic characteristics and cell metabolic activities.
The nucleus plays a decisive role in life activities.
The main feature of prokaryotic cells is that there is no typical nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane.
Its cell wall contains no cellulose, mainly sugar and protein.
There are no complicated organelles, but there are scattered ribosomes.
Nucleoid naked DNA
Cells are relatively small.
Cell proliferation modes: mitosis, amitosis and meiosis. Cell proliferation is the basis of organism growth, development, reproduction and inheritance.
mitosis
Cell cycle mitosis is the main way of eukaryotic cell division.
Somatic cells undergo mitosis periodically, so there is a cell cycle.
The difference between animal and plant mitosis: the time of a cell cycle is different for different kinds of cells in prophase and anaphase.
The biggest feature of interphase is to complete the replication of DNA molecules and the synthesis of protein.
Significance: The stability of genetic traits is maintained.
Cell differentiation is just the proliferation of cells. Without cell differentiation, organisms can't grow and develop normally.
Cell differentiation is a permanent change, which occurs in the whole life of an organism and reaches its maximum in the embryonic stage.
The change of cell stability is irreversible.
Cell totipotency: Highly differentiated plant cells still have the potential to develop into complete plants. The cells with the strongest totipotency are stem cells that have begun to divide;
A fertilized egg has the highest totipotency.
Cancer and abnormal differentiation of cells.
Carcinogenic factors: physics, chemistry, virus.
Cancer cells are produced by the transformation of proto-oncogene from inhibition to activation. Features: unlimited proliferation; Changes in form and structure; The cell membrane changes.
Cell senescence is a complex process of cell physiological and biochemical changes, which is finally reflected in the changes of cell morphology, structure and function. Features: water is reduced and metabolism is weakened; The enzyme activity decreased;
Pigment accumulation hinders intracellular material exchange and information transmission;
The respiratory rate slowed down, the volume increased, the chromatin contracted and stained deeply, and the material transport function decreased.
Chapter III Biological Metabolism
On the basis of metabolism, organisms can show the basic characteristics of life (genetic variation of growth and development). Metabolism is the most basic feature of living things, and it is also the most essential difference between living things and nonliving things.
Enzyme is an organic matter (protein, nucleic acid) with biocatalysis in living cells, which has the characteristics of high efficiency and specificity.
Suitable conditions: suitable temperature and pH value.
ATP ATP is the direct source of energy needed for metabolism.
Formation pathway: animal respiration
Plant-photosynthesis, respiration
Formation mode: ADP+Pi ATP is very small in the cell, but it transforms quickly and is always in dynamic equilibrium.
Significance of photosynthesis: Photosynthesis not only converts solar energy into chemical energy and stores it in organic substances such as sugars produced by photosynthesis, but also plays an important role in the evolution of organisms. After the emergence of cyanobacteria on the earth, the earth's atmosphere gradually contains oxygen.
Necessary conditions for water metabolism and infiltration:
There is a semipermeable membrane; There is a concentration difference between the solutions on both sides.
Protoplast: Cell membrane, vacuole membrane and cytoplasm between these two membranes. Transpiration is the driving force of water absorption and mineral element transportation.
Mineral metabolism mineral elements are absorbed by root tips in the form of ions.
The absorption of water and mineral elements by plants is a relatively independent process. Utilization forms of mineral elements: nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium.
Calcium and iron
The basic source of the three nutrients in nutritional metabolism is food.
Sugar: Most of the sugar in food is starch.
Lipids: Most of the lipids in food are fats.
Protein: Synthesis; Amino conversion; deamination
Concern: blood sugar regulation, obesity, diet.
Only by selecting and matching foods reasonably and developing good eating habits can we maintain health and ensure normal life activities such as human metabolism, growth and development.
Glycerol and most fatty acids synthesize fat again.
Animal food contains more kinds of amino acids than plant food.
The three nutrients are interrelated and restricted each other. Can be transformed, but conditional, the degree of transformation is obviously different.
Internal environment and steady-state internal environment related systems: circulation, respiration, digestion and urinary system.
Including extracellular fluid (tissue fluid, plasma, lymph)
Internal environment is the direct environment in which cells live in the body.
Physical and chemical properties of internal environment include temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, etc.
Steady state: Under the regulation of nervous system and body fluids, the body maintains a relatively stable internal environment through the coordinated activities of various organs and systems. Only through the internal environment can cells in the body exchange materials with the external environment.
Steady-state significance: the metabolism of the body is composed of many complex enzymatic reactions in cells. Enzymatic reactions need mild external conditions and must be kept in a suitable range before they can be carried out normally.
Classification of respiration: aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
The first stage of aerobic and anaerobic respiration is carried out in the cytoplasm matrix.
The site of anaerobic respiration is the cytoplasmic matrix.
All life activities of organisms need breathing to provide energy. Meaning: Breathing can provide energy for the life activities of organisms; Respiratory process can provide raw materials for the synthesis of other compounds in the body.
Metabolic assimilation
Alienation autotrophic: light autotrophic and chemical autotrophic.
Heterotrophic type
Aerobic type
Anaerobic type
Chapter IV Adjustment of Life Activities
Hormone regulation, the basic form of plant life activity regulation
The basic forms of animal life activity regulation are nerve regulation and body fluid regulation. Neuroregulation is dominant.
Plant tropism is the directional movement of plants in a single direction caused by external stimuli.
The sexual movement of plants is an adaptation to the external environment.
Other hormones: gibberellin, cytokinin; Abscisic acid, ethylene.
The process of plant growth and development is not regulated by a single hormone, but by many hormones. Auxin is the earliest discovered plant hormone.
The physiological function of auxin is dual, which is related to auxin concentration and plant organ type.
Auxin is transported from the top to the bottom of the form.
Uses: promoting cuttings to take root; Promote fruit development; Prevent fruit from falling.
Regulation of animal body fluids: the regulation of human and animal physiological activities by certain chemicals transmitted through body fluids.
Hormone regulation is the main content of body fluid regulation.
Feedback adjustment: cooperation and confrontation.
Through feedback regulation, hormones in the blood are often maintained at a normal and relatively stable level. Hypothalamus is the center that regulates endocrine activities.
Hormone regulation works by changing cell metabolism.
Growth hormone and thyroid hormone; Blood sugar regulation.
The regulation of animal-nerve life activities is mainly accomplished through nerve regulation.
The basic way of nerve regulation-reflex.
Reflection arc-the structural basis of reflection activities
Excitatory conduction form-nerve impulse.
Excitatory conduction: conduction on nerve fibers; Intercellular transmission
Neuroregulation is achieved by reflection; Humoral regulation is that hormones are transported to the whole body with blood circulation to regulate. Most endocrine glands in the body are controlled by the central nervous system, and the hormones secreted can affect the function of the nervous system. Reflex activity-unconditioned reflex, conditioned reflex.
Conditioned reflex greatly improves the ability of animals to adapt to complex environmental changes.
Function of nerve center-analysis and synthesis
Conduction-potential changes on nerve fibers, bidirectional
Intercellular transmission-synapse, unidirectional
Animal-behavioral animal behavior is formed under the simultaneous regulation of nervous system, endocrine system and motor organs.
Behavior is controlled by hormones and neural regulation.
Innate behavior: temperament, instinct and unconditional reflex.
Acquired behavior: printing, imitation, conditioned reflex
The main way for animals to establish acquired behavior: conditioned reflex.
The highest form of animal acquisition behavior: judgment and reasoning
The complex behavior of higher animals is mainly formed through learning. The regulatory role of the nervous system is dominant.
There is a direct link between sex hormones and sexual behavior.
Gonadotropin secreted by pituitary gland can promote gonadal development and sex hormone secretion, and then affect animal sexual behavior.
Most instinctive behaviors are more complicated than reflex behaviors. (Migration, web weaving, breastfeeding)
Life experience and study play a decisive role in the formation of behavior.
Judgment and reasoning are obtained through learning.
Learning is mainly related to cerebral cortex.
Biological reproduction and development
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction makes offspring have the genetic characteristics of their parents, and has stronger viability and variability, which is of great significance to the survival and evolution of organisms. Monocotyledons: corn, wheat, rice.
Dicotyledonous plants: beans (peanuts, soybeans), cucumbers, shepherd's purse.
Meiosis and fertilization maintain the number of chromosomes in somatic cells of each biological offspring unchanged, which has the functions of inheritance and variation.
The individual development process from fertilized egg to sexual mature individuals.
The formation of flower buds in plant ontogeny marks the beginning of reproductive growth. The fertilized egg goes through a short dormancy; Fertilized polar nuclei do not experience dormancy.
The suspensor produces hormones to promote embryo development.
Animal ontogeny, embryonic development and post-embryonic development
Pigmented animals always face up to ensure the temperature conditions needed for embryo development.
The individual development of an organism is a short and rapid repetition of systematic development. The early embryonic development of reptiles, birds and mammals has amniotic membrane structure, which ensures the water environment needed for embryonic development, has the function of earthquake protection and enhances the adaptability to the land environment.
Heredity and variation
Explore the basic DNA of genetic material
It is found that transforming factor → transforming factor is DNA→DNA is genetic material →DNA is the main genetic material.
DNA replication is a process of melting replication.
Replication method-semiconservative replication.
The essence of a gene is a DNA fragment with genetic effect.
Genes are the basic units that determine biological traits.
Genetic control of traits;
1 Control the metabolic process by controlling the synthesis of enzymes;
The molecular structure of protein is directly influenced by deoxynucleotide, which is the basic unit of DNA.
Chromosome is the main carrier of genetic material.
DNA molecular structure: DNA double helix structure
Principle of complementary base pairing
The different arrangement of bases constitutes the diversity of DNA, which also explains the diversity and specificity of organisms.
The double helix structure of DNA and the principle of base complementary pairing ensure that replication can be carried out accurately and maintain genetic continuity.
All living things have the same genetic code.
The writing of the central principle.
A trait can be controlled by multiple genes.
Biological variation is not heritable: it will not cause changes in the genetic material in the body.
Hereditable: gene mutation, gene recombination, chromosome variation.
The reason of polyploidy is that chromosomes are copied in the process of somatic cell mitosis, but the formation of spindle is destroyed by external influences, thus the chromosomes are doubled. Gene mutation is the fundamental source of biological variation and provides the initial raw materials for biological evolution.
Gene recombination through sexual reproduction provides an extremely rich source of biological variation, which is one of the important reasons for the formation of biodiversity.
Polyploid breeding has increased nutritional components, but delayed development and less fruiting.
Haploid breeding can obtain stable pure-line varieties in a short time and obviously shorten the breeding cycle.
Eugenic measures prohibit consanguineous marriage; Genetic counseling; School-age childbearing; Prenatal diagnosis.
Evolution of organic world
The basic unit of evolution? -Population
The essence of evolution-the change of population gene frequency
Mutation and gene recombination are only raw materials for biological evolution, and cannot determine the direction of biological evolution.
The direction of biological evolution is determined by natural selection.
Once reproductive isolation occurs between different populations, there will be no gene exchange. Mutation and gene recombination are the raw materials of biological evolution;
Natural selection determines the direction of biological evolution;
Isolation is a necessary condition for the formation of new species.
Biology and environment
Ecological factors and abiotic factors
Light: Light plays a decisive role in the physiology and distribution of plants.
The influence of light on animals is obvious. (Reproductive activities)
Temperature: the influence of temperature on the distribution, growth and development of organisms.
Water: an important factor to determine the distribution of terrestrial organisms. biotic factor
Intraspecific relationship: intraspecific mutual assistance and intraspecific struggle.
Interspecific relationships: reciprocity, parasitism, competition and predation.
Demographic characteristics: population density, birth rate and mortality rate, age composition and sex ratio.
Quantitative change: "J" curve, "S" curve.
The significance of quantitative change: rational utilization and protection of wildlife resources, prevention and control of pests and diseases. Factors affecting population change: climate, food, prey, infectious diseases.
Human activities have more and more influence on the change of natural population.
Vertical structure and horizontal structure of biological community
Ecosystem structure
Composition: abiotic substances and energy; Producer; Consumers; Decomposer.
Components-food chain, food web
The total solar energy fixed by the producer is the total energy flowing through the system.
Characteristics of energy flow: one-way flow, gradual decline.
Material circulation and energy flow are along the food chain and network.
Based on this, the multipolar utilization of energy is realized, thus greatly improving the efficiency of energy utilization.
Energy flow and material circulation are the main functions of ecosystem.
There is a limit to the stability of the ecosystem.
In an ecosystem, the stability of resistance and resilience is often an opposite relationship. The simpler the composition of the ecosystem, the simpler the nutritional structure, the lower the self-regulation ability and the lower the stability of resistance.
I am a student who has just finished the college entrance examination, and my study is not bad. I think I am good at biology. If you believe me, please remember:
1. It is very important to preview before class, which will increase your interest in class. It doesn't matter if you have any questions. You can ask the teacher after class.
2. Be sure to listen to the teacher in class, because the teacher will explain some useful things that are not in the textbook and take notes quickly, because the teacher will speak quickly.
3. Be sure to find relevant exercises to do immediately after class, not in a few days, because people's forgetfulness is immeasurable, and you will definitely forget something in a few days, so you will be very unhappy when you start practicing, thus reducing your enthusiasm for learning biology.
4. Read more extracurricular books about biology, such as; Ahen
There is a big difference between biology in senior high school and biology in junior high school. Senior high school should spend more energy to remember because of the exam.
I wish you progress in your study! ! ! ! ! ! ! !